Whenever the place and quality of life simultaneously cause formation of predicates created by transmission of one situation to the other, we face eco-semiotics. As the basic elements forming human’s ecology are place and quality related to the place, therefore each ecology can be known as the tranjective chain. Berque, calls this tranjective chain mesology. Ecology can be a process if we consider a situation relating to a pre-situation and also cooperating to the next situation. In this process each existentialism is ready to be transferred to a new existentialism in the case of being put in the tranjective chain. This process formation is based on the idea that no existence is independent of the other existence. The best achievement of this mesologic idea is the deletion of bipolar world. Each existence has the ability of transmission inside the place and movement to the other existence. That’s why considering the existed experiments shows the formation of predicated based on the figures and interactive situations that each existence is completed on the process of action based on discontinue that cause its completion and transmutation. Regarding the subject, existences are various and grow up gradually inside time and place which are capable of being transferred. Our main aim of this research is showing the quality of existence growth and our main approach on this paper is formed by concentrating on human semiotics and visibility of existence. Also we’ll try to render literal eco-semiotics theory based on Berque’s mesologic idea and tranjective chain.

Mina and the Leopard is a folkloric love story between a leopard and a red-eyed Mazni girl named Mina, which is important from the point of view of echo semiotics and love for animals, apart from its unique love content. By examining the relationship between "culture", "nature", and "man" and showing the kind of relationships that prevail in a society, semiotics can help reconstruct the wrong relationships between humans and the surrounding world and improve the correct interactions. In this research, using discourse semiotics, which is based on the relationship between language levels (form and content), to identify the tools and equipment of meaning production in the form of processes and in different dimensions of action, tension, emotion, cognitive, aesthetic, etc. is paid. This research uses the method of discourse semiotics to identify and analyze the processes of meaning production and explanation of the discourse systems of the Mina and the Leopard narrative, and analyzes the relationship between humans and animals using the principles of ecological semiotics.

The two main characters of the story, Mina and the leopard, have lost their natural human and animal lives due to their attachment to each other, and in fact, with the excitement and magic of the emotional feeling of love, an "animal actor", i.e. the leopard, is far from the semiosphere of animality. And in this process, in the first step, he found a super-animal identity and became a human being with human mental and emotional characteristics, and in the next step, he entered the semiosphere of love for his beloved and sacrificed his life on the way to reach his beloved. On the other hand, Mina, who gets rid of sensuality and human desires, becomes enslaved to animal love, and in the first step she enters the semiosphere of ecological symbols, and in the second step she achieves transcendence with the power of love, and she also enters the semiosphere of love symbols, and thus both stories have always been alive and immortal among the people of Kandlos.

The results of this research show how within the semiosphere, through the transformation of human-nature relations, a symbolic ecosystem is formed, and the confrontation between humans and animals in the ecology of this narrative has become a state of interaction and fusion, and moreover, this interactive relationship is the way for the emergence of the myth of love. The interaction of the two semiospheres of man and animal has transformed the "I" and the "other" into a cultural "we", and because of the power of love, the wild animal has been tamed by man, and with this power, the main actor of the story has become a myth of love for animals and the environment. And it has become a symbol of friendship between man and animal. The transfer of signs and symbols from the material and earthly system to the transcendental and mythological system is the channel of culture and history, and in this process the transfer from the material element to mythology is a vital and key issue. The fusion of the two different semiospheres of man and nature has led to the formation of a new ecological semiosphere, where love and loving each other and entering the world of love and romance and immortality are the characteristics of this new semiosphere

This research is an attempt to analyze critically the green politics as the basis of the approach of environmental associations to the ecosystem. This attempt is done through relying on the concept of consumer culture and its role in destructing ecosystem in contemporary world. The main argument is that environmental associations neglect the role of global capitalistic mechanisms when analyzing the causes of environmental crises and its solutions. Hence, they fall into the trap of a marginalist cult due to concentrating on particular and contextual phenomena. From the viewpoint of this research, the destruction of nature in contemporary era is something deeply related to social and political conditions, and this relation can only be explained through analyzing texts, documents, attitudes and activities of activists of environmental associations. The field of study is Chya Green Organization in Mariwan. The data are gathered in two levels: texts and documents produced by Chya and interviews with active members of this association about their attitudes and behaviors towards environment. The first data are analyzed by way of symptomatic reading and the second data through thematic analysis. The findings show that culturalization, violence, management, human rights, nostalgia, ecotourism, Zagros, Zaribar and campaign are among the most prevalent signs in texts and documents produced by this association. Also, constitutionalism, identification and realism are the central themes as to the green politics of Chya.

