--Today, the livability of metropolises has become one of the major global challenges of the 21st century. Therefore, the need to pay attention to the livability of metropolises in recent decades has found its place in the country's scientific literature, and in this regard, many efforts have been made in the field of research in the form of dissertations, dissertations, research papers and conferences. This paper has been conducted with the aim of metacognitive pathology of livability research scales in the metropolitan area of Iran. This research is for developmental and content analysis purposes. And based on the method, it is one of the qualitative researches. From the perspective of the method of data collection, it is in the category of documentary research. The statistical population of the study is all internal surveys conducted on the livability of metropolitan areas of the country whose reports are indexed in the Magiran Database or the Scientific Jihad Database (SID). Thirty related studies were selected 30 studied using purposeful sampling. The results obtained from the meta-study showed that more than 30% of the articles in the field of metropolitan livability were problematic from the methodological point of view. The results of the research can be attributed to the scarcity and variety of research activities in the field of metropolitan livability and shortcomings and major drawbacks in research methodology in terms of issues such as mere reliance on questions, hypothesis vacancies and research. Qualitative pointed out the uncertainty of the research strategy, the lack of methodology, the repetition of topics, methods, statistics, non-classification of indicators, livability & reliability, the lack of quantitative expression techniques, and the sources used.

Management researches are faced with numerous challenges so that effectiveness of its researches has been affected in regard to considering or not considering these challenges. One of the important challenges is the methodology challenge of doing management researches. According to the management experts in Iran, one of the defects of master and PhD thesis is the weakness of the methodology. Meanwhile one of the current subjects in the field of marketing management researches is customer satisfaction. According to this purpose, by using Meta method methodology, researches methodologies have been criticized in the terms of effective factors on customer satisfaction in some of public universities of Tehran. The data collection tool in this paper was checklist and population includes 35 masters and PhDs’ thesis. The results have shown that investigated thesis had basic and main problems especially in terms of sampling considerations, mentioning data collecting instrument and methodology themselves.

This research is intended to present a new design for the identification and classification of Islamic management. This qualitative research follows a metamethod. The approaches are classified into four indicative and deductive groups. Deductively, the approaches are classified according to origins and theoretical structure or subject as well as their sources and cognition instruments. They include confirmative, purifying, deductive, establishing, comparative, and integrative approaches from theoretical regards. From the sources and instrument regards, the approaches contain scientific, philosophical, mystical, and religious approaches. The approaches are also classified from inductive, natural, theoretical content, and final goal considerations. They include principal-oriented, ethical-oriented, task-oriented, basis-oriented, pattern-oriented, source-oriented, jurisprudence-oriented, authoritative-oriented, and integrative-oriented approaches in relation to nature, content or subject of approaches. From the final goal perspective, they include subject-oriented, problem-oriented, measurement and evaluation approaches. Finally, the research system for the systematization of Islamic management studies is presented.

In this research, marketing research in Iran has been examined from a methodological point of view, and it seeks to answer the question of whether marketing research is suffering from the myopia in the methods? For this purpose, 1021 articles from 7 major and specialized journals in the field of commerce and marketing have been selected and their articles have been examined in terms of methodology and meta-method in a 10-year period (1387-1396). The results of this study showed that the researches carried out in Iran in the field of marketing have a very small variety of methodology, so that most of the articles were done using structural equation modeling method, with a quantitative tool and questionnaire.

Ecosystem services include a wide range of direct or indirect services related to human well-being, which are obtained through biophysical processes, but their production, distribution and reproduction are influenced by the management of urban social and ecological systems. The whole effort of this research is to identify and categorize the integration obstacles of ecosystem services in urban planning. The method of this article is a meta-study, which examines the structure and content of selected studies in four analytical sections: meta-data, meta-method, meta-theory and meta- synthesis. The statistical population of this study includes 47 scientific-research articles in the period of 2010-2022. In the findings section, obstacles were classified into 31 categories, 9 combined categories and 3 themes (Structural, economic and epistemic). Lack of standard methods, weak participation of stakeholders, lack of awareness and ecological knowledge, thematic gap, lack of data and lack of budget and financial resources are the most important obstacles and challenges of this integration.

