Technology development has been recognized as a major factor in the long-term national boom. In this regard, it is necessary to stimulate innovation in order to maintain a position in global competition. The necessity of designing and evaluating any innovation policy requires looking for ways to measure and compare the technological capability of different countries. This paper investigates and estimates the technology gap in Iran's steel industry with 13 selected countries to assess the technological capability of the world's top steel producers. The purpose of the present study is to identify the extent of technology gap, its causes, and provide solutions to overcome this technology gap. For this purpose, based on econometric method, two categories of inputs (raw materials, energy consumption and manpower) and outputs (total steel production) in the period 2009-2014 were collected through different databases, and then the data were analyzed through Frontier41 and GAMS soft wares. Results based on estimating the technological frontiers of each group of countries and comparing them with existing technology meta-frontier indicate that Iran has the largest technology gap in the steel industry compared to the selected countries,so based on literature review, some solutions has been provided at the end of the paper.

In any country the consumpt ion of steel is dir ectly rel at ed to th e level of economic development. and for developing co untries it is regarded as an important index for the evalu at ion of econo mic developmen t. In the course of economic developmen, consumption rate tak e a rapid acceleration but aft er passing through a peri od of susta ine d st ability, to starts ti decline as the co untry ap proache s th e st age of economic maturity. In other words. at the e arly st ages o f economic de velopment the increasing level o r investme nt in th e indus tri al infrastructur increases th e rate of consumption for steel but as the co untry reaches th e technological advancement it wo uld give its place to Hight- Tech and valu e added of th e so ca lled "Pure Mind". The Islamic Republic o f Iran is st ill pass ing through the early stages o f economic development and the re fore is facing a growi ng dem and for steel du e to the increasing need lor infras tructural investme nts and development of industrial capacities. Presently it is hard to obtain a logical link between the steel consumption and the industrial linkages. This is mostly due to the close correlation which exists between the steel consumption and construction industries, The problem has its roots in the dependent nature of Iranian industries to that or major industrial powers form the time of its format ion. The models examined in this research intend to provide a clear view or relations between the Consumption of Steel with Gross Domestic Product. Formation of Fixed Investment and Value Added in industries as well as the cunstruction industry. If the growth rates, as defined in the 2nd Five Year Development plan, are achived and sustained, based on the domestic demand the country's steel consumption should rise to 13 million tons by the year 1385 (2006), excluding the demand from the export markets. In order to be able to respond to such a trend, the production should rise by 600000 tons per year , Which compare with those of south East Asian countries is still not at a satsifactory level. Moreover, it is unclear whether this trend would help the country to hold it current position worldwide.

In recent years, due to the higher cost of pavement construction and environmental considerations, various waste and recycled materials have been used in concrete and Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) mixtures. This study investigates the effect of partial and full replacement of natural aggregates with steel slag as a by-product of the steel industry and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a waste of the road pavement construction industry, on the mechanical and environmental properties of RCC pavements. For this purpose, compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and three-point bending tests were conducted on 7 and 28-day samples. Three-point bending test was used to obtain flexural strength, toughness, and energy absorbency. Also Cantabro abrasion test and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) were conducted on 28-day samples. The results showed that the compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength of RCC pavement reduced by replacing natural aggregates with steel slag and RAP. In the meantime, the effect of RAP on reducing mechanical properties of roller concrete is more pronounced. Increasing the content of steel slag and RAP increases the toughness, as well as the energy absorbency capacity of the specimens despite the decrease in the maximum load. On the other hand, the abrasion resistance of the roller concrete mixture increases, with increasing steel slag. Also, according to the results of this study, the mixtures containing up to 50% steel slag or combined steel slag and RAP, met the regulatory requirements. By incorporating 25% steel slag and 25% RAP as substitutes for natural aggregates, compressive, tensile and flexural strengths decreased and toughness increased up to 24%, 34%, 21% and 13%, respectively. Thus, the waste materials used in this study, are usable in RCC because of their satisfactory results and economic-environmental advantages.

This research aimed to study the current status of the special libraries of the steel industry of Iran interms of their objectives, duties, organization and management, human resources, collections, organization of resources, services, building, equipment and financial resources and to compare the results with the Standards for Iranian Special Libraries. The research was conducted as a descriptive surveyand questionnaires were used to collect data. Among 11 special libraries of Iran’s steel industry, 1 library did not fill in the questionnaire and the research was carried out based on the 10 questionnaires received (90.90 percent). The results were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Findings indicated that thespecial libraries of the country’s steel industry meet the Standards for Iranian Special Libraries to different extents, i.e. 51.66 percent in terms of objectives and duties, 70 percent in organization and management, 26.51 percent in human resources, 30.31 percent in collection, 45.35 percent in organization of resources, 49.92 percent in services, 58.13 percent in building and 38.11 percent in equipment and funding. In the end, the following suggestions have been made to improve the status of these libraries: (1) recruitment of staff holding degrees in librarianship (2) running educational classes to improve the knowledge of the library staff (3) allocating adequate and specific budget for libraries from the parent organization.

Prestressing techniques are generally used for the construction of large containment shells to overcome tension and to ensure tightness. Thus, the evaluation of the prestressing force variations considering the geometry and mechanical characteristics of tendons becomes an important matter. This paper considers the effects of time dependent deformations of materials on the circumferential prestress force in prestressed concrete cylindrical containments. Numerical studies are performed using creep and relaxation models presented in different codes of practice after checking the numerical model by experimental data reported elsewhere about a prestressed concrete beam. The effects of vertical prestressing and wall thickness are also studied. Obtained results show an amount of 15% to 22% of prestress loss in tendons, specially in those located around wall’s mid-height, on which relaxation of steel has a dominant effect. Furthermore, the minor effect of vertical prestresssing might be mentioned. Besides, the creep model of Iranian concrete code is studied and some suggestions are made for the modification of the coefficient used for the prestress losses due to relaxation effects.

