One of the most common complications of surgery is postoperative pain. Effective control of postoperative pain is important for anesthesiologists and surgeons. Because there is no general agreement on gender differences in pain perception، the purpose of this study is to compare the effect of gender on acute pain after tibial fracture surgery.

Spinal anesthesia was performed in the same manner in 102 patients candidated for tibial fracture surgery (51 males and 51 females). 2، 4، 8، 12 and 24 hours after surgery، pain scores were recorded according to the VAS criteria. First requested analgesic and the total amount of analgesic were recorded.

Results showed that in the first 8 hours after surgery، women reported significantly more pain (p<0. 05). During the next hours، pain was greater in women but not statistically significant (p>0. 05). Time of the first analgesic requested earlier in women than men (p<0. 05). The total amount of analgesic intake was significantly greater in women (p<0. 05).

Women experience more intense pain after tibial fracture surgery and need more analgesic in the postoperative period.

Pain control in dental treatment, especially in root canal treatment, is an important issue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dexamethasone infiltration along with the inferior alveolar nerve block with lidocaine with 1:80000 epinephrine on postoperative pain in posterior teeth with irreversible pulpitis. In this clinical trial, 60 patients with irreversible pulpitis and acute pain in lower molar teeth were selected and randomly divided into two groups. After standard block injection for each patient, buccal infiltration injections of dexamethasone or normal saline solution was performed. Preoperative pain was recorded using visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 to 10 before treatment, and at 4-, 6-, 12- and 24-hour postoperative intervals. Data were analyzed with independent t-test and chi-squared, Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests (α = 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, sex, tooth and pain severity before treatment. Pain in the control group 12 and 24 hours after treatment was significantly less severe than that at 4-hour interval; however, in the dexamethasone group this difference was not significant. By controlling confounding factors, preoperative pain significantly affected the pain after treatment at 4 and 6 hours. Gender affected pain at 12-hour postoperative interval. Buccal infiltration of dexamethasone significantly affected pain at 4- and 6-hour postoperative intervals. Preoperative pain significantly affected pain at 4- and 6-hour postoperative intervals in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of neck pain in bachelor, master and PhD students with an emphasis on their gender. In this cross-sectional study which was descriptive (causal-comparative), 511 female and 516 male students were selected from six universities in Tehran. The mean neck pain in subjects was measured by Visual Assessment Scale (VAS) during the past year. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for the analysis of the variable at a significance level of 0.05. The results of this study showed a significant difference in the extent of neck pain between male and female bachelor, master, and PhD students (P≤0.05), with both male and female PhD students having significantly more pain than bachelor and master students (P≤0.05). Thus, prevention and treatment of neck pain is more important for the PhD students to decrease its prevalence and related problems.

Pain is often managed inadequately and there is no general agreement on the effects of age and gender in pain perception. We performed this study to evaluate the effects of age and gender on acute postoperative pain after cataract surgery.
In this descriptive study, 400 candidates for cataract surgeries were randomly allocated to three age groups (group 1: 20-39, group 2: 40-59, and group 3: 60-70 years old). Topical anesthesia and intravenous sedation were performed in the same manner in all the groups. Pain intensity and additional opioid consumption were assessed just before anesthesia, on arrival to the recovery room, and 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after arrival to the recovery room.
Findings: According to visual analog scale (VAS), 45 minutes postoperatively, pain intensity was significantly higher in women (2.0 ± 1.6) than men (1.9 ± 1.7) and in younger patients (1.8 ± 1.9) than elders (1.7 ± 1.4); but there was significant statistical difference only between different age groups (P = 0.012). At 60 and 120 minutes postoperatively, pain intensity was higher in younger patients and women, too; but the differences were not statistically significant according to age and gender. In addition, the first time of analgesic requirement was earlier in younger patients (20.1 ± 12.9 minutes) than elders (27.8 ± 10.1 minutes) and in women (20.5 ± 8.7 minutes) than men (23.8 ± 13.0 minutes); again, there was significant statistical difference only between different age groups in this regard (P = 0.002).
Younger women experience more intense pain after cataract surgery and need more preoperative and postoperative care.