Behavioral science is a dynamic and evolving field shaped by the context of its broader environment. This evolution is marked by a bidirectional relationship involving a two-way interaction, where behavioral science both influences and is influenced by other scientific disciplines. Consequently, research in this field adopts various perspectives, tailored to factors such as age, gender, physical, and environmental conditions, depending on the study’s objectives. The diversity of perspectives results in a wide range of valid research methodologies, with each study employing distinct methods, tools, and approaches to meet its goals. However, despite this diversity, there is a notable lack of consistency and coherence in the methodological approaches used across behavioral science studies. This inconsistency affects multiple aspects of research, including data collection and analysis tools, methods, strategies, aims, and overarching paradigms. The outcome is a proliferation of varied research approaches that often lack alignment, leading to dissonance among different research components. This methodological inconsistency presents significant challenges, limiting researchers’ ability to effectively achieve their objectives. Given the inherent complexity of urban issues within behavioral and social sciences, there is a strong need for innovation throughout all stages of research. This need extends from the initial phases of problem formulation and the definition of objectives and hypotheses to the development of various theories. Achieving such innovation and ensuring research effectiveness in this field requires the creation of a systematic methodological framework. This study aims to address this critical gap by proposing a suitable methodological framework to improve the efficiency, coherence, and overall vision of research in behavioral sciences. To achieve this, the study utilizes a Meta-Method approach, reviewing methodological considerations in behavioral sciences research conducted from 2011-2023.

The research methodology for this study is qualitative, involving a comprehensive content analysis of existing behavioral sciences studies related to behavioral sciences. The approach is grounded in Meta-Method considerations, which offer a structured framework for the analysis. The Meta-Method approach follows a seven-stage process: 1) Formulation of the research question, 2) an extensive literature review and selection of relevant articles, 3) a systematic review of the articles, 4) data extraction, 5) data analysis and findings, 6) presentation and interpretation of findings, and 7) drawing conclusions based on the analysis. Initially, 70 articles related to the research topic were identified from reputable domestic scientific databases. A rigorous selection process was then applied to exclude articles with minimal relevance, involving a detailed review of titles, abstracts, and full texts. This ultimately led to the selection of 30 articles for in-depth analysis. To further refine the methodological framework, the onion model of research was used in analyzing these studies, with the aim of proposing an appropriate methodological model for conducting research in behavioral sciences.

The analysis of the selected studies uncovered a significant gap in the methodological orientation of behavioral sciences research. Many studies lack a clear methodological framework that aligns with their research objectives, often concentrating narrowly on one or two behavioral aspects, such as walking or standing, without using a structured methodology. Furthermore, most of these studies are field-based and focus on micro-urban and meso-urban scales, reflecting a localized and indigenous approach to problem-solving. While this localized focus is valuable, it limits the ability to generalize and apply findings to broader contexts within behavioral sciences research. Additionally, these studies primarily follow a pragmatism paradigm, employing both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Common tools include interviews, questionnaires, observations, and statistical analysis, all aimed at practical, applied research rather than foundational or developmental studies.

To address the identified gaps, this study presents a new methodological model tailored to the specific research questions and objectives in behavioral sciences. This model provides a clear research pathway, outlining the appropriate methodological approach based on the nature of the research question. According to this model, behavioral sciences research can be divided into three distinct types. The first type includes revelatory and descriptive studies that focus on “what” questions, using strategies like surveys, ethnography, and case studies to explore user behaviors within the environment. The second type consists of explanatory and understanding studies that tackle “why” questions related to urban issues, employing a combination of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods, along with strategies such as surveys, correlation studies, ethnography, and case studies. The third type involves intervention studies, which focus on “how” questions, following the stages of revelation, explanation, description, and understanding. These studies use mixed methods within a pragmatism paradigm, incorporating a survey strategy aimed at achieving environmental and behavioral change.

This research is intended to have a methodological review on Islamic management researches through meta-method. The main purpose of the research involves the question of whether these researches have followed a proper methodology in the approach of Islamic management development. Among qualified articles regarding Islamic management, 64 article which had official credit from the ministry of Science, Research and Technology were selected. This research follows a meta-method which is a branch of meta-study. The results indicated not enough researches have been conducted in the field of Islamic management. Furthermore, the methodology of the researches did not match Islamic management development regarding issues such as resources, validity and reliability, research method, research population and sample.

