To evaluate the effect of simultaneous and overlapped intercropping ratios on yieldand quality essential oilof peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and forage of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.),an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with four replications in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Iran during 2017-2018. Experimental factors included: planting time at two levels (simultaneous and overlapped planting of peppermint and guar) and intercropping ratios at five levels (sole planting of peppermint, sole planting of guar, 50% peppermint + 50% guar, 25% guar + 75% peppermint and 25% peppermint 75% guar. The results showed that at simultaneous intercropping the highest forage yield obtained from sole guar (6348 kg.ha-1), which was not significantly different from the planting ratio of 75% guar + 25% peppermint. In overlapped intercropping, the highest forage yield obtained from sole guar and 75% guar + 25% peppermint planting ratio, respectively. The highest guar ADF (36.4%) obtained from the planting ratio of 50% peppermint + 50% guar under overlapped intercropping. The highest peppermint essential oil content (2.1%) obtained from 50% peppermint + 50% guar planting ratio in the simultaneous intercropping. The highest essential oil yield (9.49 kg.ha-1) belonged to the treatment of sole peppermint. The highest LER (1.42) belonged to 75% guar + 25% peppermint plating ratio in overlapped intercropping. The results showed that for increasing the quality of guar forage, simultaneous intercropping and 75% guar + 25% peppermint planting ratio and -for improving  peppermint essential oil yield, overlapped intercropping and 50% peppermint + 50% guar planting ratio was suitable.

Mixed cropping is one of the ways to increase the crop yield in the form of multiculturalism on a farm in one crop season. This method of cultivation improves the efficiency of the use of environmental resources such as light, water and nutrients by plants. Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is a plant of the legume family and is compatible with tropical regions, which due to its coexistence with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, can be an effective plant in mixing crops in warm regions. Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is an important oil crop that is also grown as a forage crop in some areas and seasons. Biological fertilizers, eco-friendly fertilizers, have beneficial effects on plant growth characteristics as well as the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. Mycorrhizal fungi increase the uptake of water and nutrients by increasing the level of adsorption of the plant’s root system, and ultimately increase the growth and yield of the crop. In the present study, the cultivation of sunflower mixed with guar was investigated under the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation.

In order to evaluate the effect of planting proportions and mycorrhizal inoculation on sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) yield and effectiveness indices, an experiment was conducted at Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in the spring of 2018 using a factorial trial in randomized complete blocks (RCBD) with four replications. Experimental factors included five ratios of mixed planting of guar and sunflower as alternate series in inoculation conditions and non-inoculation of mycorrhiza. Mixed culture ratios included I. Pure sunflower cultivation, II. 75 percent sunflower + 25 percent guar, III. 50 percent sunflower + 50 percent guar, IV. 25 percent sunflower + 75 percent guar, and pure guar cultivation. The studied traits included plant height, number of branches, stem and leaves weight, number of leaves, dry and fresh forage yield, as well as effectiveness and competiveness indices. The Land Equality Ratio (LER) and Competitiveness Ratio (CR) were evaluated as indicators of the usefulness assessment of mixed cultivation. Both sunflower and guar plants were planted on March 15, 2018. Harvesting of sunflower and guar plants took place on June 1 and June 23, 2018, respectively.

The results of statistical analysis showed that the growth, yield and efficiency indices of mixed cropping of sunflower and guar were significantly affected. The height of the plant, the number of leaves, the weight of the leaves and stems, as well as the number of branches were significantly affected by the experimental factors, especially the planting proportions. The highest yield of fresh forage (21391 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the treatment of pure sunflower cultivation and the highest yield of dry forage (2618 kg.ha-1) was obtained from the treatment of 75 percent sunflower  + 25 percent guar. The highest LER (1.34) was obtained from the treatment of 75 percent sunflower + 25 percent guar. The combination of 75 percent sunflower + 25 percent guar caused the lowest competition ratio for sunflower, and the combination of 75 percent guar + 25 percent sunflower caused the lowest competition ratio for guar.

As mentioned, the highest yield of mixed cropping was obtained when the planting composition included 75 percent sunflower and 25 percent guar. Under the conditions of this experiment, the growth of guar plants was significantly affected by the ability of the sunflower to compete. As a result, due to the lower competitiveness of guar against sunflower, it is necessary to consider other methods of mixed cropping. Including delayed mixed cropping. In general, mixed cropping flattered different growth factors and the accumulation of dry matter significantly changed forage yield and morphological traits.

IntroductionIntercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field. The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop. The main aims of intercropping are reduces the insect populations and plant diseases, reduces hillside erosion and minimizes labor cost on the control of weeds. Guar belongs to the legume family and drought resistant plant which is cultivated as a forage and seed crop and vegetable in warm and dry regions of Asia and Africa. This plant is a precious plant in intercropping system, because it had a development root system as a source of fertilizer and located in symbiosis with nitrogen- fixing bacteria. In fact, use guar is necessary for second crop.
Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the physiological aspects of guar and sunflower intercropping under different levels of nitrogen a split plot experiment was conducted as based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm research of Agricultural Research Institute of University of Zabol (Chah nimeh), Iran in 2012-13 growing season -. Main factor was included 0, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen (N) (urea source) and sub factor was different planting ratio including: sole crop of sunflower, sole crop of guar, guar 75% sunflower 25%, sunflower 50% guar 50% and guar 25% sunflower 75%. Traits such as plant height, head diameter, 1000- seed weight, chlorophyll index, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, guar LER, sunflower LER, total LER, soil nitrogen percentage and weeds dry weight were evaluated. Determination of soil nitrogen percentage carried out by using of Kjeldahl apparatus and measured leaf chlorophyll content by SPAD 502 Plus chlorophyll meter.
Results and DiscussionThe statistical analysis showed that different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, planting ratios and interactions between them had significant effect on biological yield of sunflower and guar. The highest seed yield (1633.33 kgha-1) in sowing pattern of sunflower were achieved from 75% guar 25% with consumption of 100 kgN ha-1 and in guar (4356.7 kg ha-1) from 75% guar 25% sunflower and application of 150 kgN ha-1 of . Different levels of fertilizer and planting ratios had significant effect on chlorophyll index in sunflower and guar. The highest chlorophyll index of sunflower were achieved from 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen application and %75 guar %25sunflower treatment with mean of 100 values and in guar plant this trait was 29.6 values from non application fertilizers (control) and sole crop treatment. The maximum and minimum the soil nitrogen ratio were obtained on sole crop of guar and sole crop of sunflower with mean 0.2% and 0.17%, respectively. The highest land equivalent ratio (2.73) was obtained from 75% guar 25% sunflower and the lowest of value was obtained from 25% guar 75% sunflower treatment with mean of 2.5. On account of weed control, the highest weed dry weight were obtained from sole crop of sunflower and sole crop of guar with mean 192.2 and 156.6 g m-2, respectively and the lowest of weed dry weight showed that from 75% guar 25% sunflower with mean 153.3 g m-2. Based on the results of mean comparison, the highest of LER (2.73) was obtained from 75% guar 25% sunflower treatment.
ConclusionThe highest seed yield of sunflower and guar were obtained from mixed 25% guar 75% sunflower and 75% guar 25% sunflower treatment respectively. Also weed dry weight was highest in sole crop of sunflower, but sole crop of guar and all ratios of intercropping reduced weed dry weight. The maximum of soil nitrogen was obtained from sole crop of guar and minimum value from sole crop of sunflower.

Due to the increasing population and food shortage, increasing agricultural production is becoming more important, increasing the area under cultivation and increasing yield per unit area are two ways to increase agricultural production. Mixed cultivation is a low-income agricultural method that aims to make optimal use of land, light and water to produce a desirable level of crops.In order to investigate the effect of intercropping and different densities of quinoa and guar cultivation in the climatic conditions of Mashhad in May 2019 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University located in Golbahar. This factorial study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors tested included (Q: pure culture of quinoa, G: pure culture of guar and quinoa + guar in 1: 1, 1: 2 and 2: 1 row ratio) and plant density (D1: 10 plants, D2: 15 and D3: 20 plants per square meter). Plant density was adjusted by changing the distance between plants on the row. Row spacing treatments included: 20 cm equivalent to 10 plants per square meter, 15 cm, equivalent to 15 plants per square meter and 10 cm, equivalent to 20 plants per square meter.The results showed that the main and interaction effects of intercropping ratios and plant density on quinoa and guava seed yield and different indices of intercropping usefulness (land parity ratio (LER), actual reduction yield of guava (AYLG) and quinoa (AYLQ) Quinoa (RCCQ) and Guar (RCCG), Income Equality Ratio (IER) and Mixed Cultivation Profitability (IA) were significant at the level of 1% probability and the values for the mentioned traits were obtained. 1.21, 0.08, 0.83, 2.99, 1.17, 1.80 and 0.42. respectively So that the highest yield of quinoa and guar seeds with 1480 and 2655 g/m2, respectively, of quinoa and guar mixed cultivation treatments with ratios of 2 rows of quinoa and 1 row of guar at a density of 10 plants per square meter and for guar from culture treatment, respectively. Pure guar was obtained from the same plant density. The lowest yields of quinoa and guar seeds with an average of 115 and 269 g / m2 were obtained from the density of 20 plants per square meter and the ratio of mixed cultivation of two rows of quinoa and 1 guar gum, which is due to intra-species competition due to Increase plant density.The highest amount of quinoa LER and total was related to the treatment of two rows of quinoa and one row of guar gum at a density of 15 plants per square meter. For Guar gum, the LER level in all studied treatments was less than one. The total LER in 2G: 1Q treatment was less than one in all three densities, which indicates that increasing the share of guar in the composition, led to a decrease in total LER. This may be due to the very low yield of guar gum in 2G: 1Q treatment. In the other treatments studied, the LER level was higher than one, which indicates the usefulness of intercropping compared to pure culture. According to the results, the planting density of 10 plants per square meter was the best planting density and the ratio of mixed cultivation of 2 quinoa drives and a row of guar was the best treatment in this study, which can be recommended to farmers.