The university is not only one of the main and well-known components of most innovation ecosystems, but sometimes it is the core of the formation and development of an ecosystem. Identifying the factors affecting the formation and growth of a university-based innovation ecosystem is the main goal of this study. This qualitative study identifies the factors influencing the formation of university-based innovation ecosystems in developed countries by comparing them with a sample of these ecosystems in Iran as a developing country (Innovation Ecosystem of Sharif Industry). The specific challenges of this ecosystem and the alternative solutions used in it are identified and the formation pattern of this innovation ecosystem is explained. Data analysis of this study is theme analysis, and a network of factors affecting the formation of these ecosystems is formed. Based on the results of this research, the factors are classified into 4 main categories, including the type of collaborations, the way of institutionalization, activities, and characteristics of actors.

Recently there are remarkable interests about business ecosystems in businesses and academic environments and increasing. Regarding special characteristics of business ecosystems, it is expected that management concepts including strategy and strategizing are different in business ecosystems and they have special specifications and require special considerations. In this research and using related articles published in this area, we review previous researches and extract related concepts and themes about strategazing in business ecosystems and realation between them and to design an integrated model for strategizing in business ecosystem’s life cycle.

To identify related themes about strategizing in business ecosystems, we use Metasynthesis and Sandelowski and Barroso method in this research that the mothod includes seven steps. Published articles in this area between 1993 to 2021 and in top scientific databases are reviewed by the research group. These databases include Science Direct, Emerald, Scopus and EBSCO. In addition and regarding the importance of some journals, the resarch group considered articles of four pioneer journals by Berry-picking and Journal Runs and Hand Searching method to be sure that all influential articles are reviewed. These four pioneer journals include Harvard Business Review, MIT Sloan Management Review, California Management Review and Strategic Management Journal. We reviewed related articles and screened articles three times and at the end, 107 articles selected and studied in this research. We extracted required information from these selected articles and then categorized and synthesized them to extract concepts and themes.

Using Metasynthesis results, 10 themes about strategizing in business ecosystems are identified including Ecosystem Creation Motivators, Ecosystem Drivers, Ecosystem Goal, Ecosystem Boundary, Strategic Positions in Ecosystem, Strategic Roles in Ecosystem, Critical Health Factors of Ecosystem, Ecosystem Challenges, Ecosystem Dynamism, and Strategizing in Ecosystem that every theme has its sub-themes and concepts. These themes are related together and can make an integrated model to describe how different factors influence strategizing in business ecosystems and how designers and managers of an ecosystem can nurture an acosystem by deliberately strategic initiatives.

