Pervasive development of various sections and areas is an important factor in creation of sustainable development. On the other hand, one of necessary conditions for pervasive development is the fairly distribution of possessions. In this paper we rank the cities of the Khorasan Province (North –South and Razavi) according to the size of development with there methods, Taksonomi, AHP and Principle components analysis and compare them.

Identifying various types of rural residences inGuilan and their categorizations serves as a base for rural development programs that can open ways to discover needs¡capabilities¡ limitations and difficulties in villages and measure the level of development and deprivation in villages.Concerning physical and social-economic characteristics of Guilan villages¡ common models and methods for categorization of level of development cannot be easily used and followed.According to this¡by classification of Guilan villages in terms of environmental and social-economic aspects and identification of the difficulties and capabilities of each group of villages at the natural level of their settlement (plain¡ foothill and mountain) and atthe level of official units (rural district and district), their development and privation level can be attained.In this research¡ by using and combining known scientific methodologies¡ we have tried to present an appropriate and optimum method for categorizing of villages and measuring the rate of their development. Relying on this method we have attempted to identify the main indexes of studying the rate of development or privation of Guilan villages.

In Iran, annually, one million people in the country have been migrating in recent years. The paper aims to study of internal migration (between counties) in Iran using spatial approach and explain it in the context of development. We used secondary analysis of 2011 census for 397 counties. Global and local indicators of spatial association, and TOPSIS, GEODA, ARC GIS were used for data analysis. The results showed Iranian counties have different levels of development, as well as, development of counties has spatial structure and cluster distribution. According to the Global Moran's I statistic, crude migration intensity inwards (CMIIj), strongly, and crude migration intensity outwards (CMIOj), poorly, tend to concentrate clusters in space. Local Moran's test results showed that the development, positively with immigration rate and negatively with emigration rate is correlated. Although, the same pattern of relationship is not followed by all counties. The results distinguished four patterns of relationships; high-high (high development-high migration), low-low (low development- low migration), high-low (high development-low migration), and low-high (low development-high migration). And also, the relationship of development and migration is not significant for some of counties. In conclusion, if centralization and unequal development continued, movement and migration flows will continue and even increase in the future.

In present time that we tstify inreasing development of the world`s countries,it seems that awareness of development conditions in iran for advancing development goals and attendiing at global competitons fields is necessary. Iran,like other develping countries which had some experienced the development straegies,also observed economical and social gaps more apparetly specifically by adopting development strategy and policy programs. Regarding the importance of the subject,thies paper tries to examine the land development level of Iranian provinces using taxonomy, and Moris models as well as to examine the provinces conditions in terms of inequality level in prospering developmental donations using standard in terms of inequlity level in prospering developmental donations using standard point technique.finally,probability percent of influence of selected factors in increased level of land development of Iranian provinces has been measred and evaluated using Logit and probit models. Results indicate theat regarding the procedure and approach domiating spatial order of the country (centr-periphery),the undeveloped provinces have minaly included the border provinces of the country. According the logit model results, urbaniztion, industrial centralization, and literacy are among the important factors which their increased level will increase the land development coefficient probability.

The productivity of production factors is an important criterion evaluating the influence of an industrial activity in view of achieving relative advantages at national and even international levels. This study seeks to identify the most significant influential elements affecting industrial development in the light of offering guidelines to relevant officials to adopt more accurate policies for the industrial sector. The data in this research consist of five elements, which is called ISIC-based input, output, value-added, employees and investment. The data has been provided by the National Statistics Center of Iran for the 2000-2005 periods – the third five-year recovery plan. The data are put to analysis through numerical taxonomy in order to measure the developability of industrial productivity. The results indicate that throughout this period, production of coke coal, oil refineries, … (Code 23) have been the most developable while tanning and leather industries and production of suitcases, briefcases, … (Code 19) have been the least developable.

The present study is a kind of functional study with analyzing – adaptive approach. The main purpose of this study is the examination of spatial inequality and analysis of the trend of its evolutions in the Counties of West Azerbaijan Province between1986 - 2006. According to domestic and global experiences and researches five factors of population, health, cultural/social, economic and educational for measuring level of development were used for this study. Geographic Scope of this study is all counties of West Azerbaijan province with administrative - political territory in the periods of 1986, 1996 and 2006. For analyzing research hypotheses, Numerical Taxonomy, Williamson Inequality Coefficient and Multiple Regression Techniques were used. Findings shows that during 1986– 2006, level of development in the Counties of west Azerbaijan province reduced and the number of developing and deprived Counties increased. It is obvious that the key theory in distribution of developing infrastructure services amongst the Counties has been based on core-periphery theory. In all three periods, Uremia county was identified as the most developed county. Away from the Uremia county, development degree of other counties decreased. Unfair distribution of healthcare and education indices among counties of the province is the main reason for inequality.