The use of light metals instead of steel in parts of the vehicle body to reduce weight and thus lower fuel consumption has attracted the attention of car manufacturers and researchers. Therefore, this study investigates the dissimilar joining of magnesium and steel sheets by resistance spot welding and the thickness of galvanized steel sheet coating is considered as an effective parameter for the joint strength. The materials used in this work were AZ31B Mg alloy sheet and hot-dip galvanized steel sheet. To investigate the influence of the coating thickness on the joint, two coating thicknesses of 5 and 10 µm were applied to the steel sheet. also to balance the thermal generation on both sides of Mg and Steel sheet, two electrodes with different geometries were used, flat electrode on the steel side and domed electrode on the Magnesium side. Tensile-shear tests were performed on the samples using a tensile testing machine and the microstructure was analyzed using optical and SEM microscopy. The results show a 13% increase in joint strength at a coating thickness of 10 µm. The studies show that increasing the coating thickness from 5µm to 10 µm, reduces the grain size in the nugget  and thus increases the strength.

In this paper¡ design and construction of an IECF device which produces continuous neutron flux by the inertial electrostatic confinement fusion is reported. The device is a stainless steel cylindrical chamber of 60cm in height and 60cm in diameter. Inside the chamber two concentric stainless steel-made spherical electrodes of 13.5cm and 41cm in diameter were installed. At a deutron gas pressure in the range of 10-3 to 10-2 mbar a condensed plasma during the electric discharge at the central part of two sphere was observed due to the D-D fusion reaction. By using a neutron track detector and a GM counter covered by indium foil¡ a neutron flux of more than 106 n/S were recorded. A neutron dose rate of 100μSv/h by the use of LB6411 neutron dosimeter was also detected.

Azo dyes constitute the largest class of dyes and contains one or various azo groups conjugated with aromatic systems such as acid azo dyes which have sulfonic groups causing strong attachment to the cationic groups of fibers. The characteristics of these materials are high color intensity and visibility in very low concentrations, complex chemical structures, and light resistance and hard to biodegradability, variability in pH range and above of these they have high carcinogenic and mutagenic potential. Generally, the physical, chemical and biological methods are considered as textile wastewater treatment techniques such as electrocoagulation, absorption, advanced oxidation, Fenton, photo-Fenton, photoelectrochemical and photoelectrocatalytic. Electro-Fenton is an indirect oxidation process and is based on in situ electrochemical generation of peroxide hydrogen due to electrochemical reduction of dissolved oxygen next to graphite cathode. In this process hydroxide radicals are generated by reaction of hydrogen peroxide and iron ions in acidic condition. Hydroxide radicals are the most powerful radicals with high oxidation potential lead to degrade organic matters into simple compounds like water and carbon dioxide. Recently carbonic material like carbon felt, graphite, activated carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, carbonic sponge and graphite-PTFE are used to improve electro-Fenton process. Enhancement of surface area, reaction rate and electron transfer are the main reasons which Carbon nanotubes are used to improve electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide in electro-Fenton process. Dye removal increased at initial reaction time by increasing current intensity, aeration rate and electrode surface due to enhancing electro-Fenton regents, meanwhile it decreased with increasing pH and electrolyte concentration. Reduction in dye degradation is usually caused by scavenging role of hydrogen peroxide and iron ions due to reaction of these compounds with hydroxyl radicals which decreased its concentration in reactor. Dye degradation increase by enhancement of Initial dye concentration from 35 to 100 mg/L but when initial dye concentration increased further to 200 mg/L, degradation rate was reduced. On the other hand energy consumption reduced by decreasing current intensity from 2 to 1 mA/cm2 and enhancing electrode surface from 30 to 90 cm2. It has been shown that carbon nanotubes coated on graphite cathode could enhance dye removal rate by increasing hydrogen peroxide concentration due to increase electrode surface area, electron transfer and reaction rate. The results showed that dye and COD removal efficiency was obtained 98% and 95% after 180 and 360 minutes respectively at the optimal condition of effective parameters such as current density of 1 mA/cm2, pH of 6.5, no aeration, initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L, electrode surface of 90 cm2, electrolyte concentration of 0.01 M, temperature of 25 ◦C and energy consumption of 0.13 KWh/ppm. Electro-Fenton process seems to be an economic and environmental friendly process to remove the toxicity of the persistent organic pollutants from water due to generation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. It has been demonstrated that electro-Fenton process with the use of stainless steel anode and graphite cathode coated with carbon nanotube is a very effective and operative method to degrade Acid Orange 7.

The purpose of the current research is to design a structure so that it can be used to investigate the drivers of the appropriate implementation of quality 4.0 in the country's steel industry. In order to carry out this research, ten stimuli were initially identified using research literature. Then, using the interpretative structural modeling technique, these stimuli were structured using the opinions of 13 experts. , in order to fit the obtained structure, the structural equation modeling of the tools related to it, including measurement model fitting, structural and general model fitting, were used. For this purpose, a questionnaire containing 33 questions with a five-point Likert scale was designed and in order to complete it, opinions were sought from 214 managers and employees of the country's steel industry. The findings of the research on the high effectiveness of reward stimuli and control of big data in proper implementation have quality 4.0.