In the end and using identified themes and regarding the relationships between them, an integrated model for strategizing in business ecosystems’ life cycle are designed by the researchers. In this model and based on the research question, strategizing has a dynamic charactristics and is a continuous attempt during whole life cycle of business ecosystem and plays as a core of the model. There are several motivators that encourage different ecosystem players to participate in the ecosystem. While these motivators exist, the ecosystem evolve and otherwise will collapse. On the other hand, customer value proposition is the core goal that whole ecosystem moves toward that goal and strategizing is a leading engine that pushes the ecosystem toward this goal. In addition to strategizing, there are some soft and hard drivers that provide dynamism for ecosystem. After creating ecosystem, different participants play various roles in the ecosystem that based on their responsibiliy, they are assigned to special positions and these positions determine the strategic role of every participant in the ecosysetm. Participants influence the strategizing in the ecosystem by these strategic roles. Also, strategic positions maybe change by ecosystem dynamism and then they are dynamic. By prticipation of players in the ecosystem, the boundary of ecosystem will be detremined that include players in different strategic positions. According to the model, this boundary is dynamic and based on the different factor, the boundary can change during ecosystem’s life cycle. Survival and competitiveness of an ecosystem deponds on its health. During evolution of the ecosystem, different factors emerge that based on these factors we can evaluate healthiness of ecosystem that we call them Critical Health Factors. These factors play a very important role in decision about ecosystem strategies. Ecosystem challenges are other factors that influence strategizing in ecosystem that these challenges related to charactristics of ecosystems and these challenges must be considered for any strategic initiatives. But ecosystem dynamism is the crucial issue in ecosystem strategizing that accomplish by ecosystem’s life cycle. Comprehensive understanding of this dynamism is so important for strategizing in an ecosystem. Also, dynamism variables are the most important issue about ecosystem dynamism. These variables make dynamism in the ecosystem or they will be affacted by ecosystem dynamism. These dynamism variables influence on strategizing in ecosystem and also will be affacted by new strategies and changes. In addition to strategic roles, strategic challenges and dynamism variables, there are another factors that impact on strategizing that we call them as Effective Factors on Strategizing. These factors have mutual relationship with strategizing and they have dynamism charactristics. In addition, Strategic Approach is another factor that can influence strategizing in ecosystem. Every strategic approach has its own requirements and can make different effect on strategizing in ecosystem. These strategic approaches are related to strategic positions and ecosystem dynamism. Regarding complexity of strategizing in ecosystems, it is necessary to consider all these themes together simultaneously and also their relationship. This comprehensive understanding leads to a best decision during strategy develpoment and execution and this designed model is the most comprehensive known model for strategizing in business ecosystems.

Depuis toujours, la littérature accorde le plus grand intérêt à l'étude de l’environnement et l’écosystème dans l’œuvre littéraire. Cependant, à cette époque, c'est à cause des crises que l’environnement tend de plus en plus à se représenter dans la littérature. De même, la crise écologique fait naître «l’éco-anxiété», un néologisme. Dès lors, «l’éco-anxiété» fait son entrée sur les études interdisciplinaires. L’écocritique comme une méthode d'analyse littéraire interdisciplinaire, accorde le plus grand intérêt à l'étude de l’environnement et de l’écosystème dans l’œuvre littéraire. Par rapport à ce lien étroit, Le Petit Price d’Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, l'un des représentants principaux de l’éco-anxiété, met en relief la crise et l’importance de l’environnement. L’objectif de cette recherche est d'étudier «l’éco-anxiété» du point de vue écocritique. Cette méthode d'analyse littéraire s'impose ainsi pour définir notre démarche de travail. Nous avons également l'intention de montrer la représentation de l’environnement naturel et l’environnement non-naturel (humain). Pour avoir entrepris ce travail de recherche, notre but est de faire, d'une manière novatrice, une analyse littéraire afin d’attirer l’attention du lecteur sur la crise de l’environnement. Ce travail de recherche adressant à tous, rappelle l’importance de la responsabilité environnementale et la protection de l’écosystème.