Wide areas of dry and non-glacier lands of the earth are covered with carbonate formations prone to karstic. Indeed, about 20 to 25% of the world's population live in karstic areas or get their water requirement from karstic water resources. Karstic areas are important because of the following reasons. Firstly, they have an important role in providing and feeding aquifers. The karstic aquifers have also high heterogeneity and spatial diversity in terms of the development of karstic. In addition, they are formed in various forms and developed in karstic regions. For regions such as Iran which does not have enough water resources and 11% of its area covered with karstic, the issue is important. Due to the complex nature of karstic system, especially from the perspective of geomorphology, no models have been offered upon which all aspects of the system can be investigated. Due to the sensitive nature of a karstic system, in the planning of karstic areas, efforts have been made to develop the rate of change and sensitivity of karstic within the framework of the appropriate model or models. Accordingly, in this study using the OWA, fuzzy logic, and network analysis (ANP), the development of the processes and karstic aquifers are discussed in the Qaresou basin. This research was based on field, instrumental, and library techniques. Firstly, using the topographic maps, the basin area of ​​the study was determined. The main data of the research were topographic maps of 1: 50000, geological maps of 1:100,000 and satellite imagery. In this research, 8 factors including lithology, fault, slope, aspect, elevation, river, rainfall, and climate have been used to determine the areas susceptible to Karstic development in the Qaresou Basin. For this purpose, the first step was to prepare information layers using some software. In the last step, considering the parameters, the potential of the region for the development of the processes and the development of karstic aquifers was evaluated. For this purpose, two models of fuzzy logic and sequential weighted averaging (OWA), as well as an analysis network (ANP) model, were used for the zoning and weighting the information layers. The 8 parameters of elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, fault, climate, rainfall, and rivers were used in order to evaluate the development of karstic in the study area. In the lithology and climatic condition layers, the first class had the lowest value in the development of karstic regions and the upper classes had the highest value. In the lithology layer, the first class had formations which had less potential for permeability and the sixth class was calcareous layer with a great potential in this regard. In the climate classes, the first class had a semi-arid climate and had a low score, but the fifth class had a wet climate with a high score. The distance from faults and rivers showed that the areas near faults had a high potential to develop the karstic processes. The pattern of the slope and aspect indicated that the regions with the lowest slope as well as aspects to the north had the highest score. The pattern of the height and precipitation also suggested that areas with significant elevation and more precipitation had great potential in the development of the karstic processes. The pattern of distance from the river showed that the areas away from the river had higher potential and score. Considering the parameters that were considered in order to evaluate the development of the processes and the karstic aquifers, as well as considering the criteria and sub-criteria, the final maps were obtained. Based on the results of the effective factors in the development of the Karstic, the studied basin is divided into five levels of high, relatively high, moderate, low, and very low development.
The evaluation of the final maps indicated that in both maps of the north and northeast regions of the basin there is more development. In addition, due to the favorable climatic, geomorphological, and geological conditions, a large part of the region has a high development that is why the studied basin has a high potential for karstic water resources. Considering that there are differences in fuzzy logic and sequential weighted average (OWA) methods in integrating and combining information layers, the final results have differences in terms of class size. Indeed, in the OWA method because there is more moderation, the difference between the classes is less than the fuzzy logic method, but the general trend of the development in both methods is almost consistent and the extent of development reduces from the north and northeast to the south and southwest.

The study of urban development and recognizing the cities’ weaknesses and strengths, potentials and shortcomings provide a suitable basis for providing strategies and applying appropriate urban development plans, as well as establishing a balanced urban network system. The separate study of the development of each urban settlement on regional scale (province) is not possible due to the diversity of their characteristics and, if done, the results would not be desirable. Therefore, it is possible to categorize urban points according to their developmental level by accessing certain amount of information about urban development and then classifying these points in different ways. Various methods exist in this regard, such as taxonomic analysis (1), Guttman scalogram (2), factor analysis (3), cluster analysis (4), and so on.In this paper, 25 normalized urban development indexes are selected, and using factor analysis method which is one of the most complex and at the same time one of the best methods of classification, the considered indexes and their reduction were analyzed through several more meaningful factors. Then, based on the obtained results (factor scores) and using the cluster analysis method, the classification of the cities of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in terms of the level of development into homogeneous and similar groups has been carried out.