Myrcene is a compound found in many plants with beneficial health effects. Anesthetic efficacy of myrcene has been demonstrated in fish; however, there is no information about its effects on hematological effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of anesthesia with myrcene on hematological parameters of rainbow trout in comparison to eugenol. In this study, 240 rainbow trout (300 g) were used. The fish were anesthetized within 60, 180, 300 and 600 s with either myrcene or eugenol. To reach these time on anesthesia, 81, 30, 19 and 10 mg/L eugenol, or 531, 251, 177 and 111 mg/L myrcene were used. Blood samples were taken from the fish after anesthesia. Hematological parameters including blood cells’ number, leukocyte differential count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH and MCHC were determined and compared among the treatments. Increase in anesthesia time of either eugenol or myrcene led to significant increase in hemoglobin and RBC, and the lowest value was related to 60 s. Among the myrcene treatments, increase in induction time results in a significant decrease in WBC and there was a significant difference between 60 and 600 s. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in leukocyte differential count, MCV, MCH and MCHC among the treatments. Overall, it is concluded that increase in the time of anesthesia with eugenol and myrcene leads to increase in RBC and hemoglobin, which might be an indication of stress. In addition, it seems that anesthesia with myrcene and eugenol within 60-600 s has no certain side effects on the fish.

The fruits of Citrus sinensis (L.) from Rutacea family were collected from North of Iran and after pilling, the essential oil of the cover was obtained by the methods of cold-press and examined by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-one compounds were characterized representing about 98% of the oil. The yield of total oil was 1.5% (w/w). The oil was characterized by a high content of limonene which composed 94.3% of the oil. The other components were myrcene (1.5%), linalool (0.94%), decanal (0.45%), α-pinene (0.38%) and octanol (0.26%). After deterpination, the percentage of different componenets changed. The main constitute were limonene (92.2%), linalole (1.46%), myrcene (0.52%), a-pinene (0.12%) and decanal (0.73%).

Teucrium polium L. belongs to the fam. Lamiaceae and grows mostly in the barren, rocky, and sandy areas of various parts of Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and southwest Asia including Iran. It has various therapeutic properties such as analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive. These healing properties are due to the presence of various chemical compounds in the essential oil. Plant harvest at the different phenological stages has a great impact on the amount of essential oil compounds of this species. This study was conducted to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes of T. polium essential oil (EO) during the growing season in Cheshmeh-e-Anjir rangelands of Fars province and at three phenological stages (vegetative peak, beginning of flowering, and flowering peak) in a completely randomized block design in 2017. The EOs were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results of this study showed that the main EO constituents were caryophyllene oxide (12.1%), α-pinene (11.8%), germacrene D (9.1%), myrcene (8.5%), limonene (7.2%), β-pinene (6.7%), bicyclogermacrene (6.6%), E-caryophyllene (4.6%), and α-bisabolol oxide B (3.4%) at the vegetative peak stage with the EO percentage of 0.9%, germacrene A (26.6%), bicyclogermacrene (18.3%), (E)-β-ocimene (8.9%), myrcene (7.8%), spathulenol (6.0%), limonene (5.3%), α-pinene (3.6%), and β-pinene (2.6%) at the begining of flowering with the EO percentage of 0.3%, and α-pinene (25.8%), myrcene (12.5%), germacrene D (11.8%), β-pinene (11.7%), limonene (8.5%), spathulenol (4.6%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.2%) at the flowering peak with the EO percentage of 0.2%.

Sedative agents are utilized to mitigate stress and improve fish welfare during and after transportation. 

We aimed to assess the effects of myrcene addition to the transportation water on the plasma biochemical profile of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. 

For this purpose, common carp (mean weight of 45.3±1.65 g) were transported in plastic bags containing myrcene at concentrations of 0 (CTL), 10 (10 M), 20 (20 M), 30 (30 M), and 50 (50 M) µL/L for 6 h. Then, their plasma parameters were compared to those values before transportation (BT). 

Transportation significantly (P<0.05) decreased plasma total protein, albumin, alternative complement, lysozyme, sodium, and chloride, while increasing potassium, calcium, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in the CTL treatment, as compared to BT. Adding 50 µL/L myrcene to water prevented total plasma protein and albumin loss. Supplementing 20 µL/L myrcene to water prevented or reduced the changes in plasma ions, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Addition of 10-50 µL/L myrcene to water decreased the changes in plasma aspartate aminotransferase. Adding 20 and 30 µL/L myrcene to water mitigated the changes in plasma alternative complement, as 30 µL/L myrcene increased plasma lysozyme activity. Transportation and myrcene addition had no significant effects on plasma immunoglobulin (P>0.05). However, a significant increase was observed in plasma globulin in the 20 M treatment (P<0.05). 

In summary, adding 20 µL/L myrcene to the transport water of common carp reduced hepatic enzyme levels and improved immune parameters, and therefore, the use of myrcene improves fish welfare during transportation.

