Decades of research among aggressive adolescents has revealed that a single factor does not determine people’s Aggressive behavior in person. One of the factors closely related to aggression is the personality characteristics of narcissism. Such characteristics are related to different forms of aggression. The main purpose of this research was the comparison of narcissism and its dimensions (adaptive and maladaptive) in aggressive and non-aggressive adolescent girls. The sample included 531 female students (257 aggressive and 274 non-aggressive). They were selected through cluster random sampling method. The instruments used in this study were Ahvaz Aggression Inventory and Narcissistic Personality Inventory. The means of variables in both groups were compared by independent T-test. T-test results showed that non-aggressive adolescent girls had a significant difference in maladaptive narcissism compared with aggressive girls, but there was no significant difference between two groups in adaptive narcissism. We can use narcissism, especially maladaptive narcissism, to predict aggressive behaviors of female students.

For decades، both theory and research have focused on the role of self-esteem and shame in constructing narcissistic traits. However، studies on the exact relationship between these two and overt and covert facets of narcissism have been equivocal. The current study is correlational. It examined these relationships among 308 Iranian college students (155 males، 153 females، mean age=23. 49 years، SD=2. 83). The target population was all students of national universities of Tehran، Iran. The sampling method was non-random multi-step clustering. Participants were asked to fill four self-report measures: Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPD)، Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES)، Test of Selfconscious Affect (TOSCA-3)، and Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). The data were analyzed by SPSS 19. 0. 0 software، using Pearson’s Correlation، T-test and Multiple Regression Analysis methods. Surprisingly، there was no significant difference between men and women with respect to NPI scores. Findings also revealed that shame was negatively related to overt narcissism (r=-0. 22، P<0. 05) and positively related to covert narcissism (r=0. 23، P<0. 05). Self-esteem was found to be positively correlated with overt narcissism (r=0. 42، P<0. 01) and negatively correlated with covert narcissism (r=-0. 30، P<0. 01). The results provide support for the models of overt narcissism in which the narcissistic self serves as a buffer against inner feelings of inferiority. It also supports the importance of shame and low self-esteem in shaping the covert narcissistic traits. However، shame could not differentiate between overt and covert narcissism. The empirical، cultural، and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

The psychological concept of self-fascination, aka narcissism, is a highly vivid display in the poems of Ahmad al-Sāfi al-Najafi. The spread of this concept in Sāfi’s poems is due to the sufferings in his life, especially during childhood. This article attempts to provide a vivid definition of narcissism while evaluating its emerging factors in al-Sāfi al-Najafi’s character and literary works, and yet examining this concept in multiple layers in his poetry. Focusing on descriptive-analytical approach, authors of this research have thoroughly approached four different layers of narcissism concept in his poetry and have studied relevant samples to each one. These four layers are respectively labeled as: Egoism or individual narcissism, Narcissism against ordinary folks, Narcissism against other poets, and Narcissism against critics. The purpose of this category has been to provide a psychological framework for analyzing the intensity of the reaction of Sāfi’s egotistical character to several levels of heterogeneity with the outside world. Accordingly, the poet’s self-fascination increases parallel to the audience’s disagreement surge.

The pathological narcissism is a style of personality that is characterized by a sense of extreme importance and competence, selfish attitude and behavior, lack of empathy, need for admiration and fragile self-esteem. The present study discussed how the narcissism phenomenon from the psychodynamic perspective and examined the psychodynamic explanatory model in the pathology and development of narcissistic. This research has tried to answer this research question with a review method, how does narcissism evolve from the psychodynamic point of view and what are the basic causes in narcissism etiology In psychodynamic theories, narcissism is a phase of natural growth that transforms into outer love (other) in the later stages of development and the child can love others. But in the pathological narcissism, the child returns to the secure love in order to overcome the fragile sense of the rejection (neglection). The narcissism in the psychodynamic perspective is known as selfishness due to its non-differentiation from the other. The psychodynamic approach offers the most comprehensive description and theoretical coverage in conceptualization, etiology and development of narcissism with regard to the dimensions and types of narcissism. In general, the etiology of narcissism construct from the psychodynamic point of view emphasizes on the concepts of fragile self-esteem, the grandiose self-concept, defect in parenting styles and the lack of proper response of parents to the development needs of child in the early stages of growth, the return of love to the inner world and compensate for feelings of basic inferiority. Unstable and fragile self-esteem is an important factor in the development of narcissism. from a psychodynamic point of view, it is imposible, an narcissism person to develop mask of egoism and high self-esteem with defensive state but in a hollow and fragile way, to keep hidden underlying feelings. Also, narcissism can be associated with high or low levels of self-esteem. The self-love of an narcissism is premature and emotional, and it leads to the growth of a grandiose self-concept. with such a comprehensive conceptualization that is based on the etiology of narcissism phenomena, if the empirical support can be obtained, it can provide appropriate case formulation for intervention in reducing the problems of narcissism patients

