Spatial analysis as the main approach of geography was reviewed and searched through its historical development. The results of this exploratory research showed that this approach was born after the Second World War due to the overall interest of geographers to develop universal theories and laws. The advocators of this field believed that the old regional geography was not able to develop a scientific and applied knowledge. The main motivation of the development of the spatial analysis was the quantitative revolution of the 1960’s which was triggered by the article published by Shaeffer in 1953. This was followed by some prominent geographers such as Bungeh, Ulman, Barry, Hagget, Chorley and others. Bungeh and Harvey strengthened the philosophical foundation of spatial analysis and others such as Hagget , Chorley and Hajestrand published important books in the field of quantitative geography. The main objective of spatial analysis is to analyze the distributions through the identification of their global and local structures and reasoning these structures by their spatial relationship with other distributions. In this regard it uses quantitative data and mathematical language to achieve the spatial theories and laws.
The spatial analysis studies the spatial distributions and structures. These are the entities that are not subject to the human interpretation and thinking. This approach is true in the both physical and human geography. The knowledge it tries to achieve is the theories and laws about the spatial distributions. The methodology of spatial analysis is the quantitative methods such as experiment and survey. Thus in terms of ontology the entities of spatial analysis are independent of human mind and objective. The spatial characteristics of distributions are not constructed but discovered. The methodology used in spatial analysis is quantitative and objective including some methods such as experiment and survey. In 1980 and onward, human geography tried to move toward qualitative methods such hermeneutics but during 21st century all branches of geography are using quantitative methods more frequently than qualitative ones; but the use of the combined version of quantitative and qualitative methods is becoming more frequent day by day.
The introduction of Geographic Information System as the operational environment for spatial analysis works the approach has become more widespread and dominant. Geographers are now able to analyze more spatial data and discover more spatial theories to solve the spatial problems. GIS is the main tool for spatial analysis and by introducing the science of geostatistics has improved the scientific and applied power of spatial analysis. The application of quantitative geography including geostatistics and GIS requires improved knowledge of mathematics, geometry and statistics; the main language of today geography. The spatial analysis covers the important topics of geography including spatial distributions, regions, spatial relations especially the relation between human and environment, spatial structures, spatial reasoning, interpolation, and the most important topic of spatial planning. The spatial analysis is the only scientific field to define and develop spatial planning. With correct and logic spatial planning there won’t be any environmental hazards. Because in any region all human settlements and activities are planned according the potentials of the region.

Handwriting difficulty is a common problem in mentally-retarded students. This article investigates the relationship between handwriting and spatial analysis. One hundred and twenty six mentally- retarded students (53 girls and 73 boys) ranging from 9 to 19 years old from two exceptional children schools in Shahr-e-Rey participated in this cross – sectional and descriptive survey. A handwriting check-list made by the researcher along with the subtest of designing with cubic from Wechsler scale (WISC-R) was executed on all of the students. Data was analyzed by using Independent T-test, U-Man Witeny, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficient. Correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between handwriting scores and spatial analysis scores (r=0/305, P<0/0001). Also spatial analysis has significant relationship with size of letters in relation with each other (P<0/007), with size of handwriting (P<0/0001) and with writing on the line (P<0/002). In order to developing handwriting legibility of mentally- retarded students in factors: size of letters in relation with each other, size of handwriting and writing on the line, the therapists must train mentally-retarded students with spatial analysis exercises.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial analysis of drug-related crimes in Iran's provinces.
The statistical population of this study consisted of 31 provinces of the country based on the data of 2015. The model used for datat analysis included Prometheus, Global Moran statistics, and Oval standard deviation.
The provinces of Ilam and Tehran with Phi values of 0.736 and – 0.803 were placed in the best and worst ranks for drug-related offenses, respectively. The spatial analysis of the global Moran model shows that drug traffickers and distributors, addicts and consumers od crystal, cocaine, ampoules, psychedelic pills, and precursors are the indexes that contain randomized distribution model; and the indicators of other substances, grasses, hashish, opium and sap, morphine, heroin, and foreign substances have a cluster distribution pattern. In addition, the results of the oval test indicated a standard deviation from the distribution direction of southeast to northwest.
The assessment and spatial analysis of drug-related crimes showed that border provinces and Tehran as the capital of the country are exposed to drug-related crimes more than other provinces

In order to conduct spatial analysis of clustering, the principles and characteristics of genetic algorithms are utilized. The present paper presents a new method of spatial analysis of clustering based on genetic algorithm. The results of the scientific and practical experiments show that this method can maintain the overall characteristic of distribution and obtain an appropriate result.

Spatial analysis models provide a single model and solution to solve various problems in the field of study, one of the applications of these models is in measuring urban risks. In recent years, with the occurrence of various crises in urban communities, the urban management system and development plans are seeking access to models of prevention and dealing with these crises. The purpose of this research is to review the literature about the use of spatial analysis models in measuring urban risks in a meta-analytical way, so this research is conducted by reviewing and summarizing foreign articles (research statistical community) in relation to this issue in order to identify, analyze and Analyzing and summarizing the solutions of the investigated backgrounds. The statistical population is discussed with four standard criteria of spatial analysis, including description and identification of hazard dispersion, hazard dispersion argument, interpolation, and spatial planning. The statistical population is research, studies, and articles indexed in Sciencdirect, Willey, Web of Science databases in the period 2021-2000. Out of 99 articles, 78 articles have been selected and analyzed by screening method according to research objectives and indicators. The analysis was performed in two ways: descriptive statistics in SPSS software and inferential statistics in CMA2 comprehensive meta-analysis software. The results indicate that in the component of hazard dispersion descriptions, most of the researches in their used models have not been able to provide a tangible and appropriate general description, but in the three components of hazard dispersion, interpolation, and spatial planning of urban hazards based on score The average effect size, the applied models used in the research, have been able to provide a proper justification and tangible results with the applied model of spatial analysis in their studies.

