In this study, the reasons for the change in the share of employment between the two sectors of services and industry-mining during the years 1968-2016 have been investigated by using the method of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). According to the theoretical foundations, low productivity of the services sector, increase in per capita income, high capital stock in the services sector, increase in population and rent of natural resources (revenues from oil and gas) are among the important variables that affect the raise in the share of employment in the services sector compared to the industry-mining sector. The results show that the low productivity of the services sector compared to the industry-mining sector and the growth of the total population are two main factors increasing the employment share of the services sector. Revenues from oil and gas exports along with other sub-variables such as raising the exchange rate and government spending have been other factors in raising the share of employment in the services sector. Contrary to the theoretical foundations, per capita income variables and high capital stock in the services sector is not the reason for the increase in the share of employment in the services sector compared to the industry-mining sector in the Iran economy.

The service sector is one of the most important sectors of the economy, accounting for a high percentage of GDP. Two-thirds of economic activity is devoted to services. The growing growth in the service sector is faster than that of the commodity trade, and in addition, the largest workforce is employed in the sector, accounting for 48 percent of Iranchr('39')s total employment. Services constitute an important part of the world economy, especially developing countries. The first step of this study was to investigate the effect of economic sanctions on economic modeling by employing a new index factor analysis for economic modeling. The method of the system of simultaneous equations has been studied during 1977-2017. The results indicate that economic sanctions have had a negative effect on employment in the service sector by slowing economic growth in the service sector.

According to the literature and researches, the method of financing economic activities, including the service and trade sectors, play an important role in facilitating economic growth. In this regard, this study has been written with the aim of investigating the effect of exchange contracts on the value added of the service sector.For this purpose, the variables of facilities granted in the form of exchange contracts to the service sector, per capita labor force capital of the service sector, labor productivity in the service sector, facilities granted by other Islamic contracts to the service sector and the ratio of the real government expenditure to real GDP considered as independent variables. The value added of the service sector is also considered as a dependent variable. The period of investigation is from 1363 to 1398 and has an annual frequency in which data is analyzed using the ARDL regression model. The results show that in the long-run, the variables of per capita labor force capital of the service sector and Islamic exchange contracts facilities have a positive and significant effect on the value added of the service sector. In the short-run, independent variables have a positive and significant effect . However, the per capita labor capital of the services and facilities provided in the form of Islamic exchange contracts had the greatest impact on the value added of this sector, and other Islamic facilities have the least impact.

On the base of the theory, increasing the per capita income and more growth of labour force productivity in the good sector (industry and agricultural) in relation to services sector are two main effective factors on increasing the share of employment in services sector. Other sub-factors that are effective on increment the share of employment services are urbanity growth, increment the women partnership rate in labour market, the ratio of population under 14 years to total population, the ratio of population up 65 years to total population, and so forth. In this research by time series data about above variables during 1360 till 1385, we are persuading the detection the effective factors on increment of employment share in services sector in Iran. For this reason, the effective factors on employment share in Iran’s service sector and social services subsectors including trade, business, transportation and social services subsectors recognized by econometric models. The results show that the most important increment factor of employment share in Iran’s service sector has been urbanity growth, and other two important factors, mean, '' per capita income'' and ''the gap of labour productivity in good and service sector'' are lied in the next priority, and unemployment rate is the effective positive factor on increasing employment share in the service sector. The results of this study, also, show that in any of mentioned four subsectors, effective factors on employment share are different. But urbanity factor in three subsectors of trade services, transportation, warehousing and communication and business have the first rank.

Today in all countries one of the macroeconomic objectives is achieving an acceptable level of labor employment, for that must be regarded capacities and relative advantages for each of the economic sectors. Due to the importance and share of services sector of total employment and exchange rate volatility in recent years in Iran; the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of real exchange rate uncertainty on employment for services sector in Iran from 1974 to 2012. The ARCH approach used for estimating real exchange rate uncertainty and ARDL model for employment pattern. According to research results, the real exchange rate uncertainty has a positive impact on employment in services sector in Iran; because the effect of real exchange rate uncertainty on employment in agricultural and industry sectors is negative. So the labor departed from agriculture and industry will transfer to services sector. Relationship between added value and per capita capital on employment in this sector is negative, that indicates labor and capital are replaced for each other in which capital replaced for labor in both short and long term. Import of services has positive effect and export of services has negative impact on employment in services sector.

Considering the most important industry and the high volume of economic activities of the service sector and the role of monetary policy in these two sectors, as well as due to the activity of monetary Shocks in periods of recession and periods of prosperity.The main goal of this research is to examine and test the asymmetric effects of Monetary Policy on the added value created by services, industries, and mines in selected oil exporting countries. For this purpose, the generalized moments method (Panel GMM) has been applied for the time period from 2002 to 2020. The results obtained do not confirm the existence of an asymmetry in positive and negative impulses in the industries and mining sector, whilst the existence of positive and negative impulses was found to have an insignificant effect on the growth of the added value of this sector. On the other hand, the existence of asymmetry in positive and negative impulses in the service sector was confirmed, whilst, the effect of negative impulse on the reduction of the value-added growth of the service sector was found to be greater than the effect of positive impulse in increasing the value-added growth of the service sector. In effect, the industry sector of the countries understudy performs poorly in response to asymmetric policies, but the service sector shows a better response to positive and negative impulses due to its expansion in these countries.