The aim of present study was to investigate the correspondence of Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) dimensions with vulnerable and grandiose narcissism. The resaerch method  was a discriptive and correlatinal study. To this end 261 students  from Tabriz University were selected by random cluster sampling and completed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and Pathological Narcissism Inventory. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used to analyze data. Results revealed that all dimensions and total score of vulnerable narcissism were correlated significantly with five pathological personality traits; but dimensions and total score of grandiose narcissism were mostly correlated  with antagonism and psychoticism significantly. Regression analysis of vulnerable narcissism showed that four pathological personality trait, including  negative affect, antagonism, disinhibition and psychoticism were significant predictor of total score of vulnerable narcissism, and with regard to dimension of vulnerable narcissism the same four aforementioned dimensions were predictor of contingent self-esteem; detachment and psychoticism were significant predictor of hiding the self; psychoticism was significant predictor of devaluing; and all pathological traits were significant predictor of entitlement rage. With respect to grandiose narcissism regression analysis revealed that antagonism and psychoticism were significant predictor  of grandiose narcissism total score; and with respect to its dimensions, antagonism was significant predictor of exploitativeness; and psychoticism was significant predictor of Self-Sacrificing Self-Enhancement, and also significant predictor of grandiose fantasy. It can be concluded that DSM-5 AMPD relatively corresponds with grandiose and not with vulnerable narcissism.

The aim of this study was designing and testing a model of some antecedents and consequences of narcissistic personality. The sample of this study consisted of 314 students of Shahid Chamran University selected with multistage random sampling. Instruments were, Baumrind’s Parenting Style, Adult Attachment (AAI), Early Trauma, Narcissistic Personality (NPI-16), Ahvaz Aggression and Bell’s Social Adjustment Inventory. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis. The indirect effects were tested by using Bootestrap procedure in Preacher and Hayse Macro program. Results revealed that model with some modification had good fit with the data. Based on the tested structural equation modeling, authoritarian parenting was predictive of narcissism through avoidant attachment style. Moreover, Authoritative parenting style was predictive of narcissism through secure attachment style. Early trauma was predictive of narcissism. Also, narcissism was predictive of aggression and social maladjustment. The result obtained and the model presented in this study discussed in terms of other therapeutic and educational implications on narcissism.

Objective (s): The aim of this study was to compare empathy components and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in students with and without vulnerable and grandiose narcissistic traits. In this cross sectional study, a sample of 90 students was selected using the Pathological Narcissistic Inventory. The Baron-cohen Empathy Quotient Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were also used to collect data. The data were analyzed using MANOVA. The results showed that both students with grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic traits were significantly different in using 'self-blame and catastrophizing' emotion regulation strategies, comparing to non narcissistic students. Non-narcissistic student significantly use 'positive appraisal' strategies more than vulnerable students. There was a significant difference in cognitive empathy and emotional reactivity, between grandiose and non-narcissistic students. Vulnerable and grandiose student were significantly different only in cognitive empathy. The findings provide support for this idea that grandiose and vulnerable narcissism are different expressions of the same pathology, and their expression depends on the individual defensive structure.

Evidence suggests that pathological narcissism involves grandiose and vulnerable phenotypes. The purpose of this study was to compare the defensive styles and the self-conscious affects of shame and guilt in these two types of narcissism and compare it with ordinary people. A sample of 350 students (230 females and 120 males) were selected through a sampling from Tehran University students. According to the Pathological Narcissism Inventory screening, 90 students were selected and divided into three groups of grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism and normal. Then they completed the Defense Styles Questionnaire and the Test of Self-conscious Affects. Data were analyzed using MANOVA. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups in the shame subscale, and the mean score of the vulnerable group in the shame subscale is greater than the mean of the other two groups, and this difference is significant. Also There was a significant difference in the subscale of guilt between narcissistic phenotypes and the normal group. There is a significant difference in subscales of neurotic defense style and immature defense style between narcissistic phenotypes and the normal group. The results are in support of this theory, which describes the feeling of shame as the core of emotions in narcissistic psychopathology, and the results also suggest that the two phenotypes of narcissism are two different expressions of a single pathology.

Narcissism is a complex trait that reflects exceptional self-centeredness and social selfishness and is associated with negative social consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of narcissism with respect to the predictive role of childhood trauma and cognitive distortion. The research design was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included students of Urmia universities in the first semester of the academic year 2020-2021 that 285 students were selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method and in order to collect information on self-obsessed and child personality assessment tools Noorbakhsh harassment and cognitive distortions complemented Abdullahzadeh and Salar. The results of correlation coefficients showed that narcissism has a positive and significant relationship with childhood trauma and cognitive distortion. Also, the results of using multiple regression analysis showed that narcissism is significantly explained by childhood trauma and cognitive distortion and cognitive distortion has the highest predictive power for narcissism. The findings of this study suggest that childhood trauma and cognitive distortion can play an important role in the etiology of narcissism.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between narcissism and suicidal thoughts in adolescents. The current research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population in this research was all boys and girls aged 14 to 18 in Ilam city, 374 of whom were selected using Cochran's sample size determination form by convenience sampling method . The information of this research was collected through Thompson Self-Criticism Questionnaire 2004(LOSC), Ames Narcissism Questionnaire 2006(NPI-16) and Beck Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire 1979(BSSI). Structural equation analysis (SEM) and Sobel test were used for data analysis. The results showed that the direct effect of narcissism and suicidal thoughts (P=0.001), narcissism and self-criticism (P=0.005), self-criticism and suicidal thoughts (P=0.002) and the indirect effect of narcissism and suicidal thoughts with mediation Self-criticism is meaningful. The research model had a favorable value and the research results showed that there is a significant relationship between narcissism and suicidal thoughts based on the mediating role of self-criticism in teenagers،In other words, with the increase of self-criticism in narcissistic teenagers, the amount of suicidal thoughts increases.