This study aims at comparing the visual and sensory-motor imagery skills in soccer referees with less and more mistakes. This was a causal-comparative study and was applied in terms of purpose. Participants included 30 male referees from Fars province who were voluntarily selected and according to average monitoring scores were grouped into two groups of referees with a less mistakes (17 referees) and referees with a more mistakes (13 referees). Marx visual imagery questionnaire (1973) and Isaacs et al motor imagery questionnaire (1986) were used to assess the imagery skills of the referees. Data analysis by independent t-test showed that the referees with less mistakes have higher visual and sensory-motor imagery skills than those with more mistakes, and this helps them to have a lower number of mistakes in their refereeing. Based on the results, referees are advised to use mental imagery skills to improve their performance.

liability. The primary objectives of this study are to elucidate judges' civil liability regarding errors in judgment from the perspective of Iranian substantive law and to identify the factors influencing judicial errors in verdicts related to court cases. This study uses a descriptive-analytical method, including library research, documentation, and field studies, to analytically examine judges' civil liability concerning judicial errors in issuing judgments, with a specific focus on the judiciary in Rasht. Theresults of the survey indicate that over sixty percent of respondents rated the judges' errors in Rasht, based on fault in issuing judgments, ignorance, and lack of awareness, fitting judgments to specific cases, false documents and evidence, realization of the error before enforcement by the appellate court, recognizing the error after enforcement, the judge's liability for damages if found at fault in issuing an erroneous verdict, state compensation for issuing a verdict, and complete compensation for the harmed party in Rasht as medium to low. Additionally, over seventy percent of respondents stated that the impact of branch congestion on judges' errors in issuing judgments, errors in writing and typing, errors in determining the subject of the case, the influence of psychological states, realizing the error in the judge's verdict by the harmed party, and not attaining full rights by the harmed party were very high to high.

Nowadays, knowledge is a valuable and strategic source as well as an asset for evaluation and forecasting. Presenting these strategies in discovering corporate tax evasion has become an important topic today and various solutions have been proposed. In the past, various approaches to identify tax evasion and the like have been presented, but these methods have not been very accurate and the overhead of calculations has also been high. Hence, in this study, a solution is proposed that is based on a combination of the three methods of ID3, Bayesian network and SVM algorithm. In this research, the hybrid RAF set algorithm and hierarchical decision algorithm are used for pre-processing and selecting effective data. The proposed solution in Visual Studio environment using C # programming language and help from Veka library has been compared with popular methods such as ID3, Bayesian and SVM and it is found that this method has much higher accuracy than other methods. The case has been investigated and this indicates the robustness of the proposed method compared to the methods investigated.

Choosing the right portfolio is always one of the most important issues for investors. The price trend is predicted using technical analysis or basic analysis. Technical analysis focuses on market performance, while the focus of fundamental analysis is on the mechanism of supply and demand, and these changes prices. The existence of a solution to predict growth or decrease in stocks has been studied as a basic need in this study. In the present study, with the help of a monitoring dataset, a solution based on Raff collection algorithms and hierarchical analysis to reduce the feature and decision tree algorithms, backup vector machine, and business network have been used for prediction. This proposed solution has been implemented using language and compared with different solutions, and the research results have shown that the proposed method with 80% accuracy of prediction and 20 errors in prediction has the highest accuracy and the lowest error rate among the methods compared.

The aim of this research was to validate the General Health Questionnaire- 28 (GHQ-28) as a screening instrument of mental disorders in the population of aged 15 yr and above in Tehran City, capital of Iran. Overall, 879 people (455 females and 424 males) were chosen by the randomized cluster sampling from families under the coverage of health centers of the universities of Tehran, Iran and Shahid Beheshty. The study was carried out in two stage procedures. In the first step the GPs completed the GHQ-28, and in the second step all the samples were clinically interviewed by psychiatric residents based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. By using conventional scoring method of GHQ, the cut off point for the sample was 6. The sensitivity and specificity of this questionnaire were 84.7% and 93.8% respectively, and the overall misclassification rate was 8.2%. Likert scoring method of GHQ showed a cut off point of 24 and the sensitivity, specificity and the overall misclassification rate of 70.5%, 92.3% and 12.3% respectively. The concurrent validity of this questionnaire carried out by the Symptom Checklist- 90- Revised indicated that there was a meaningful correlation between scores of samples within the scales of these instruments. The Pearson correlation between the scales and total scores of GHQ-28 suggested that fluctuation of anxiety symptoms had an important character in predicting abnormality than the other scales. The evaluation of reliability of GHQ-28 carried out by the test- retest procedure a week after the first stage, and validation of this instrument indicated that the instrument could be used successfully in the epidemiological study of mental disorders as a screening instrument.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the theoretical foundations of hypothesis testing and to look into its rational and philosophical concepts and practical implications of this scientific process in generating new knowledge.
To this end, the existing literature and leading references on the scientific bases, procedures, and statistical methods in relation to hypothesis testing in order to determine cause and effect relationship or the correlation between the variables were purposefuly studied. The rational, philosophical, and practical considerations and inferences which are presented in the present article are the result of the author’s nearly forty years of experience and teaching in these domains.
The results of the studies indicated that almost all the statistical inferences encompass three kinds of errors: Type I, Type II, and other types of errors that researchers may make during the process of their studies (Standard Deviation). The inferential statistics results are valuable when they have least amount of mistakes and errors. To achive this goal, the Type I error can be controlled by minimizing the probability of its occurrence by the researcher. Type II error isdecreased by undertaking provisions like: adding the intensity of independent variable, increasing the number of the participants, choosing a higher degree of probability for Type I error, and using parametric statistical methods instead of nonparametric ones. Ultimately, there is a considerable number of statistical and research method techniques for lowering the indices of variability and deviations of the scores. Interestingly enough, there is a negative relationship between Type I and Type II error. In other words, lowering the probability of one of them will have an incremental effect on the other. From a practical standpoint, Type I error recommends inefficient and unproductive knowledge to the target population; whereas, Type II error may deprive people from useful and effective information.
Researchers’ mistakes may absolutely create double-sided damages to society. The researcher’s choice between the first two types of errors relies on the significance of the application of the results.

