the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of functional stabilization training on trunk muscle electromyography activity of physically active female with trunk control deficit and prone to Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury. Electromyography of Gluteus Medius, Quadratus Lumborum, Transverse Abdominis/Internal oblique, External Oblique was performed on twenty five active females with trunk control deficit before and after 6 week functional stabilization training and activation of muscles calculated in 100 mili second after initial contact in landing. The results indicated that there are significant differences between post test of control and experimental groups in muscles activations that indicating the effectiveness of functional stabilization training. Based on this study results, activation of muscles reduced after 6 week of functional stabilization training. This reduction revealed that neuromuscular control of this muscle was improved and subjects can do the same task with lesser energy consumption.

Plyometric training via neuromuscular adaptations to the stretch reflex، elasticity of muscle and Golgi tendon organs has an important role in pre-activation of muscles. Due to lack of research in regard to effect of plyometric training on lumbo pelvic muscle، this study aimed to investigate the effect of plyometric training on lumbo pelvic muscle pre-activation in active females with trunk control deficit. Twenty-five active females who suffered from trunk control deficit with the mean age of 19. 09±1. 38 yr، weight of 58. 67±3. 37 kg and height of 162. 73±3. 88 cm participated in this study. They were divided into two groups of experimental and control. Before and after 6 weeks of plyometric training، electromyography of Gluteus Medius، Quadratus Lumborum، Transverse Abdominis/Internal oblique، and external Oblique was performed in single leg drop landing and pre-activitation of muscles was calculated. the results of independent sample T-test indicated that there are significant differences between post-test of control and experimental groups in regard to Gluteus Medius (p=0. 021)، Quadratus Lumborum (p=0. 011)، Transverse Abdominis/Internal oblique (p=0. 006)، External Oblique (p=0. 023) muscles activations which reveals effectiveness of plyometric training on pre-activation of muscles. Based on the study results، plyometric training affects the activation of muscles and thus improving the pre-activation can prevent mechanisms related to anterior cruciate ligament injury. Therefore، plyometric training can reduce incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury.

This study aimed to investigate the comparison of prevalence of trunk dysfunction among athletes in three different sports. Thirty athletes were assessed in a purposely available manner, from each sport by Tuck jump test, and individuals with trunk dysfunction were compared with each other. Analysis of variance ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was no significant difference between Tuck jump test scores and trunk dysfunction among three different sports, but valuable information such as the percentage and number of people with trunk dysfunction in table tennis, cycling and swimming (breaststroke and butterfly stroke swimmers), which have different natures and movement patterns, was obtained. By accurately screening, assessing and identifying the trunk dysfunction, the risk of injury, especially anterior cruciate ligament injury, which has a direct relation with trunk dysfunction, can be reduced in athletes.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most commonly injured ligaments of the knee. This study investigated the effects of core stability training on trunk kinematics including trunk flexion and lateral flexion in female athletes with neuromuscular deficit of trunk control to prevent ACL injury. Twenty-two female athletes were randomly assigned into a training group (n = 11), performing the functional stabilization training during 6 weeks, and a control group (n = 11,) without any physical training. The kinematic assessment of the trunk with motion analysis system was performed during a single-leg drop landing before and after training. After 6 weeks, the TG significantly increased the value for trunk flexion (from 20. 08 to 27.67), but there wasn’t any significant reduction in trunk lateral flexion (p=0.314). Core stability training program used in the current study successfully increased trunk flexion in training group. It can be stated that probability with increasing core stability, muscles recruitment strategy may have improved. We concluded that, 6-week training in female athletes with deficit in trunk neuromuscular control can result in reduction of modifiable risk factors of ACL injury including biomechanical and neuromuscular factors.