The sustainability of economic growth, the development of the industrial sector, the service sector, the agricultural sector and the oil sector are at the forefront of economic discussions in developing countries. Because economic growth and development is the product of interactions between different economic sectors. The importance of identifying the large economic sector of each country and determining the share of each sector in the future improvement and performance of each economy and country is one of the most important issues studied by economic planners of each country. So that the effect of decisions and policies of each economic sector can have different economic and social effects on the economy of each country. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to determine the dominant sector among the sectors of agriculture, industry, services and oil in the Iranian economy. Also, the effect of each of these economic sectors on economic growth has been studied and analyzed.

In order to determine the dominant sector in the Iranian economy among the economic sectors (agriculture, industry, services and oil), the Herfindahl method has been used. In order to investigate the effect of each economic sector on economic growth, the distributed intermittent auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) method has been used. The data of the present study from 1978 to 2017 were extracted from the site of the Central Bank of Iran and then examined. Considering that the results of this research can be used in the decision-making process of economic planners, it is applied in terms of the purpose of this research.

The results of Herfindal index show that the service sector is the dominant sector in the Iranian economy in terms of size, which means that the service sector has the largest share in terms of size in terms of GDP. Also, after the services sector, in terms of share, the oil sector, industry sector and agricultural sector have formed other sectors of the Iranian economy, respectively. While the results of the estimate show that there is a positive and significant relationship between value added of services, industry, agriculture and oil with economic growth in the short and long term. On the other hand, the findings of the model with auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) show that the effect of oil in the short term and services in the long run on Iran's economic growth was greater than other sectors, so that even in the short and long term, respectively The second place in terms of impact after the services and oil sector is on economic growth. Examination of the error correction factor also shows that in each period, 69% of the imbalance in different economic sectors moves towards the long-term value.

According to the results of the study, the oil sector can be mentioned as an important part of economic growth. While the agricultural sector has played a very weak role on economic growth during the period under review. So that the agricultural sector, both in terms of size and impact, has the lowest amount of the country's economy.

In the literature of urban economics, primate city is a phenomenon that a very large city is formed among small cities in urban system of a region that a major part of population and its economic activities of that region is concentrated in it. According to urban economics theories, GFP is one of the factors that can be influential in forming a primate city phenomenon. Given service sector in the economy of Khuzestan Province and despite this province is industrial one, more than half of employed people are engaged in service sector. In this research, the effectiveness of service sector on forming the phenomenon of primate city in this province has been addressed by separating GDP based on sectors’ VAT. To do this research, time series data during 1991-2011 and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model by using Microfit software were used. The results indicated that service sector has significant impact on primate city of Khuzestan Province both in short-term and long-term. According to the findings, for balanced growth of urban system in the province, it is recommended that to change supportive policies from service sector to other economic sectors of the province, particularly agriculture sector.

This paper argues productivity growth in Iran’s services sector: issues and measures. Services sectors comprise about 50 percent of GDP and employment in the economy of Iran. For sustainable development of Iran’s service companies, it is important for organizations to deliver services and broaden their examination of productivity from the conventional organization-oriented perspective to a dual organization–customer perspective. Productivity shows whether the activity of an organization is efficient and effective or not. The quality aspect in manufacturing is not gauged because input and output are measured by quantity units and quality remains the same. The quality in service sector is also very important. Service sector input elements such as materials, machines and energy are not as important as in manufacturing input. The main element in service sector is labor because service sector is more personnel-intensive comparing to manufacturing. Furthermore, in determining productivity of service sector, we must evaluate output and input elements in quantity and quality. Quality of service sector is analyzed in humanistic and technical aspects. Therefore, output consists of a total service offered in terms of quality, and the input includes both tangible and intangible elements.The analysis of data shows that the productivity in service sector is low as compared to the other economic sectors in Iran. In this context, it is needed to know the productivity increasing limitations in the Iranian service sector and how we can deal with them. To achieve this, productivity analysis is done by using DEA approach.

The main question this paper addresses is why service sector employment share has steadily increased in Iran over the last decades? For this purpose، we test two effects including Engel and Baumol effects. The time series data are employed to estimate the specified model using the data over the period 1987-2006. The results confirm that the effect of per capita income (Engel effect) on service sector employment share is nonlinear. When the per capita income is lower، the effect is negative، while the per capita income is higher، the effect is positive. Moreover، this paper confirm that the Baumol effect in Iran.