The prevalence of obesity and non-communicable diseases has become one of the serious concerns in Iran due to lifestyle changes such as reduced physical activity and consuming high-calorie foods. At the same time, the role of the built components of the environment in increasing physical activity, creating a healthy food environment, and thus reducing obesity has attracted increasing attention from decision-makers and researchers. However, after two decades of focused international efforts to find the links between built components and health variables, there are serious ambiguities about the results of these studies. In this regard, the present article has tried to provide these ambiguities as a circle of challenges in the form of a research agenda concerning theoretical and experimental gaps on this issue in Iran. A narrative review has also been used in this study. Narrative reviews are generally comprehensive and cover a wide range of issues on a particular topic, but do not necessarily follow clear rules of search and analysis. Systematic reviews focus on questions, and their main contribution is to summarize the data, but narrative reviews seek to interpret and critique the data, and their main goal is to gain an in-depth understanding of the subject. A variety of databases and search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science have been used to find the articles. Chosen articles were selected based on the subject, the number of citations and the novelty of the findings. Various studies have shown conflicting findings that make it is difficult to reach solid conclusions about relationships and turn them into policies. An important part of these ambiguities stems from a series of methodological challenges that undermine the findings of the studies and eliminate the possibility of an analogy between the results. Accordingly, this section refers to the classification of the most important of them. Findings show inconsistencies between objective and perceptual criteria, ambiguity in the definition of neighborhood unit, unreliability and validity of self-selection of residential units, mediating variables and ignoring the displacement of the target group and the dominance of cross-sectional studies. It makes it difficult to draw sound findings that can provide strong theoretical underpinnings for translating them into strategic policies. To complement the results of this study, it is necessary to provide a research agenda for better understanding, creating theoretical support, and its empirical application in the country. From this perspective, redefining the neighbourhood unit in terms of adaptation to the daily activity environment in different climates and cultures in a comparative way can greatly facilitate the comparison of findings and the possibility of achieving a consensus on hypotheses. Secondly, recording and updating various spatial and physical changes of cities in parallel with Cohort research at the same time intervals on individuals could be effective for clarifying the causal relationship, the effectiveness of interventions and develop clear and strategic guidelines for designing and planning different neighbourhoods. It is also recommended that conducting "health impact assessment" in local plans and measuring the "burden of disease" on the urban scale, could support the establishment of institutional and constitutional frameworks in the country's urban policies.

No one is immune from climate change, and it is a global challenge that casts the biggest shadow on cities. The IPCC's 2021 Sixth Assessment Report calls for action to reduce the magnitude of climate change (Mega, 2022). Climate changes caused by urban development affect not only temperature changes but also other climate parameters such as precipitation, humidity, and air quality, and lead to long-term changes in the microclimates, which is one of the influencing factors. The shape and texture of the city aims to reduce the temperature of the city and reduce the energy consumption of the city (Pour Amin, Behzad Far & Rezaei Rad; 2022). The aim is to explain the conceptualization of urban morphology and its effect on the amount of energy consumption and its result in the formation of climatic patterns through the review of joint research methodology between the two theories of climate justice and urban morphology with the approach of reducing energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to answer the main question of how the methodological processes and applied methods are used in the two parts of information gathering and statistical analysis in the studies of this field.

In this article, the methodology of the previous research was analyzed using the meta-method. After determining the main research question to collect the primary research information based on PRISMA order, selected articles from 2015 to 2022 that had more appropriate methodological structure and theoretical coherence were reviewed and screened. Then, the selected articles were analyzed by coding and coding using Saunders research onion model and content analysis using meta-analysis method.

Finally, to analyze and combine the qualitative results, the sequential explanatory design method was used to combine quantitative and qualitative data. Then, using MAXQDA text analysis software, the categories and codes of the articles were extracted to identify the types of analysis methods and tools used for each variable. Of the 89 articles and dissertations, 30 articles were selected that were close to the research topic. The analysis methods and instruments in these articles were coded using the Code Relation Matrix. Saunders' research onion model was used to determine the nature of the targeted analysis of the articles (Saunders, Lewis, & Thonhill, 2007). The philosophical system of research relates to the theoretical discourse of positivism with objectivist ontology and epistemology through visual senses, experimental, or comparative analysis.

The research strategy is the type of basic studies with the comparative approach of hypothesis testing, where 40% of the articles used the quantitative research method, 33% used the qualitative method, and 27% used the mixed method. Collecting information according to the quantitative weight of data is based on the paradigms of positivism and meta-positivism, with analogical and inductive approaches that include various experiments and surveys (Creswell, 2016, 36). Therefore, a number of common analysis components and methods were found in the reviewed articles. Then, a meta-analysis of the combined modeling of the role of urban morphology with the approach of reducing energy consumption in line with the premise of climate justice was discussed, which was obtained from the results of MAXQDA qualitative analysis software. In this conceptual modeling, the constituent components of each variable and their analytical tools, obtained according to the research topic based on the results of the analysis of the reviewed articles, were discussed.Examining the methodological gap in research:· Lack of clear and consistent definitions for research variables due to the scope of the topic.·Lack of access to accurate statistics and climate databases in the Middle East, especially Iran.·  Lack of access to the amounts of energy produced and consumed in buildings and transportation that contribute to heat island formation.

In this research urban morphology is influenced by climatic, social, cultural, economic and geographical conditions in a reciprocal relationship, and energy consumption. According to the studies conducted by meta-analysis of selected articles, more than 60% of the articles were quantitative and mixed, mostly quantitative with experimental and survey strategies. Through meta-analysis of selected sources, this article attempts to provide a variety of experiences in an understandable range for researchers in urban design and planning to identify differences and similarities based on certain criteria.