Today, countries are achieving significant progress in the field of innovation in a tight competition. Tourism is one of the most important sectors that has been recently noticed in the discussion of innovation. On the other hand, innovation ecosystems have gained increasing importance in the last decade, and so far, numerous studies and models of innovation ecosystems have been presented in different industries and sectors. The tourism industry can also improve its performance by developing the ecosystem of innovation. Since according to the extensive search by the authors of this research, no research was found about the ecosystem of the country's tourism industry with an innovation approach, in this regard, this research aims to explain the concept of ecology with a descriptive approach and using a comparative study. The innovation ecosystem and review of global experiences will present a plan of the innovation ecosystem of Iran's tourism industry with an emphasis on the supply chain. The reason for this emphasis is the importance of the tourism supply chain in the discussion of value creation, considering the multifacetedness of this industry, the multiplicity of stakeholders and the resulting complications along the tourism supply chain. In the end, a system for the innovation ecosystem of Iran's tourism industry, including various actors and stakeholders and the communication between them, is proposed. Keywords: Innovation Ecosystem, Tourism Industry, Supply Chain, Iran 1. IntroductionToday, innovation ecosystems in the field of tourism with new technologies have been able to cause significant changes in consumer behavior. These changes originate from the ease of access to information, transparency, ease of doing transactions, and increased expectations and demands of customers. Tourists, as one of the most key components of the tourism ecosystem, are more interactive and aware today, and together with the providers of tourism products and services, they co-create and create common value in the production process; All of this has become possible under the shadow of innovation and the use of new technologies. On the other hand, in recent years, researchers' interest in the concept of "ecosystem" has been greatly expanded, and many researches have been conducted on what the ecosystem is and how it functions (Xi and Wang, 2021). The concept of "innovation ecosystem" has been considered since the mid-2000s as a framework for business development and the emergence of new industries. By developing an innovation ecosystem, companies can expand their products, core services or business infrastructure and use them to improve their performance.Iran has been able to reach the 33rd position among the 231 countries surveyed in the global innovation index in 2022, which is the best ranking achieved so far. This rank means being ranked 1st among 21 Central and East Asian countries and 3rd among 33 world economies with medium to low per capita income. Although in recent years, we have witnessed movements and developments in the field of innovation and knowledge-based economy, but in some areas, innovation has not yet had significant influence. One of the fields that needs creativity and innovation today is the field of tourism. The current research aims to provide a plan of the innovation ecosystem of Iran's tourism industry while explaining the concept of innovation ecosystem and reviewing global models and experiences. 2. Literature ReviewThe concept of the "innovation ecosystem" is closely related to the ideas of "business ecosystem" and "innovation system," as Arnal et al. (2020) suggest Innovation is crucial in a business ecosystem where customer needs are met through interaction, cooperation, and competition, with a central characteristic being common evolution. Granstrand and Holgersson (2020) emphasize that many definitions of the innovation ecosystem often omit essential components like competitors/substitutes and artifacts (products, technologies, etc.), which are analogous to natural ecosystems where species compete for resources. They define an innovation ecosystem as an evolving set of actors, activities, artifacts, institutions, and relationships essential for the innovative performance of an actor or group of actors.Bolek (2011) identifies four key elements of the innovation ecosystem: participants, tools, content, and principles. Effective management of these elements focuses on creating customer value, responding swiftly to market changes, accelerating transitions from research to production, and transforming ideas into customer benefits.Participants: These are the stakeholders who support the innovation ecosystem by presenting ideas and turning them into commercial, social, or political realities.Tools: These tools, part of the innovation infrastructure, help define the ecosystem and focus on elements that encourage creative activity. They are dynamic and need to be