The application of theories, especially historical theories, is the basis of a serious and significant question in sociology, which, ironically, has not been addressed well in Iran. From a methodological point of view, this research has evaluated the possibility and necessity of applying the theory of The Civilizing Process in the context of Iranian society; and it supports the idea that Iranian researchers can study issues related to this theory in Iranian society in terms of the technical and methodological precautions mentioned in the text. Our main premise in this research is the need for a historical perspective in the field of cultural policy; And so, while this article can lead to a suitable idea for the methodological evaluation of the application of theories, at the same time it will remind us how theories can open the way for cultural evaluations and how these theories should be linked with the social history in question. In this regard, the question that this study was trying to answer was how to apply a historical theory like the Elias theory in the context of Iran?

Iran-US relations have formed one of the most stressful contemporary political relations since the Islamic Revolution, and making, and implementation of any decision on these relations is subject to the recognition, justification, and application of the theory appropriate to it. Applying appropriate theory, especially on US-Iran relations, will give decision makers an appropriate framework of thought and make appropriate decisions under this framework, rather than misrepresentations and misinterpretations. Therefore, in this study, we seek to answer the question of how the political relations between Iran and the United States can be justified within the framework of the threat balance theory. The hypothesis that given all four aspects of the threat posed by Stephen Walt - (power, geography, military capabilities, and offensive intentions) that balance them - in Iran-US relations, the two countries' relations fall within the framework of this justified theory. The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of the theory of threat balance in the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran using scientific-experimental method.

This article presents the characteristics of the postmodern fiction. The examples of these characteristics are found in a variety of Persian novels, long and short stories, although sometimes the foreign stories have been quoted as well. The main concern of the article is the manner of the arrival and presence of postmodern characteristics, postmodern theories and mechanisms in short story and novel. This matter has been categorized into three headlines:  1-Expressing the theory in text through establishment of the theoretical story ;   2-Applicating the theory on the surface of the text ; 3-Applicating the theory on the deep structure of the story which is the highest achievements of postmodern art; A theory revive in fiction; for example, non–obedience of the  character from the author shows the death of author idea in the deep structure of the fiction.

The present article considers the possibility of application of the theory of neo-realism for analyzing the foreign policy of the I. R. of Iran. The main question is to see if the theory of neo-realism has the capacity and capability of explaining the motivations, goal-setting, decision-making and practice of Iran in its foreign policy approaches? The initial answer is that it would be possible to explain the goals, motives, decisions and practice of the Islamic Republic of Iran in its foreign policy by the logic and concepts of neo-realism theory. The paper concludes, however, that this theory, like other theories of international relations, does not possess the full capacity and competence to analyze and justify all aspects of foreign policy of the I. R. Iran. Although in many aspects of its foreign policy Iran has proved to be a rationally realist actor, the aspirations emanating from the discourse of the Islamic Revolution introduce some elements of idealism in its practice. That is what might be called 'idealist realism'.

It seems that philosophical debates around the problem of levels of natural selection which lead to propose group and multi level selection theories cause more efforts of evolutionary theory application in other knowledge domains such as anthropology. In this way Wilson’s efforts for explaining an adaptation role of religion in light of organismic theory of society is one of the recent and most debatable. On basis of organismic concept of religious groups and evolutionary group selection theory, he tries to explain religiosity trait as an adaptation. Although he tries to explain by giving some evidences from history of religion and religious groups’ behavior but not only there are some form and content critiques to application of evolutionary theory in other knowledge domains but also some serious rival theories offered.

