Ground beetles as ‘‘generalist predators’’ are one of the most common and species-rich families of arthropods in agricultural ecosystems and their role as effective bioindicators is well known. Ground beetles (Carabidae) of south east of Tehran province was studied during 2015. These beetles were collected by pitfall traps from different ecosystems such as alfalfa and barley fields as well as green spaces. The species diversity was studied by Species Diversity and Richness software. Different tests used in this study included: Alpha Diversity index, Shannon-Wiener Index, Simpson Index, Beta (β) diversity, Species Evenness, Pielou J Index, Species Richness and Similarity index. In this study 450 specimens belonging to 12 species were collected. The species include Acinopus picipes (Olivier, 1795), Amara ovate (Fabricius, 1792), Brachinus ejaculans Fisher von Waldheim, 1828, Calathus fuscipes (Goeze, 1777)، , Calathus melanocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), Cylindera germanica (Linnaeus, 1758), Distichus planus (Bonelli, 1813), Harpalus griseus (Panzer, 1796), Harpalus rufipes (Degeer, 1774), Poecilus wollastoni (Wollaston, 1854), Siagona europaea Dejean, 1826 and Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze, 1777) . Based on the results, Distichus planus had the most divergence in barley fields of Pakdasht and Gharchak. Green space of Abureyhan campus and alfalfa field of Pakdasht with 8 and 5 species, respectively, had the highest number of species. Both of barley fields of Pakdasht and Gharchak with 4 species had the lowest number of species. Moreover, the alfalfa field of Pakdasht and barley field of Pakdasht had the highest and lowest evenness, respectively. Based on the similarity index, green space of Abureyhan campus and alfalfa field of Pakdasht had the most similarity (75%) and barley of Pakdasht and Gharchak with alfalfa field of Pakdasht had the lowest similarity (33%) Carabid beetles are important biological control agents in agroecosystems and the study of their biodiversity helps pest management programs. The results of this study enhanced our knowledge regarding the diversity of Carabid species in central Iran

Political tendencies can be defined as the inner readiness of individuals to perform a specific action in the face of a political phenomenon. In accordance with this definition, it should be said that political tendencies were not a one-dimensional concept. And it encompasses a wide set of variables. This study seeks to address this issue by considering the descriptive-analytical research method and survey strategy, to collect data from the citizens of Pakdasht city. The study sample is 400 citizens of Pakdasht city. The results of this study helped to identify five types of CIA tendencies The citizens of the city of Pakdasht. citizens of Pakdasht city. The results of this study led to the identification of five types of political tendencies of the citizens of Pakdasht city. That includes radicals, liberals, moderates, conservatives, retrogressors. Among them, there is a stable relationship between personal authoritarianism, political culture, political socialization, reference groups, socio-economic status, and individual characteristics.

Health volunteers are the women who do charity work to prevent، protect and promote the health status of the covered neighbors and hereby cooperate with the health centers. The aim of this study was to compare the health volunteer''s performance in the covered health centers by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive- analytical study was performed by the participation of 2060 Health volunteers، who were cooperating with 90 covered health centers by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. These include Shomal، Shargh، Shemiranat، Pakdasht، Damavand and Firoozkooh. We used census sampling method. Demographic data was gathered through interviews with the health volunteers and their performance evaluated by the supervisor of the volunteers; through the evaluation forms and these data gathered together. The mean (SD) of the health volunteers performance was 30. 9 (16. 4) in all centers. They were 35. 1 (22) in Shargh، 34 (14. 5) in Shomal، 32 (11. 3) in Firoozkooh، 28. 3 (14) in Shemiranat، 7. 9 (9. 2) in Damavand and 23. 6 (8. 5) in Pakdasht respectively. The mean (SD) of the efficacy of health volunteers was 8. 6 (9. 9) in all centers. They were 11. 7 (5. 6) in Firoozkooh، 10. 7 (15. 7) in Shargh، 9. 4 (6. 8) in Shomal، 7. 9 (4. 9) in Damavand، 7. 9 (6. 1) in Shemiranat and 4. 6 (4. 3) in Pakdasht respectively. Older and married volunteers with more experience performed better. There was no significant relationship between the efficacy of health volunteers with their literacy level، employment status and absorber of them. The health volunteers of Shomal، Shargh and Firoozkooh had the best performances respectively. The performances of those in Shemiranat، Damavand and Pakdasht were less than the overall health centers’ mean score. The efficacy score of Firoozkooh، Shomal and Shargh health centers were above the overall health centers’ mean score respectively. Considering all factors، it seems that the efficacy of the health volunteers of Shomal and Pakdasht were the most and least suitable respectively.

