The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between positive and negative free flow of cash flows and financial constraints on over-investment and underinvestment in corporate assets. This study is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of the study includes 122 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange between 2006 and 2015. In the present study, four hypotheses were developed and each one was tested using a static and dynamic approach. For a static approach, constant regression was used and for a dynamic approach was used generalized momentum regression. The results showed that in the stationary state financial constraints exacerbated by the impact of significant free cash flow of investment is too. The impact for positive free cash flow and negative free cash flow were directly and reverse. In dynamic mode resonator impact of financial constraints on the relationship between free cash flow and investment, too, is negative. Financial constraints moderating role on the relationship between free cash flow positive and negative values in both static and dynamic approach to investment is not enough. On the other hand the dynamic approach to financial constraints moderating role on the relation between a positive free cash flow and investment has not been excessive.

Some market activities have negative consequences such as pollution and destruction of environment. The market, despite its outputs, cannot product optimum quantity of goods and services and in other words it fails. In order to prevent market failure, government must intervene in the market activities through the policies of environmental protection and suitable regulation in order to reduce pollution and establish optimal conditions for production and consumption.
In order to investigate the effect of government expenditures on pollution, first a simultaneous equations system during 1975-2011 was specified, and after estimation of equations using two-stage least squares and three-stage least squares methods, the relationship between the direct and indirect effects of government expenditures and pollution on economy of Iran was studied.
Findings: The results from estimation of equations systems specified in static and dynamic approaches devide direct and indirect effects at show that i) the size of government only has the direct effect on per capita pollution ii) there is a significant and positive relationship between the government size and per capita emissions with elasticity coefficient of 0.08 in static approach and there is a significant and negative relationship between the government size and per capita emmisions with elasticity coefficient of -0.163 in dynamic approach. Therefore, increase of the government expenditure has a negative effect on pollution and decreases it in a period of time. In addition to government size, economic openness and consumption have a significant and positive effects and total investment and population have a significant and negative effects on the per capita pollution in economy of Iran.
The findings of this research can help in using appropriate policies such as improving public educations, proper execution of laws and regulations, strict enforcement of environmental laws and amplification of public infrastructure with the aim of environmental protection and pollution prevention.

Investor sentiments are related to investors' subjective beliefs about cash flows and investment risks. The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of the company's financial risk on the risk sentiment of annual reports in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. To test the hypothese, 130 companies were selected as the sample between 2008 and 2021 and analyzed using the regression method of static and dynamic panel data. To evaluate the company's financial risk, the criteria of financial leverage, company size, and current ratio were used, and the frequency of vocabulary method was used to measure the risk sentiment of annual reports. The results showed that the variables of financial leverage and current ratio have a positive and significant effect on the risk sentiment of annual reports. However, the size of the company has a negative and significant effect on the risk sentiment in annual reports. The results also showed that in addition to the risky tone of the words and sentences in the description of the financial statements, the numbers and figures of the financial statements also affect the investors' risk sentiment.

Today, improving the information environment can lead to firm risk reduction by increasing market's transparency. Present study investigates the effect of information environment on the relationship between Management Earnings Forecast and firm risk based on static and dynamic approaches. To test in static approach, Multivariate regression with fixed effects, and in dynamic approach, Generalized Moment of Method (GMM) has been used. Using a systematic elimination method, 65 companies were selected among listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Time domain research for data extraction, is years 2010 to 2019, and for data testing is 2012 to 2019. Results in both static and dynamic state indicate a reverse and significant relationship between firm risk and management earnings forecast, and in companies with stronger information environments, this relationship is lower. Also, the effect of independent variables on non-systematic risk in the dynamic approach is greater than the static approach.

Nowadays, in contrast with the static (Cartesian) approach to the self-consciousness, a new approach has emerged in the fields of cognitive sciences and philosophy of mind which is usually called dynamic (developmental) approach. The proponents of this approach including Damasio, Rochat, Lawrenson, Baker and many others despite some disagreements converge in several axes. These agreed axes as the structural components of this new approach are as follows: 1- The reality of self is not rooted in an abstract substance rather it is rooted in the body and its organs 2- The reality of self and consequently self-consciousness is not a static and fixed issue rather, it is a dynamic and developing process. 3- The relationship with others, namely external world and other human beings, has the key role in the development and evolvement of self-consciousness. 4- Since self-consciousness at least in its primitive levels is deeply rooted in the distinction between body and peripheral world, embodiment has the fundamental role in the formation of self-consciousness. Concerning Mulla Sadra’s view about self-consciousness and with deep contemplation on his philosophical bases we come to this conclusion that although some of the components of dynamic approach is accepted in Mulla Sadra’s philosophy,, Mulla Sara's view about self-consciousness is a unique view which in spite of its commitment to some of the components of dynamic approach can not be fully categorized under this approach.

