This paper aims to investigates the impact of dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) on financial performance of west Azerbaijan SMEs in terms of the role of environmental dynamism. To accomplish this goal, using the questionnaire as well as drawing on a field study and survey, the impact of five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, namely innovation, risk-taking, aggressive competition, proactiveness and autonomy, are investigated. In other words, this research seeks to answer the following questions: do the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation contain a positive impact on the financial performance of small and medium enterprises? What's environmental dynamism role? These questions are assessed through multiple regression and hierarchical regression.
The results indicate that relationship between the four couples; innovation/ financial performance, risk taking/ financial performance, proactiveness/ financial performance and aggressive competition/ financial performance is significant and positive. but there is not significant relationship between autonomy and financial performance of SMEs. In addition, environmental dynamism moderates the relationship between the mentioned four couples. But environmental dynamism does not moderate the relationship between autonomy and financial performance.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial orientation, structural and human capital on the performance of entrepreneurial companies through the variable mediation of employees of small and medium-sized shoe companies in Tehran. During the second half of 1399 ". The components of entrepreneurial orientation (pioneering, innovation and risk-taking) are structural and human capital as independent variables and company performance as a dependent variable. Kirkan's innovation is also considered as a moderating variable. The statistical population of the study includes all staff members of small and medium-sized shoe manufacturing companies in Tehran. Using Morgan table, 248 people were selected as a statistical sample. The research method is descriptive survey and the method of data collection is library method and questionnaire distribution. The method of data analysis is through correlation test and multiple regression. The results showed that the components of entrepreneurial orientation (pioneering, innovation and risk-taking), structural and human capital have a direct and significant impact on the performance of companies and employee innovation strengthens the direct impact of components of entrepreneurial orientation (pioneering, innovation and risk-taking). Structural and human capital depends on the performance of companies.

This question may be raised in the mind of reader of this article that what motivation causes treating the feature of parnassism, in the ode of pre-Islamic Arab poet living hundreds of years before the rise of this school. Did Imru' al-Qais’ belong to the time beyond his contemporary period or the problem is something else? In fact although parnassism is a new name for a special literary school in nineteenth century, but many of it’s features and principles are seen in Arabic poems and particularly in pre-Islamic poems and many of it’s features have been a part of the nature of such insolent poets like Imru' al-Qais’ a poet that like parnassians believes that neither the poem is demonstrative of sublime moral values nor the poet has to observes the social manners and consider the public satisfaction but the important thing in poem is it’s beauty, harmony and it’s being a poem.The authors of this article aim to look for the reality and depth of a poem that embodies an art for the sake of art view and speak about a poet that although some of the critics doubt in his being and his poems but as some of the critics believe he has been the pioneer of pre-Islamic poets.

The studies of intrepreneurship have increased in the past decade. ‎Intrepreneurship has four dimensions including: innovativeness, riskiness, ‎proactiveness and competive aggresiveness. In the organizations intrepreneurship is used ‎for promoting performance. Intrepreneurship promotes business performance ‎and has an impact on the increase of production and profitability in companies. As a result, all ‎companies need to developing intrepreneurship. This article surveys the ‎relationship between intrepreneurship and business performance in the ‎Tabriz Petrochemical Company (TPC) ‎. The method used is applied-description survey. The population comprised 50 middel level managers of Tabriz Petrochemical Company. Data analysis was conducted by frequency distribution, percentage and Spearman correlation ‎test. According to ‎the research findings, there is signification a relationship between Intrapreneurship ‎and business performance. Finally, the article has presented ‎solutions to promote Intrepreneurship‎ and business performance