One of the most important factors in the system of development plan consists of the present damages in urban management a part of which stems from organizational damages in the urban establishments in the country and by identifying the pathology of the urban management, one can understand the barriers to growth and development of the city in different spheres of the country and effective measures should envisaged in order to overcome the impediments to development and planning. In line with this policy, this study investigates the pathology of the urban management in Pakdasht and its effects on the trend of developmental planning with a view to studying and identifying the pathology of urban management of the Pakdasht City.   In this study, by examining the administrative rules and regulations and bylaws as well as the administrative structure of the municipality, and by using the tripartite analysis, attempts have been made to the structural, behavioral and environmental damages. After identifying the pathology of urban management in Pakdasht, a questionnaire based on qualitative analysis and by distributing them among the staff of the municipality has been provided in the form of 349 questionnaires, then the transcripts of the interviews have  been analyzed by using the software MAXQDA 2018 and the dimensions of the pathology of the urban development of Pakadash have been identified. Then by using MAXQDA 2018, attempts have been made to draw the pattern of pathology in urban planning in Pakdash and by analyzing and prioritizing the damages in every field, the amount of their role has been evaluated and suggestions have been offered.       Extended Abstract:

        One of the most important factors in the system of development plan consists of the present damages in urban management a part of which stems from organizational damages in the urban establishments in the country. By identifying the pathology of the urban management, one can understand the barriers to growth and development of the city in different spheres of the country and effective measures should envisaged in order to overcome the impediments to development and planning. This study indicates that part of these damages stems from organizational damages because the proper function of an organization or institute such as municipality can be severely affected by its organizational structure. The supervising organization i.e. the interior ministry has not announced a certain structure for municipalities based on the current rules with different degrees, this structure In many municipalities, the structure has not been taken into account and this has caused disorganization and disorder, resulting in disruption in the structure and consequently in their inefficiency. By examining the organizational structure of municipalities across the country, we realise that municipalities have not been tailored to meet local and regional needs, and thus have failed to meet the needs of citizens. This structure is designed regardless of environmental conditions, sources of income, the need for skilled staff and the extent of city development and has been communicated to all municipalities with the same degree. Finally, what is to be seen is that the communicative structure is not very consistent with the existing structure of municipalities and in many cases is even contradictory with it, including those clashing structures whose intrinsic output reflects this structural inequality.Therefore, the questions addressed in this study and the answers to these questions are as follows: To what extent has the existing structure of the municipalities affected their performance and what has been the harm? What are the disadvantages of municipal employees' lack of awareness of organizational rules and behavior? What are the disadvantages of existing urban management laws? And what is the extent of the damage that each of the above causes to the performance of urban management?

        The damages are eventually categorized into three categories: structural, contextual or environmental and behavioral, and are identified by using a triaxial analysis model and by analyzing and prioritizing known damages in each case, their role has been measured and suggestions for improvement are made. The reason for choosing the tricuspid model is that it is one of the models of organizational damage identification. And in that analysis, the phenomena are analyzed into three structural, behavioral, and environmental or contextual categories. Given that the model can classify all the identified dimensions into the aforementioned frameworks, it is essential that the analysis performed on this phenomenon be appropriately comprehensive.      Consequently, by studying municipal administrative laws and regulations as well as the administrative structure of Pakdasht municipality and using triaxial analysis to identify structural, behavioral and environmental or contextual damages of this municipality, the information collected from interviews with experts have been investigated. In this way, the interviews are identified using the content analysis method and MAXQDA 2018 software and pathological analysis of Pakdasht urban development management and the research model is presented after damage identification. A questionnaire based on qualitative analysis was designed and implemented by Pakdasht Urban Development Management Distribution of necessary information to the municipality staff in the form of 349 questionnaires. Then we analyzed the text of the interviews using MAXQDA 2018 content analysis method and identified pathological aspects of Pakdasht urban development management. The results of the interviews were then presented using coding in the foundation data and the results of coding identified 96 open codes among 260 concepts. Then in the axial coding step, these 96 open codes were categorized into 3 categories and 17 subcategories, which are the same three structural, behavioral, and contextual dimensions.

        The results of the confirmatory factor analysis provide the pathological model of Pakdasht urban development management pathology. In this regard, the factor table shows the extent of the impact of the variable on the model, and the higher the factor load, the greater the impact on the model. According to the data of the mentioned model, the underlying pathology, structural damages, and behavioral damages, respectively, were ranked third, affecting the pathology of Pakdasht urban development management, respectively. It shows that inefficiencies, confusion and complexity and corruption are the influential elements of urban management along with the lack of awareness of the most important issues in the pathology of Pakdasht urban management.