This study was conducted to evaluate the morphological characteristics and yield reaction of peppermint and guar to different intercropping ratios under simultaneous and delayed growing conditions at research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2017-2018 growing season. The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications. Planting time at two levels including simultaneous and relay (Guar cultivation 45 days after peppermint emergence) and intercropping ratios at five levels including sole peppermint, sole Guar, 50% Peppermint + 50% Guar, 25% Guar + 75% Peppermint and 25% Peppermint + 75% Guar were experimental factors. The results showed that the highest height, stem and leaf number of Guar were obtained from simultaneous intercropping of sole and 75% guar + 25% peppermint intercropping. Guar forage yield in simultaneous monoculture and 75% guar + 25% peppermint was higher. The highest number of peppermint leaves (311) was observed in monoculture. The best treatment in terms of biological yield was sole cultivation of peppermint (637 Kg.ha-1). Finally, the results of this experiment showed that in terms of Guar characteristics, monoculture treatment and 75% guar + 25% peppermint in simultaneous intercropping and in terms of peppermint traits, sole peppermint and 75% Peppermint + 25% in relay planting conditions were the best treatments. Due to the favorable effects of adding a new species to the crop ecosystem, intercropping of these plants can be substituted for sole cultivation.

In this paper، the effect of type and concentration of some sweeteners (sucrose، glucose، fructose، aspartame، acesulfame k and neotame) has been investigated on the reheological properties of guar gum solutions in a model system include sweeteners and hydrocolloid. Two level of sweetener concentrations were used (10، 20% for sucrose، glucose، fructose، and 0. 1، 0. 2% for aspartame، acesulfame k، and 0. 001، 0. 002% for neotame). The rheological properties were measured by oscillatory rheometer (model MCR-300). The results showed that the effect of sweeteners on rheological properties of guar gum depend on type and concentration of sweeteners. In these concentrations، the synthetic sweeteners had no effect on rheological properties of guar gum solution.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels guar meal and β-mannanase on broilers male chicken. In this experiment، Four hundred Ross day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a 4×2 factorial design to feed broiler chickens diets containing guar meal at 4 level of guar meal (0، 3، 6 and 9%) with five replications of each treatment with or without β-mannanase. Ten chicks were assigned to each pen. The diets were based on maize-soybean meal were used: starter، 8-19 days; grower، 19-35 days; and finisher، 35-42 days. All starter، grower and finisher diets were formulated to have 21. 5، 20. 5 and 19% CP and 3050، 3100 and 3150 kcal/kg metabolizable energy، respectively. Average daily gain and daily feed intake were recorded over 19 and 42 days. Results indicated that addition of the guar meal to rations did not reduce body weight، feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. Enzyme supplementation did not significantly effect on body weight، feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. Relative weights of abdominal fat، thigh، gallbladder، liver and pancreas were not significantly affected by consumption of the guar meal at any level when compared with the control. Inclusion of the guar meal in the diet significantly decreased breast weight. The addition of β-mannanase to the diets significantly reduced ileal viscosity compared with the control group in 19 day. The results of this study show that replacement of guar meal up to 9% significantly with and without β-mannanase in broilers diet have no adverse effects on body weight، feed intake and feed conversion ratio، but leads to a reduction in breast weight. Guar meal can be used up to 3% of broiler diet with no adverse effect، but its high level (9%) reduced breast meat percentage.

Due to main role of texture and structure of ice cream in sensory quality and consumer acceptance, in this study xanthan and guar gum were added in 0.03 and 0.05% alone and in combination with each other in reduced fat and sugar ice cream to improve texture of ice cream and the effect of them was investigated on quality and sensory properties. The results showed that xanthan and guar gum reduced intensity of crystalline and coldness by increasing the viscosity of serum phase and prevent the growth of ice crystals in ice cream. There was no significant difference on viscosity between 0.03% xanthan and 0.03% guar (p>0.05), but at 0.05% viscosity of sample that containing xanthan gum was higher than guar gum. Adding these gums increased first drop and decreased overrun, hardness and melt down. In total acceptance, ice creams contained 0.05% guar and 0.03% combination of guar and xanthan gum had higher scores .Also principal component analysis results determined that overall acceptability was mainly related to hardness, viscosity and flavor.

In this study, stevia and guar were used as alternatives for sucrose and fat in frozen yogurt formulation, respectively. For this purpose, a completely randomized block design with 0-100% replacement levels for stevia and 0, 0.25 and 0.5 % for guar gum was used. To investigate the effect of applied treatments, the physicochemical properties of frozen yogurt including acidity, viscosity, overrun, firmness, first drop time of melting and amount of melting were measured. The results showed that the viscosity decreased by increasing the level of stevia as a replacement for sucrose, while, overrun increased with increasing levels of sucrose substitution with stevia. All levels of stevia and guar replacement resulted in a significant increase in firmness. Also, with increasing the concentration of stevia and guar gum, the first drop time and stability of the sample increased. The results showed that stevia and guar gum are good alternatives to sucrose and fat, respectively, and samples containing 75-100% stevia and 0.5% guar were identified as the optimal treatment.