To study correlations between essential oil and essential oil components and determining the role of these traits in variation among 12 genotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications at Fozveh Research Station of Esfahan. The studied traits included seed yield, essential oil percentage, oil yield and oil components. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Correlation coefficients showed that essential oil yield had a positive significant correlation with essential oil percentage, seed yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, camphene, myrcene, phlandrene, fenchone and camphor. In principal component analysis, the first four components could justify 90% of the total variation. Seed yield, essential oil percentage and yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, camphene, myrcene, phlandrene, fenchone, -terpinene, E-anetole and camphor had a major role in explaining the first component. In the second component, sabinene, Beta pinene and p-cymene were more important whereas limonene and 1,8-cineole in the third component and methyl cavichol and cis-anethol in the forth component had more importance. Based on the cluster analysis, genotypes of fennel were classified into 4 groups which had noticeable differences, especially for seed yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, fenchone and E-anetole. Consequently, crossing between superior genotypes of different clusters and testing their progeny through breeding and selection programs may result in production of cultivars with desirable essential oil quality.

Anthemis with 39 native species belongs to Asteraceae family. Essential oils of the flowers, leaves and stems with special components are used in pharmaceutical industries. In order to study essential oil content and composition of different accessions of Anthemis pseudocotula, the seeds were collected from provinces of Golestan, Yazd, Semnan, Tehran, Zanjan and Bushehr and were sown at Alborz experimental station. In addition to terminated flower bearing shoots at flowering stage, whole sample flower bearing shoots of A. pseudocotula were sampled and their essential oil were extracted byhydro-distillation method and analyzed and identified by GC and GC/MS. Results of essential oil analysis of different accessions showed that essential oil yields of Zanjan and Golestan 1 were 0.2% and 0.03 %, respectively. Thirty-two components were recognized in eight accessions that were different in number, type and percentage. Their main components were β-thujone (Golestan 2, Golestan 3, Tehran, Yazd, Bushehr and Golestan 1 were 62.9%, 36%, 33.1%, 26.1%, 20.4% and 13.9% respectively), Z-β- farnesene (Bushehr, code 29717, Yazd, Golestan 3, Zanjan, Tehran and Golestan 1 were 38.1%,21.9%,16%,15.7%,14.4%,13.3% and 12.2% % respectively), and caryophyllene oxide (Yazd, Golestan 1 and code 29717 were 20.4%, 20.1% and 17.7% respectively). Some components belonged to specific accession, so that myrcene, Z - β-ocimene, dihydro carveol, myrtenol and caryophyllene oxide in Zanjan, camphor in Golestan, (E,E) –α- farnesene in Bushehr and 1,8-cineole in Golestan and Zanjan accessions. Based on the results, in order to gain some components with high percentage, we need to select specific accessions.

Chaerophyllum macropodum belongs to Apiaceae family has antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties. Vegetative characteristics of the species on 48 plots located in four sites of Tehran and Alborz provinces were recorded. The aerial parts of Ch. macropodum were collected at the flowering stage from the sites and air-dried at room temperature for two weeks then subjected to hydrodistillation, using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The analysis of the essential oils was performed by using GC and GC/MS. Three soil samples were taken from each site and some physical and chemical characteristics were measured. Analysis variance results of data showed that there is a significant difference among the four sites from the viewpoint of growth characteristics, soil features and common components of essential oils. The major compounds of essences of the species in four sites were trans-β-ocimene, cis-β-ocimene, fenchyl acetate, α-pinene, myrcene, γ-terpinene and β-pinene. In order to determine the most important differentiating factors in sites PCA method was used. The results showed the following characteristics are the most effective in differentiating of the sites. Mobarakabad site: density, α-pinene, fenchyl acetate, TNV and pH; Chenar-e Shargh site: terpinolene, myrcene, the mean maximum temperature of the warmest month, OC and SP; Gajereh site: γ-terpinene, p-cymene, trans-β-ocimene, cis-β-ocimene, absolute maximum temperature and sand; Sijan site: β-pinene, absolute minimum temperature, annual temperature and the mean minimum temperature of the coldest month.

The antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas essential oils were studied on growth inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999. Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) and kinetics of fungal spore death as a result of exposure to the oils were studied. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS and their chemical components were identified. 22 and 19 compounds were identified in Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas essential oils respectively. Eight compounds viz; α-thujene, α-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, cis sabinene hydrate and thymol were common in both oils but in different concentrations. The results indicated powerful antifungal properties of both oils inhibiting growth and aflatoxin production that could be applied to food as preservatives.

One of the rangeland species that has many capabilities considering the studies done in terms of multiple uses is Bidens bipinnata L. which belongs to Compositae family and Bidens genus. This research was conducted in Karaj area in order to identification the chemical compounds in aerial parts of Bidens bipinnata. To study on ingredients of the essential oil, after complete identification of plant and determination of its habitat, the aerial parts of the plant in fruit stage were collected. Plant samples were dried in shade condition and essential oils were extracted by Clevenger apparatus through Hydrodistilation method. Chemical compounds of the essential oil were completely separated and identified by (GC) and (GC/MS). Thirty one compounds were identified that among those, α-pinene (25.83%), β-myrcene (22.73%), germacrene D (10.20%), Bicyclogermacrene (7.61%), δ-elemene (3.50%), spathulenol (2.94%), were identified as major compounds respectively.