The present article aims at reviewing the relationship between social trust (interpersonal trust, generalized trust, and organ trust) and social security feeling among heads of household living in Pakdasht. The study which is of survey type has been conducted based on the theoretical approach of Robert Patnam and Zetomka and through using questionnaire. N=384 selected from among the heads of households living in Pakdasht using multi-stage cluster sampling method randomly. The results of the statistical analysis through using Pearson correlation coefficient indicates that there is significant relationship between the two variables of social trust in interpersonal aspects, generalized and organ on one hand and social security feeling on the part of heads of households of Pakdasht from financial ,living, moral and professional aspects. From among the examined variables, interpersonal trust and generalized trust clarify around 32 percent of the dependent variable changes. The results of path analysis indicate that interpersonal trust and generalized trust have the most impact on social security feeling on the part of household heads.

Certain social status, economic and cultural marginalized regions may predisposemany social problems threat to adolescents and young people in these areas, thetarget of addiction to narcotics and psychotropic substances as a very serious Andfamilies and officials with concerns that the exposure frequency. The increasingtendency of adolescents to use drugs is very worrying because most teens who usedrugs early in adolescence will continue for years to come. In this study, factorsinfluencing addiction, adolescents and young adults (12 to 29 years old) marginalizedareas in 1395 (about the city Pakdasht) is studied. We describe the type of research,research methodology and data collected in this research survey we made aquestionnaire distributed among the sample population The population in this studyreferred to addict young teen to mid-term residential addiction treatment centers(Camp) akdasht city in 1395, which were 10 centers. The results of statistical analysisshowed that due to the significant relationship between independent and dependentvariables we Grdnd. lza all five hypotheses we confirm this hypothesis significanceof research on the links between social, economic and cultural areas, marginalizedand tend to the higher prevalence of substance abuse among youth and adolescentsaddicted industrial suburban areas were confirmed.

Population growth and the uncontrolled increase of migration to cities, especially large cities, have caused many problems and issues facing the city and urban management, especially in developing countries. Pakdasht city, due to its proximity to the city of Tehran and the formation of suburbs, has poor neighborhoods that have caused consequences and social, cultural, economic and political damage in this region. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between empowerment in marginalized areas and increasing social participation in Pakdasht. The research is descriptive in terms of analysis and survey method. The statistical population of the study was all residents of Pakdasht city (Ustad Shahriyar neighborhood) from which 379 people were selected as the sample size using Cochran's table. The instrument used in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire and all steps of data analysis and explanation were performed using SPSS statistical software. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between empowerment and social participation and have many positive effects on marginalized areas.

Marginalized has made urban management encountered with a major challenge in the current era. Because on the one hand, it provides the background of committing crimes, and on the other hand, view of the city has been ugly due to the mushrooming increase of informal settlements, Hence it can be said that, marginalization will make the city face challenges in terms of aesthetic and security due to abnormal behavior which are emergent of population critical load. This study seeks to identify the influencing factors in crime rate increase in the informal settlements of PAKDASHT. The research method is descriptive – analytical and the data collection methods included questionnaires and interviews. The statistical sample included 62 people residents of informal settlements in PAKDASHT, experts and some city officials. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and parametric tests (ANOVA, T-test and Step-wise Regression) were used in order to determine the significant evaluation of affecting factors in the crime increase in the informal settlements. Regression test results show that there is relationship between all of research factors (sub structural, economic, social, cultural, structural, legal institutional and security) and an increase in crime. According to this test, all components of the study are significant at alpha level 0.05, But the economic factor has the most value (0.974) and the legal factor has the least value (0.935).

Tehran's metropolitan region has always faced urban expansion into surrounding peri-urban areas. This issue presents a major challenge for urban policymakers. Pakdasht, like many pri-urban areas, has been significantly impacted by this phenomenon across regional, urban, and rural levels. While spatial planning documents have historically addressed peri-urban issues, their effectiveness in tackling these challenges remains a point of discussion.This study utilizes qualitative content analysis to assess the approach of Pakdasht's spatial planning system towards peri-urban development. MaxQda software facilitated the analysis of relevant spatial planning documents. The analysis identified nine key substantive and procedural issues regarding peri-urban development in Pakdasht.Substantively, physical infrastructure, institutional-legal frameworks, and economic considerations were the most prominent concerns. Procedurally, integrated and participatory planning received the most emphasis in the spatial development plans.However, the analysis reveals that despite acknowledging peri-urban challenges, these plans lack a comprehensive and coordinated mechanism to control, monitor, and organize development in these areas.