adjusted based on the specific needs and people involved.Content: The primary content includes ideas and forms that transform initial concepts into market manifestations. The challenge lies in motivating people to generate and evaluate ideas effectively.Principles: The principles guiding an innovation ecosystem should break linear concepts and liberate the creative process. This involves stepping outside conventional boundaries to create unique market relationships.Tourism innovation ecosystems adopt a strategic approach, focusing on the creation and application of intellectual and physical assets within a network. Ndou (2014) highlights that such ecosystems are beneficial for managing the diversity of tourism products and services offered by various interdependent actors under a unified destination brand. Internet technologies enable knowledge sharing and innovation processes, helping companies through close cooperation and specialized resource pooling. A specific approach to creating innovative tourism ecosystems involves developing "destination management systems" (DMS). These systems support local tourism organizations in collecting, storing, and distributing information and resources for commercial activities. DMS create intranet networks for local operators to input data, organize products for online sales, and provide accessible tourism offers to tourists. These systems offer real-time information updates, cost reductions for online space purchases, multilingual website accessibility, and diverse marketing strategy implementations.While technological infrastructure is vital, creating and implementing innovative tourism ecosystems involves more than just technology. These ecosystems require new organizational structures, skills, leadership forms, and public-private sector relations transformation. They comprise numerous independent, interdependent, and self-organizing actors relying on the Internet to integrate and exchange value. Innovation in tourism must be sensitive to customer perceptions, values, needs, and expectations, as well as to political, social, and economic changes. New technologies have significantly impacted tourism ecosystems, particularly in shopping, information search, and decision-making processes. Today’s tourism products target more specific markets, with customers seeking authentic experiences. The growth of social groups on the Internet has created dynamic sources of opinions and recommendations, forming virtual tourism programs that challenge traditional service providers, especially in adventure tourism. This shift also opens opportunities for new types of employment, such as consultants and information organizers. The global innovation index measures a country’s innovation capacity and results through seven pillars: institutions, human capital and research, infrastructure, market sophistication, business sophistication, knowledge and technology outputs, and creative outputs. Each pillar comprises sub-pillars and indicators, forming a comprehensive assessment of a country’s innovation performance. 3. MethodologyThe current research is a descriptive research conducted using library studies and a comparative study approach. First, in order to form the theoretical foundations of the research, an comprehensive search was conducted among articles, books, researches, reports and other reliable scientific sources. Then, the topic in question was examined in relation to the selected countries (based on the 2022 Global Innovation Index report) in order to provide a basis for a comparative study and comparison of Iran's situation with the mentioned countries. Based on this, 5 countries including Switzerland, Unites States, Sweden, United Kingdom and China were selected and their situation in terms of tourism innovation ecosystem was investigated. 4. ResultsIran's tourism industry possesses substantial potential and resources, yet it has not secured its rightful place in international markets. This is due to various factors, some within control and others influenced by complex global political and economic environments. A comparative analysis reveals several weaknesses in Iran's tourism supply chain that need to be addressed. One significant weakness is the absence of destination management organizations (DMOs) in cities and tourist destinations. A DMO acts as a central entity connecting all supply chain members, from service providers to tourists. Despite the presence of cultural heritage and tourism departments across the country, numerous parallel institutions and organizations with conflicting goals negatively impact tourism processes. Although parallel institutions pose a problem, creating a mechanism to consolidate opinions, share resources, and achieve synergies can transform this challenge into an opportunity.On the other hand, Marketing Iran as a tourist destination on an international level is crucial. Effective methods include establishing