This study evaluated the relationship between fear of falling, and the level of education and the living style of Iranian elderly.
This was a descriptive-analytical study on 191 elderly living in the community and nursing homes. The participants were selected through simple non-probability sampling. The fear of falling, level of education, and living style were determined using a multiple choice questionnaire and the relationship between was studied. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis.
The results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference between individuals with different life styles in terms of fear of falling (P = 0.25).The Spearman correlation coefficient also showed no significant relationship between fear of falling and educational level (P = 0.32, r = 0.07).
This study results showed that there is no relationship between fear of falling, and education level and living style in Iranian elderly.

Core stability and strengthening of core stability muscles are among the new debates in sports medicine. The present study aimed to determine the effect of CX WORX exercises, one type of stability exercise, on proprioception and strength of selected muscles in basketball players with trunk defects.

Thirty female basketball players with trunk defects were selected by available sampling and randomly placed in two control and training groups. Trunk defects through the tuck jump test, knee, and ankle proprioception using a goniometer, trunk proprioception using Kinovea software, the strength of knee flexors and extensors, hip abductors and external rotators, and basketball players' trunk flexors and extensors using a dynamometer were evaluated. CX WORX exercises were performed by the training group for six weeks. Paired sample t-tests and covariance analysis were used to analyze the data.

The results of the present study show a significant effect of CX WORX exercises on trunk (P=0.014), ankle (P=0.000), and knee (P=0.000) proprioception and the strength of knee (P=0.000), and trunk extensors (P=0.000), abductors (P= 0.000) and external rotator of the hip (P=0.000) of the subjects of the experimental group compared to the control group, but no significant difference was observed between the strength of the knee flexor muscles between the two groups (P>0.05).

According to the results, CX WORX exercises improved trunk, ankle, and knee proprioception and the strength of the knee and trunk extensor, hip abductor, and external rotator muscles of basketball players with trunk defects. Therefore, it is suggested that experts in the field of health and corrective exercise use CX WORX exercises with the aim of increasing proprioception and muscle strength of basketball players with trunk defects.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of core stability exercises on endurance and trunk control in patients with multiple sclerosis. The subjects with the age of 20-40, expanded disability status scale 1-4 and randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. Training program for groups was carried out in eight weeks. Isometric endurance of the Trunk stabilizer muscles was measured by trunk flexor test, trunk extensor test and left and right lateral musculature test and Trunk Impairment Scale was used to measure the ability to trunk control. The data was analyzed by using analysis of covariance at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that core stability exercises led to a significant increase on isometric endurance of the trunk stabilizer muscles and trunk control. Also, significant differences observed between isometric endurance of the trunk stabilizer muscles and trunk control in the experimental and control groups. According to research findings, the core stability exercises resulted in considerable improvements in endurance and control of the trunk in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Treatment of the femural shaft fracture is imporoving. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of Dynamic Compression Plating (DCP) and intramedullary nailing in the femural shaft fracture. This clinical trial study was done in orthopedic department of Shahid Kamyab Hospital in Mashhad – Iran during 2002-03. 40 patients with open fracture of femur divided into two groups. One group was treated by dynamic compression plate and the other group by intramedullay nailing. Follow-up time was 9-14 months. Out of 40 patients, 75% were male. The time of clinical and radiological bone union was the same in both groups. There was 4 implant failure in the plate group (P<0.05). There was one deep infection in the intramedullary nailing group. This study showed that there is no difference between plate and intramedullary nailing group according time of bone union. But because of 4 implant failure in DCP groups, intramedullary nailing is recommended for femural shaft fracture.

The current study aimed comparison functional tests scores in football players with and without chronic ankle instability. 26 athletes with CAI and 26 healthy athletes selected as sample. The Y test was used to assess balance, the McGill test for core stability, the landing error scoring system to assess landing mechanics, the single-leg timed hop to evaluate performance, and the tuck jumps to identify neuromuscular defects. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results of showed that there was a significant difference between the single-leg timed hop test, trunk extensor muscle endurance, trunk flexor muscle endurance, there is a posteromedial balance and a posterolateral balance between the two groups (P≤0.05). With respect to the results of the present study, it is recommended to coaches use filed based tests to identify functional defects in athletes with chronic ankle instability to design prevention and rehabilitation programs.