Considering the necessity of desirable operation of limited water resources and assuming the significant role of dams in controlling and consuming the surface waters, highlights the advantageous of suitable operation rules for optimal and sustainable operation of dams. This study investigates the hydroelectric supply of a one-reservoir system of Karoon3 using nonlinear programming (NLP), genetic algorithm (GA), genetic programming (GP) and fixed length gen GP (FLGGP) in real-time operation of dam considering two approaches of static and dynamic operation rules. In static operation rule, only one rule curve is extracted for all months in a year whereas in dynamic operation rule, monthly rule curves (12 rules) are extracted for each month of a year. In addition, nonlinear decision rule (NLDR) curves are considered, and the total deficiency function as the target (objective) function have been used for evaluating the performance of each method and approach. Results show appropriate efficiency of GP and FLGGP methods in extracting operation rules in both approaches. Superiority of these methods to operation methods yielded by GA and NLP is 5%. Moreover, according to the results, it can be remarked that, FLGGP method is an alternative for GP method, whereas the GP method cannot be used due to its limitations. Comparison of two approaches of static and dynamic operation rules demonstrated the superiority of dynamic operation rule to static operation rule (about 10%) and therefore this method has more capabilities in real-time operation of the reservoirs systems.

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of different warm-up protocols on static and dynamic balance indices and balance the vault in skilled female gymnast. Twenty four skilled female gymnasts (mean age 9.66­±­1.43 years(were selected. Subjects have been randomly divided into three groups: general warm-up (control), general warm-up and static stretching and general warm-up and dynamic stretching. The first protocol included a 10 minute general warming up, the second protocol involved general warm-up followed by the use of static stretching and the third protocol included general warm-up followed by dynamic stretching the muscles involved in performing the balance whip. Before and after the activity, the indicators of the equilibrium of anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure fluctuations range, and track length of the anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure center in four static and dynamic situations (both with one leg, and with two legs) were investigated using a dynamometer system equipped with 7 cameras and Kistler force plate. The whip balance performance with dynamic warm-up protocol was significantly higher than general warm-up protocol (P=0.001) and static warm-up protocol (P=0.01). Also the whip balance performance significantly decreased after the static warm-up protocol (P=0.005), but no significant differences were observed in the control group (P ≥0.05). Static balance with both feet in the dynamic warm-up protocol showed no significant difference in compare to general warm-up (P=0.07) and static warm-up protocols (P=0.06) (P ≥0.05). Also between the static warm-up protocol and the control group no significant difference was observed (P ≥0.05). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between the static balance with one foot, dynamic balance with two feet and dynamic balance with one foot (P ≥0.05). Our study showed that dynamic warm-up resulted in further improvement in whip balance in compare to static and general warm-ups. Also, in clinical point of view, dynamic warm-up, in comparison with static and general warm-ups, leaded to further improvement in dynamic and static balance indices; although, these findings were not statically significant.

One of the main sections of warm up is stretching which the importance of them is static and dynamic stretching. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static and dynamic stretching within a pre-exercise warm-up on the static and dynamic in soccer players. Eighteen physical education female students (height: 159.68 ± 5.94 cm; mass: 60.21 ± 5.93 kg; age: 22.00 ± 0.63 years (Mean ± SD)) were participated voluntarily. Before and after different warm-up protocols consisting of static stretching (SS), dynamic stretching (DS), and no stretching (NS), to measure static and dynamic balance were used the stork test and the star excursion balance test, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted ANOVA Repeat Measure and Tukey’s testes. There was a significant increase in static balance after DS (6.34 ± 3.14 s) vs. SS (4.40 ± 2.47 s) (p = 0.03). In addition, there was a significant increase in dynamic balance after DS (72.03 ± 3.76) vs. SS (69.58 ± 5.35) (p = 0.01). One the other hand, there are no significant differences in static and dynamic balance after NS vs. DS and SS. Researchers concluded that dynamic stretching cause to increase the static and dynamic balance performance. Therefore, they should update their body with this type of stretching.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between lower extremity strength and active range of motion of the ankle with static and dynamic balance in deaf athletes and non-athletes and compare them. 30 adolescent boys with congenital sever deafness were recruited according to the study inclusion and exclusion criteria and allocated into athlete and non-athlete groups. A Biodex Stability System, dynamometer and goniameter used. The results revealed that the athlete deaf subjects showed significantly better static and dynamic balance when compared to non-athletes deaf and significant difference between lower extremity strength (ankle plantar flexor and hip extensor muscles strength) of athlete and non-athlete deaf. There was a significant relationship between lower extremity strength and ankle active ROM with static and dynamic balance. It seems that higher strength of hip extensor and plantar flexor muscles in deaf athletes resulted in better static and dynamic balance.

Within Imam Khomeini's political perspective and approach, some elements have deepened the method of ijtihad (jurisprudential reasoning) in seminaries at two levels: "subject comprehension" and "ruling comprehension." This research aims to identify the components of Imam Khomeini's political approach that have influenced the "conventional method of ijtihad." Utilizing an analytical-comparative method and a second-order perspective on the method of ijtihad, this study endeavors to dissect how his political thought relates to a "dynamic style of ijtihad" and to reflect on its consequences compared to the "Jawahiri method of ijtihad." The findings of the research indicate that the "political actions and duties," derived from the interpretation of "subjects" and "texts" through the "method of ijtihad," have undergone a shift in approach at the levels of texts and subjects of rulings. Imam Khomeini's social, governmental, and systematic approach led to a transformation in the understanding of subjects and texts from an individual, abstract, and static sphere to the realm of political-social and governmental action. Ultimately, this shift elevated the ijtihad method in seminaries from a "static" state to a "dynamic" one.