active offices and agencies in target countries. Sustainability and the circular economy are often overlooked in Iran’s tourism supply chain. Sustainability fosters innovation, requiring changes in traditional production and consumption methods. Successful cities have demonstrated how technology aids sustainability. Iran's tourism development plans should integrate sustainability, becoming a core component of all projects. This includes monitoring standardization criteria, granting green badges to businesses, adopting recycling strategies, and optimizing water and energy use. Today, "competition," "sustainability," and "innovation" are intertwined concepts essential for survival. Iran's tourism sector, however, still struggles with outdated public vehicles contributing to air pollution and safety risks.Enhancing the tourism supply chain's value involves extending tourism development to lesser-known areas and involving local stakeholders. Many regions in Iran have potential tourist attractions, but development and marketing efforts focus on well-known areas, neglecting others. This has led to imbalanced regional tourism development. Promoting lesser-known destinations can ensure a more equitable distribution of tourism benefits. Analyzing Iran’s tourism supply chain involves financial, operational, and general performance criteria. Financial performance, including costs, income, and profit, is particularly challenging due to the pandemic, sanctions, and negative international publicity, resulting in financial difficulties for tourism businesses. Tourism is highly influenced by political, geographical, cultural, environmental, and technological factors. Political issues, sanctions, climate changes, and the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly impacted Iran’s tourism supply chain. By addressing these weaknesses and embracing a strategic, sustainable, and innovative approach, Iran's tourism industry can better realize its potential and improve its position in international marketsBased on the results obtained from the previous chapters and the answers received from the interviewees; Materials were obtained that form the body of our research. The charts mentioned below; There are categories of visual and perceptual components of objective aesthetics and their sub-branches. In this section, we tried to refine the mentioned materials and summarize them in tables.Data analysis was done to extract sub-themes with Atlas.ti software and finally 61 sub-themes (Charts 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) were extracted from the responses of the interviewees. The mentioned themes are subsets of the main themes of proportions, facade lines, color and materials, form and order. In each of the diagrams 2 to 6, the types of connection between the sub-themes (subsets) and with the main themes (head of the set) are shown. The type of communication between sub-themes is divided into opposite and non-communicating. Also, the form of communication between sub-themes (subsets) and the main themes (head of the set) is defined as "is part of".After extracting and categorizing the sub-themes of the research, we will compare their frequency (mentioned by people) in high and low frequency areas. First, this comparison is done among those sub-themes that are a subset of a common main theme, so that the correlation of those sub-themes is completed, then the comparison of the high and low areas of abundance in relation to all the sub-themes of the research is done at once. is done (diagrams 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11). In the mentioned charts, a quantitative comparison of the frequency of each main theme's subgroups (proportions, facade lines, color and materials, form and order) has been done in the high and low frequency areas.In the analysis of the sub-themes, a component has been found that has a 100% share between the interviews of the towers and ranked first in terms of frequency. The sharing of components between the towers is the result of a series of common features in the facade of the towers. In the mentioned towers, the variety of shapes and forms in the facade was present both in the facade itself and compared to other towers around, they had different and more varied shapes and forms. The surrounding towers generally had simple and cubic shapes, and common and simple attachments were also available as facade elements in some of them. 5. ConclusionThe value chain of the country's tourism industry needs improvement and revision at all three levels, macro, intermediate and micro. On the other hand, the innovation and sustainability approach should be the template paradigm in planning this chain. In the end, in order to improve the country's tourism supply chain mechanism, recommendations have been presented at three levels of the tourism value chain. Generally, innovation ecosystem of Iran tourism industry is proposed as figure 1.