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the level of agricultural extension entrepreneurship in the process of sustainable agricultural development. The statistical population of the study was composed of agricultural extension experts (N=2882). The method of sampling was a systematic random sampling one. Questionnaire was the means employed for data collection. Questionnaire validation was verified by a group of experts and as well by professors of the Department of Agricultural Education and Extension، Tehran University. A pilot study involving 30 questionnaires was conducted to determine the reliability of the research tool. Cronbach''s alpha was estimated for different parts of the questionnaire as suitable for the study. The collected data were analyzed through an application of SPSS and LISREL softwares. A structural equation model for measurement of entrepreneurship of agricultural extension in the process of sustainable agricultural development. Within the model، there exist three dimensions for agricultural extension entrepreneurship assessment، namely: innovation، proactiveness as well as risk taking. The assessment components of the agricultural extension entrepreneurship، including a factor analysis as well as reliability factor، were determined. Results confirmed that three distinct dimensions of entrepreneurship، similar to those suggested in the literature، do exist. Based on how the items were related to each factor، the factors were entitled as: innovation، proactiveness and risk taking. The results imply that agricultural extension entrepreneurship is assessable through these three dimensions. The model could be used to improve entrepreneurship potential by managers in agricultural extension organizations.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation on financial performance of Tehran city's private sport clubs. In this correlational study (structural equation modeling), 224 private sport clubs were selected using relative stratified random sampling method from 513 sport clubs of Tehran city, and their managers completed entrepreneurial orientation scale (Hughes & Morgan, 2007), and market orientation scale (Narver & Slater, 1990). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling at 95% confidence level. Basis on the results, the dimensions and overall level of entrepreneurial orientation (risk-taking, innovation, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, autonomy) and market orientation (customer orientation, competitor orientation, inter-functional coordination) had significant, positive and moderate to strong relationships with the financial performance of private sports clubs. Entrepreneurial orientation directly and indirectly through market orientation had a significant and positive effect on the financial performance, and entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation explain 58% of the variance in financial performance. According to the findings, entrepreneurial orientation, especially the orientation toward innovation and proactiveness, accompany with market orientation, especially customer orientation, can enhance the financial performance of the private sports clubs

In 2015, a statement was issued by an assembly of governments, led by Europeans who were often energy importers. The energy-rich countries did not want to join the 1994 treaty due to the heavy obligations and the new global developments related to energy. The energy importing countries, with the initiative of the European countries, sought to create an agreement between two groups of countries, i.e. energy producers and energy importers. The strategy of issuing the statement in 2015 was aimed at creating convergence around the 1994 energy charter without putting the burden of authorship on the governments. Examining the impact of the charter on persuading the countries of the first group to cooperate around the 1994 treaty is the subject of this research. The International Energy Charter, without wanting to oblige the target countries to undertake obligations towards the global energy community, was able to gather some energy-owning countries around the global energy legal system for cooperation. The result of such a process has been an increasing and little result in the impact of the 2015 charter on increasing convergence to enhance the 1994 treaty.

This study examined the Iranian EFL learners’ multicultural developmental trend in light of Investment Hypothesis as they furthered their academic studies from BA toward postgraduate levels. In so doing 117 BA, 92 MA, and 35 Ph.D. EFL students at AllamehTabataba’i University, Tarbiat Modarres, and Islamic Azad Universities, Tehran, Iran, were randomly selected to provide answers to Multicultural Personality Traits Questionnaire (MPQ) that measures individuals’ Multicultural Personality Traits (MPTs: Cultural Empathy, Open-Mindedness, Social Initiative, Emotional Stability, and Flexibility). Ph.D. students’ MPTs mean was found to be 277.77; MA students’ MPTs mean score was 272.20; and BA students’ MPTs mean score was 267.96. The ANOVA conducted revealed that EFL Iranian students’ MPTs improved as they furthered their academic career from BA to MA and from MA to Ph.D. levels. The study concluded that advancement in EFL students’ academic career resulted in a concomitant development in their MPTs and among the five MPTs, cultural empathy and social initiative were found to have been significantly improved at Ph.D. level. Among the MPTs, Social initiative provides the highest contribution to social interactions and its significant development at Ph.D. level is confirmatory of the discursive-constructionists’ approach to L2 learning.