Neck and shoulders pain are the most prevalent disorders among computer workers that lead to disabilities, sickness absence and financial sequences for individuals and socials. The aim of this study is the survey of relationship between work-related physical and psychosocial factors and persistent neck and shoulders pain among computer office workers. We conducted a longitudinal study with 12 months follow-up among all eligible computer office workers at Shahroud universities (182 cases). Data were collected using the CUPID questionnaire includes demographic characteristics, physical, and psychosocial factors at work. At baseline questions were asked about pain in the neck and shoulders (lasting ≥1day in the prior 12 months).At follows up one year later we asked about neck and shoulders pain in the last month. Associations were explored using chi-square and logistic regression. At the base-line of the study 39.6% of participants reported neck and shoulders pain equally. Among them at follow up 59.7% and 51.3% reported persistent neck and shoulders pain respectively. Age, gender and decision latitude at work associated significantly with persistent of both neck and shoulders pain separately. After one year follow up persistent neck pain was upper than shoulder pain. Age, gender and decision latitude at work were identified as related risk factors for both pains.

There is growing evidence for the idea that fear of movement may be as disabling as pain intensity in chronic low back pain patients (CLBP). The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the relation between fear of movement and pain intensity with physical disability in chronic low back pain patients and the role of pain duration, gender and age differences in these relations. In this analytical and cross-sectional study, 194 patients with chronic low back pain for more than three months, referred to seven rehabilitation clinics in Rasht city during four months, were selected consecutively. Data were collected by Numerical Rating Scale, Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia and Demographic questionnaire and analyzed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multi Regression. Significant correlations were found between physical disability with fear of movement, pain intensity and age (P<0.001) and also pain duration (P=0.036). These relations were not different between males and females. In first Regression model, fear of movement and pain intensity, were the strongest predictors of physical disability. No differences were found between these factors. Then, prediction model was prepared adding age, sex and pain duration. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the fear of movement and pain intensity were superior in predicting disability. Among demographic variables, only the Beta Coefficient for age was significant in predicting disability (P=0.002). Fear of movement, pain intensity and age are important factors influencing physical disability in individuals suffering a chronic low back pain. Thus, for minimizing physical disability, alone with reducing pain intensity, patients showing fear of movement can be offered interventions that focus on reduction of the fear.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a common cause of anterior knee pain. This condition may arise from abnormal muscular and biomechanical factors، that alter tracking of the patella within the femoral trachlear notch، contributing to increased patellofemoral contact pressures that result in pain and dysfunction. It was suggested that there was some pathological correlation between spinal alignment and knee symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spinal curvatures with anterior knee pain Fifteen patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome and 15 age matched controls participated in the study. Thoracic and lumbar curvatures were measured by a standard flexible ruler in both groups. Our results have shown no differences in the thoracic and lumbar curvatures measurments between persons with and without anterior knee pain (p>0. 05). The present study showed no differences in the thoracic and lumbar curvatures measurments between persons with and without anterior knee pain. Abnormal lower limb muscular and biomechanical factors that alter tracking of the patella within the femoral trochlear notch may be important to consider in the conservative management of anterior knee pain.

Aims: As the worst and the most debilitating problem in the patients with spinal cord injuries, pain can result in sleep and daily life disorders, as well as disturb their quality of life in general. Therefore, it is required to measure pain in the patients to plan any treatment and rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of different types of pain in patients with spinal cord injuries referred to Khatamol Anbia hospital in Tehran.
Instrument & In the cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study, 248 patients with spinal cord injuries referred to Khatamol Anbia hospital in Tehran were studied in 6 months of 2015 (from March to August). The subjects were selected by Cochran’s formula via purposeful sampling. Data was collected using the international questionnaire of basic pains of patients with spinal cord injuries. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using independent T test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and one-way ANOVA.
Findings: The most prevalent pains were the neuropathic (82.25%), the musculoskeletal (81.04%), and the visceral (41.12%0, successively. The most severe pains of the patients were the neuropathic (8.12±1.72), the musculoskeletal (6.06±1.22), and the visceral (3.88±0.89), successively. There was only a significant correlation between pain severity and gender (p0.05).
There are prevalent and, in most cases, severe pains in patients with spinal cord injuries. The most prevalent and severe pains are the neuropathic, the musculoskeletal, and the visceral pains, in succession.