The development of startup ecosystems has become a global trend. These ecosystems have proven their importance to governments by having a significant impact on the creation of technology companies and the economic growth of the country. In Iran, too, for many years, efforts have been made under various headings to develop the startup ecosystems. In this article, based on the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), the existing policy narratives of startup ecosystem development policy in Iran between 2013-20 years have been analyzed. After analyzing these data, it was found that the three main narratives of catch-up, wealth creation and infiltration, have formed the discussions around the development of this ecosystem. In the first part of the analysis, which was related to representing the structuring of narratives, it was found that the narrative of catch-up and wealth creation during their coalition with each other, marked the birth and initial development of the startup ecosystem in Iran. The infiltration narration entered the policy arena sometime later as a negative force. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the narrations were examined.

Extended Abstract :By using an exploratory qualitative approach and purposive sampling, this article probes experiential learning and behavior change through ecotourism activities in Iran. A total of 24 participants in ecotourism activities, mostly organized by three of Iran’s largest tour operators, were interviewed. Participants’ ecotourism learning experiences as well as changes in their behaviors as a result of the activities were recorded and analyzed. A range of experiential learnings and behavior changes through participation in ecotourism activities were revealed. The article discusses these in terms of environmental ethics as well as personal and social development. The learning and educational aspects of travel in general and ecotourism trips in particular have been highlighted in the tourism literature. According to the findings of a growing body of studies on the subject, learning can take place both through direct exposure to educational material and indirectly as a result of the various activities and interactions of participants in ecotourism activities. Demand for nature tourism in Iran is most likely on the rise due to the country’s demographic and urbanization characteristics as well as its wide of range of natural resources. Much of the nature-based tourism activities in Iran probably lacks conservation ethics and should not be characterized as ecotourism. At the same time, the recent boost in the number of specialized eco tours as well as increased academic attention given to the subject and expanding environmental activism in Iran provide evidence for the growing importance of ecotourism in the country. Yet, nature-based recreational activities, including ecotourism, have not been immune to criticism by both social conservatives and professional competitors. It is thus necessary to probe the various effects of Iran’s ecotourism activities. This article highlights the positive aspects of ecotourism in Iran by focusing on participants’ experiential learning and behavior change in terms of environmental ethics as well as personal and social development. These effects have hitherto received inadequate attention in the Iranian tourism literature. Field research for this article benefited from an exploratory qualitative approach and purposive sampling to analyze experiential learning and behavior change though participation in ecotourism activities in Iran. At the outset, three agencies among all operators of eco tours in the country were sampled based on their reputation in terms of service quality, staff professionalism, and focus on ecotourism. Interviewees were selected either from the participants in ecotourism activities organized by one of these agencies or among their acquaintances who met the researchers’ selection criteria. The central selection criterion was participants’ length of experience in ecotourism activities. Since capturing the effects of ecotourism in this research relied on respondents’ recollections, those with either little experience or extensive experience were excluded. For it was assumed that the magnitude of effects would be too small for the former group and too complex for the latter. A total of 24 respondents were eventually interviewed during the spring and summer of 2013. Interview questions were posed in an open manner and sought to record learning and behavior change in terms of environmental ethics as well as personal and social development through gaining more ecotourism experience. Interview results were subsequently transcribed and coded. In an iterative process, the number of codes were then reduced through collapsing and omission of duplications. Discussion and Filed work results indicate significant learning and behavior change among the selected participants in ecotourism activities in terms of conservation attitudes and personal and social development. All respondents reported some form of learning and behavior change through gaining more ecotourism experience. Many of the respondents had joy-based expectations in their first ecotourism trips. Yet, they had eventually come to enjoy comprehending the natural environment and then respecting and appreciating the details of its characteristics. This new understanding had naturally led them to learn more about the environment and to eventually develop a sense of environmental responsibility. Respondents believed that their ecotourism learning experiences had further impacted their life styles and everyday attitudes in positive ways. They reported changes in their consumption behaviors—including inclination toward vegetarianism and refraining from use of animal hide and other products—as well as in the way they recycled and disposed their household trash or conserved water and energy. Some of the respondents had as a result engaged in environmental activism—e.g., volunteering to clean up the environment or starting websites/weblogs to promote environmental issues. Learning and behavior change were also found to have a number of social and personal development aspects among the interviewed participants in ecotourism activities. They had learned to respect their fellow travelers and local community members, engage them positively, and develop a sense of responsibility towards them. Following collective decisions and practicing team work were cited as other positive aspects of learning through ecotourism activities, which had been further encouraged by tour leaders. Personal growth was reported to have been facilitated though ecotourism experience in terms of gaining a sense of self-respect and responsibility, improving emotional and physical resilience as well problem-solving capabilities in the face of challenges, and identity or spiritual development. Findings of this study show significant similarity between the learning aspects ecotourism experiences in Iran and other studied cases. The sample of respondents selected for this research were mostly drawn from participants in the eco tours organized by the most professional operators in Iran. It is therefore quite likely that a great deal of nature-based tourism taking place in the country lacks comparable positive learning effects. Yet, as this study highlights the potential learning and behavior change effects of ecotourism activities, it also indicates the need for additional research on the subject across a wider range of nature-based tourism activities and by extension on possible ways to enhance their positive learning and behavior change impacts through facilitation and support.

One of the recent achievements to reduce the ecological footprint of human is creation, expansion, and rehabilitation of a large number of small and sustainable habitats called ecovillage. In this context, many developed and developing countries pioneered and scored extraordinary measures. To identify and compare the development patterns of such communities, it is very important to make shorter way to achieve this goal for other countries. It is the concern of most governments in Iran to benefit from an efficient model of sustainable development. Hence, the current study used the qualitative research approach and qualitative content analysis websites of the world's ecovillages, an inductive approach seeks to provide a model for the development of ecovillages of this country . For this purpose, from a random sample of 50 ecovillages in the developing and developed countries, 25 were extracted and the coding approach in qualitative content analysis was used for them. Finally, motion patterns and development of ecovillages of the developing countries over time were designed, analyzed, and compared to the trend in the developed countries, and a model was proposed for the development of ecovillages in Iran.