This study surveyed the accuracy of citations in authored articles published in the 1387 issues of Library and information Science Quarterly Journal. The statistical populations of this study consisted of 585 books and journals citations articles published in 4 issues in 1387. By using random sampling method 230 citations were selected. The findings showed that: in 51/8 percent of English journals citations, 39 percent of Persian journals citations, 28/5 percent of English books citations and 48 percent of Persian books citations have errors and 21/4 percent of this error rates are major citations errors. There is not a significant relationship between error rate and type of document and there is not a significant relationship between error rates and language of citations. The results showed that sharing of responsibility between authors, editors, and reviewers and a assessment of a certain percentage of a submitted article’s references as part of the acceptance process can be potential solutions to the problem of citations inaccuracy.

Medication errors refer to inappropriate use of drugs, can lead to harmful and serious consequent. Many factors contribute to incidence of these errors. To investigate this factors a descriptive analytic study was done that assess clinical staff medication errors in Bushehr medical centers. The participants were 400 clinical staff, including nurses, midwives and nurse assistances to complete designed medication errors questionnaire. This questionnaire include 2 parts, part one was demographic data and part two, assess influencing factors of medication errors in six domain. Results showed that the half of participants (49.9%) had medication errors in acquaintance and the most error in dosage (37.7%) and then type of drugs(27.7%). 73.3% of participants reported their errors and in unreported cases the most cause was fear of managers. According to participants attitude factors that interfering to medication errors were physicians factor, including illegible order in patient file (24.94%), nurses factors including, incorrect documentation (24.38%), interpersonal relationship (19.45%), inappropriate environment (15.3%), knowledge deficit and lack of experience (11.23%) and stressful events (4.66%). No statistical significant correlation between situation of job and shift work. Results show that medication errors are common and human factors are the most factors in these errors.

Streptococcus pneumoniae, is one of the most important bacterial pathogens and a member of viridians streptococci group. Accurate identification and differentiation of this form of bacteria from other relative streptococci, is the base of epidemiological study of this type of organism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in clinical laboratories in Tehran, by using phenotypic and genotypic methods. A total number of 110 isolates, identified as pneumococci by some clinical laboratories in Tehran, were collected between March 2010 to May 2012.After isolating the colonies, biochemical identification tests by optochin susceptibility (Mast) and bile solubility (direct method) methods were performed. After DNA extraction, PCR was performed to define lytA gene as a molecular identification for Streptococcus pneumonia. After re-identifying the isolates, fifty of them were determined as true pneumococci, and other remaining sixty isolates were identified as: three gram negative coccobacilli, seven non alpha hemolytic streptococci, and fifty Viridans streptococci. Most of misidentifications were related to respiratory and eye infecting streptococci. Unlike non pneumococcal isolates, all 50 pneumococcal isolates were positive for lytA gene. There was 55% error in detection of pneumococci in this study. The use of optochin susceptibility test as the sole detection tool and also lack of supplemental tests and proper quality controlling, are the main causes of failure in diagnosing pneumococci in Iran. Misidentifications may result in incorrect epidemiological data gathering, unnecessary treatment, and false increased antibiotic resistance reports for this organism. Regarding the high incidence of inaccuracies in defining this specific type of microorganism, we suggest the presence of a clinical microbiologist in the hospital laboratories to perform the right diagnostic tests and quality controlling would be essential.

Acute Abdomen Syndrom is one of the most frequent referal cases to the emergencies of hospitals all over the world. At the present, it is one of the most important causes of high mortality of human beings in all of the societies. The ethiology of acute abdomen syndrom is different in various geogrophical regions. It is very important to know the actual cause in order to prevent the unnecessary operations as well as prevention of undesirable side effects of operations Statistical data was collected from 898 patients, who were referred to the emergency unit Ali Ibn Abitaleb hospital due to acute abdomen syndrome and which were hospitalized. The data were analyzed in this retrospective study. This study was carried out whithin five months of the starting date. The patients were followed up until the final diagnosis was performed. The suspected patients of sufering acute abdomenal disorders were repeatedlly examinated physically in the hospital ward during the hospitalization in order to differentiate them in acute abdomen syndrom. Statistical analysis by Chi-Square test (P value < 0.05) indicated the following Among the referral patients, 492 persons were female (55%) and 406 persons were male (45%). The most frequent age group of patients were between 10-20 years old. The most frequent clinical symptoms that was observed in physical examinations were severe abdomen pain, lack of appetite nausea and vomiting. The most frequent cause of acute abdomen syndrome in reffral patients was non-specific pain of abdomen due to appendicitis and renal colics in men and non-specific pain of abdomen due to appendicitis and ovarian cysts in women. 5) Out of 898 patients, 391 of them required surgery (43%) and 507 patients recovered without needing surgery (57%). Nonspecific pain of abdominal region was the most frequent reason for admission to the emergency unit of the Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital of Rafsanjan Medical University. The frequency rate of appendicitis reported in previous studies were less compared to this study (both in men and women). However, intestinal obstruction cases were the least frequent cases in this study. The most frequent misdiagnosis were was in for women. We found that the patient’s history and physical examinations are very important factors for acurate diagnosis and discovering the etiology of the acute abdominal syndrome especially in female patients.