Application of philosophical / literarytheorieshas been customary after a short period of time and a lot of studies on these theories have been published; becoming customary such studiescanhave several reasons such as theoretical victory of fans of the application of theory on the traditionalists.Although some of the innovation of these studies cannot be denied, ignoring the weaknesses and shortcomings of such studiesare not acceptable.The aim of the present article is to review and study application studies of deconstruction (one of the theories that have been of interest to researchers) to some of these shortcomings. Weaknesses and shortcomings of the studies of deconstruction (at least) can be placed under three headings: A- slip on understanding the concepts of deconstruction(for example, some of the contrasts of these studies are not the contrasts of Derrida and deconstructionor that external elements such as text, class, education, etc. are considered in some of them while according to Derrida and the deconstructionists, there is no something out of the text; B- reduction and simplification of concepts of Derrida such as reduction of sense of mystery to mysticism and C- providing non-deconstructionist interpretations of stories.

IntroductionPrepositions are amongst the multi-meaning and very flexible words in the language of the Quran with extensive concepts. It is clear that God has bestowed on this attribute to convey his purpose. The application of the prototype theory to the analysis of the focal meaning and the radial meanings of these letters can certainly provide a coherent semantic network for each of them. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to explain the focal meaning of the word "on" as one of the most widely used letters in the Quran with a cognitive approach. This will be achieved after identifying the trajectory and the Landmark which proves the existence of a coherent network of concepts that are linked to the prototype.
Questions and hypotheses The most important questions and hypotheses of this research are: 1. What is the focal meaning and radial meanings of On in Quranic discourse?
2. How the relationship between the focal meaning and the radial meanings of “On” in the form of a meaningful network can be explained?
3. How the contrast between traditional and cognitive look at the Prepositions of the story is explained?
The hypotheses are as follows: - The focal meaning of “On”, as in traditional sources, is "superiority".
- The focal meaning of "superiority" is the core of the semantic network of the word "On". Other distinct meanings of "On" are connected to the central core with the help of two "compromise and contradictory" clusters.
- The semantic network model in the cognitive perspective has confirmed the multidimensional problem of letters in classical sources, but the example template points out that the radial meanings of a letter must be coherent with a focal meaning. According to this model, existence of a letter instead of another letter is rejected because of its lack of semantic communication.
Research Innovation What distinguishes this study from the views of traditional trainers is that modern linguistics for each of the superscripts considers a central or focal meaning that is called the supreme example, and another meaning that is related to this sense, is in fact its expanded or metaphorical meaning. They create a coherent semantic network for each of these letters. However, in the traditional perspective, there is no coherence between the meanings for a term with its initial meaning.
Method Based on the belief that the prepositions are a rich source in the methodological understanding and interpretation of the Quran, the present study seeks to rely on a descriptive-analytical method regarding the multidimensional theory of these letters by considering the basic elements of this approach such image schema, prototype pattern, trajectory and landmark .The semantic network provides a coherent semantic meaning for this letter in the Quranic verses.
Results and Discussion The Quranic data review points out that the focal meaning of the Jar letter 'On', is 'superiority'. This meaning is the central core of a coherent semantic network, consisting of twelve radial meanings in two semantic clusters (compromise and contradictory) based on the first meaning. It should be noted that, using the cognitive model of the prototype, replacement of On into the Prepositions "men", "fi", "baa" and "laam" in the Quranic discourse was distorted.

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the use of “Distorting Trends” theory of Antoine Berman (1942-1999), a French traductologist, in translation of the eighth chapter of “Golestan Saadi” by Charles Defremery (1822-1883). This study investigated the conflict between source language (Persian) and target language (French) in the frame of Berman’s trends and indicates errors and changes which their balance realizes faithfulness and freedom of the translator. Lexical differences and similarities in the main and translated texts in the study of Defremery’s translation show that, according to Berman’s theory, it is necessary to pay attention to the form and meaning of target language as well as to be faithful to the source text. Based on speech-oriented viewpoint of Berman, it was tried to engage in pathology of Golestan Translation through three orientations: culturally-oriented speech, goal-oriented speech, and experience-centered speech. It was identified that ambiguities and contradictions in Defremery’s version translation originated from his misunderstanding of ethical and spiritual advices, maxims, and tales of Saadi.