Over recent years, the extreme temperature events (cold and heat waves) have been a burning issue driving the scientific society to carry out extensive researches to investigate and discover the trend, frequency, intensity, and scope of their occurrence. The goal of this study is also the recognition of the trend and spatial analysis of the frequency and maximum of extreme cold days in northwest Iran. For this purpose, the data of minimum daily temperature from 21 synoptic stations of the country for the months of January, February, March, April, November, and December from 1986 to 2017 were used. By using the standard index coefficient, the cold days with an intensity of less than -1/2 were extracted as the extreme cold days for each station monthly. The Mann-Kendall test and spatial analysis with the Anselin Local Moran's I and  hotspot index were used to identify the behavior of extreme cold days. The results demonstrated that the presence of a decreasing trend of extreme cold days in most months (except for a few stations) had no statistical significance, and a significant decreasing trend occurred only in March in almost 50% of the stations. The spatial analysis of the trend of March indicated that the significant decreasing trend had created a cluster and a cold spot. Moreover, the results obtained from spatial analysis indexes in the northwest of the country demonstrated that the frequency and the maximum number of events of extreme cold days in the area in the studied months had formed a high cluster pattern (positive autocorrelation) and a low cluster pattern (negative autocorrelation), while more than 50% of the area of the studied zone had no spatial pattern. The cluster patterns in different months of the year formed in various places and the spatial arrangement of autocorrelation patterns and hotspots were not similar in the studied months. Furthermore, the obtained results based on the  index confirm the formation location of clusters in the Anselin Local Moran's I.

Useing of spatial analysis methods in traffic accident analysis is highly regarded by researchers, planners and policymakers. But in Iran, planners and policymakers rarely pay attention to it. This study has identified the methods and techniques in traffic safety studies using the meta analytical method and aims at identifying the most widely used methods in the spatial analysis of traffic accidents. Using 50 samples, The used indicators in this research were the number of authors, disciplines, number of contributions, intra-urban or intercity areas, methods and techniques of spatial analysis, and the fields of application of each study were extracted. The findings showed that eight groups from different disciplines, including civil Engineering / Transportation / Traffic, Geography, Mapping / GIS, and Medicine / Public Health, collaborated on the researchs. More than 20 techniques have been used in seven different methods in spatial analysis of accidents. The most widely used methods were density analysis, cluster/outlier and hot spots analysis, and the most widely used techniques were kernel density estimation, cluster/outlier analysis with local anselin Moran's I and analysis of hot spot analysis using Getis-Ord GI*. The greatest application of the results of the researched studies has been in the field of identifying the critical areas of accidents. It was found that among the three most widely used techniques, the rate of using cluster/outlier analysis and kernel density estimation techniques in the intra-urban area was about twice that of the intercity roads.

The purpose was to describe the ways of using promoting happiness interactions and its types. This research has used purposeful-typical, simple random sampling appropriate to the volume of each urban area and spatial and regional sampling in step, qualitative (collective case study), quantitative step (descriptive survey) and point interpolation method (spatial analysis). The findings were based on thematic analysis, statistical description, and spatial analysis and clustering; Semi-in-depth interview, researcher-made questionnaire and drawing of urban maps were used. The field of research was 13 urban areas of Mashhad in 2019. The unit of observation of individuals has been in the household procedure and at the level of spatial analysis of urban blocks. The alpha of the research is equal to (0.80). Based on qualitative findings, promoting happiness interactions are defined at both ends of to make happy (hot and cold type) and recipient of happiness. The most important categories of qualitative practice based on the typology achieved are the representation of behavioral and expressive situations, the deconstruction of expressive and behavioral positions, social influence, altruism, other-seeking, empathetic introspection, Quantitative results and spatial analysis show that the hot type focused on excitement was much lower than average and the cold type focused on good sense was above average. Finally, promoting happiness according to the clustering test between regions (1, 2, 4, 5) is below average and the citizens of regions (3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and Samen) the upper average is obtained.

Grape is one of the nutritious fruits that have commercial value as well, and most farmers try to raise it in their lands. Considering various factors affecting growth and yield of grape, the process of assessing the suitability of land for cultivation in order to spatial planning of this product needs the use of comprehensive and diverse geographic and descriptive information. GIS technology provides the possibility of using this type of data and facilitates spatial analysis of information based on the appropriate models. Therefore, in this study regarding the ecological needs of grape, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method based on analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used for modeling and spatial analysis of information in ARC/GIS 9.3 software environment. Eventually, East Azarbaijan province suitable lands for grape cultivation and production with regard to climatic elements and land physical factors (temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, topography, etc.) were evaluated and zoned. Results of this research showed that, spatially, 10 percent of the province has conditions varying between suitable to very suitable for grape production compared to the rest of province which in terms of spatial zones included Mianeh, Malekan, Shabstar, Jolfa, Bonab and Ajabshir cities and the most suitable areas were presented concerning final layer.