The objective of this study was the determination of nutritive value and feeding different levels of vetch-barley mixed culture on fattening performance, blood metabolites and apparent nutrient digestibility of Moghani male lamb. This experiment was performed by using 16 Moghani male lambs in a complete randomized design with 4 experimental diets during 75 days. Dietary treatments were: 1) control diet without vicia-barly mixed culture, 2) diet with 33 percent vicia-barly mixed culture, 3) diet with 66 percent vicia-barly mixed culture and 4) diet with 100 percent vicia-barly mixed culture. The metabolizable energy content of vicia-barly was estimated 2.64 Mcal/kg by gas test data. The experimental diets had a significant effect on weight change, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Apparent digestibility of DM and CP was significantly affected by experimental diets. Experimental diets had a significant effect on plasma glucose concentration (P=0.002). Based on obtained results, replacing vicia-barley mixed culture up to 33 percent of lamb fattening diets with forage and concentrate portion of diets with balancing it according to nutrients requirements of animals is recommended.

Cake batter is a camplen emulsion of air babbles and oil droplets in which the egg plays a key role in foam formation, absorption of air molecules and volume in the cake. However, regular consumption of eggs due to high levels of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, increases cardiovascular disease and can lead to allergies for some people. Barly aquafaba is a thick liquid obtained form cooking barly, which stabilizes the foam due to significant amounts of active compounds and proteins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of barly aquafaba (0, 25, 50 and 100%) and xanthan gum (0, 0.25 and 0.5%) as an egg replacer on physical, chemical, rheological and organoleptic properties of oily cake. According to the obtained results, barly aquafaba had an acceptable foaming property due to high protein quality cake samples containing barly aquafaba upto 50% had similar characteristics to control cake samples. However, increasing the replacement of 75 and 100% of eggs with barly aguafaba led to a significant decrease (p<0.05) in physical. Chemical, rheological and sensory properties of eggless cake samples. 0.5% of xanthan gum resulted in improved sensory properties of eggless cake samples, increased moisture content and reduced firmness in the cake samples replaced with 50% barly aquafaba. The results showed that barly aquafaba can be used as a partial replacer for eggs up to 50% while maintaining the sensory, physical and rheological properties if the oily cake.

In order to evaluate the effect of crops rotation on agronomical and non agronomical characters of cotton in Karkandeh Station in Golestan Proviences .The first and second years planted cotton and stems were cut to pieces and ploughed in soil . In the third and fourth years 15 treatments includes: soybean ,barley, onion , ploughing ,ploughing흍 nitrogen ,tomato , wheat ,lettuce, broad bean ,green bean ,green pea ,sesame ,sorghum,colsa based on randomized complete block design with four replications were planted. The yield, boll weight, percentage of earliness, sympodial length, monopodial number, monopodial length, disease indexes of wilt and Verticillium wilt percent were measured. Population of Verticillium dahliae,in dried soil were assessed before and after treatments by using semi selective Alcohol agar medium. The results were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the highest yield of cotton in cotton urea cotton, and plowing plowing and cotton , sorghom cotton, and lowest yield in succession, canola forage barly cotton and Cotton Cotton garden cress, widest monopodial length forage barly cotton cotton and the highest of sympodial length,cotton 늊 犋涢 , that the highest of monopodial number , barely spinach cotton and , the highest percentage of earliness barely spinach cotton were measured. Percent increase in the population of ofVerticillium dahliae in cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton sequence from first to fifth respectively 52/5, 25, 5/13, 5/6 and 0, respectively.The results showed that, population ofVerticillium dahliae, were incresed after cotton in first year(35%- 70%),in second year(14%- 36%),third year(12%- 15%),fourth year(4% - 9%) and fifth year without increase. Population ofVerticillium dahliae, were increased after wheat(66.7%),barley(68%),colsa(33.3%0,forage barly(48.5%- 54.5%),lettuce(25%- 39%),onion(52%),soybean(36%), ploughing(36%), ploughing흍 nitrogen(50%), green bean (12.5%) and sorghum(62.5%). population ofVerticillium dahliae, were decresed after tomato(6.6%), and sesame(26.6%).

In order to evaluate the effect of crops rotation on agronomical and non agronomical characters of cotton in Karkandeh Station in Golestan Proviences. The first and second years planted cotton and stems were cut to pieces and ploughed in soil. In the third and fourth years 15 treatments includes: soybean،barley، onion، ploughing،ploughing+100kg nitrogen،tomato،wheat،lettuce،broad bean، green bean،green pea،sesame،sorghum،Ceolsa were planted based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The yield، boll weight، percentage of earliness، sympodial length، monopodial number، monopodial length، disease indexes of wilt and Verticillium wilt percent were measured. Population of Verticillium dahliae،in dried soil were assessed before and after treatments by using semi selective Alcohol agar medium. The results were compared using Duncan''s multiple range test. The results showed that the highest yield of cotton was in «cotton + urea + cotton،» plowing + plowing+cotton، «cotton +sorghom+cotton،» rotations. The lowest yield was observed in «canola + forage barly + cotton» and Cotton + Cotton + garden cress،succession. The widest monopodial length forage was in «barly + Cotton + Cotton» and the highest of sympodial length was in «cotton+sorghom +cotton،» rotations. The highest of monopodial number،was seenin «barely+spinach+cotton» succession. The highest percentage of earliness was measured in «barely+ spinach+cotton» rotations. Percent increase in the population of Verticillium dahliae in cotton +Cotton+Cotton+Cotton+Cotton«sequence was observed from first to fifth year 52/5، 25، 5/13، 5/6 and 0،respectively. The results showed that، population ofVerticillium dahliae،were incresed after cotton in first year (35%-70%)، in second year (14%-36%)، third year (12%- 15%)، fourth year (4% -9%) and fifth year without increase. Population of Verticillium dahlia، were increased after wheat (66. 7%)، barley (68%)، Ceolsa (33. 3%)، forage barly (48. 5% - 54. 5%)، lettuce (25% -39%)، onion (52%)، soybean (36%)، ploughing (36%)، ploughing + 100kg nitrogen (50%)، green bean (12. 5%) and sorghum (62. 5%). population of Verticillium dahliae، were decresed after tomato (6. 6%)، and sesame (26. 6%).

The genus of Aegilops a wild and weedy relative of bread wheats، has wide distribution in Middle East and West Asia، These areas include major parts of Iran. The species in this genus have a great role in hexaploid wheat evolution and they are donor of D and B genome، directly and indirectly. To identify some Iranian Aegilops accessions، one handred and three accessions from eight species from different area of Iran، were evaluated by Flowcytometry and Karyotypic means. Ploidy levels of accessions were estimated by campare flowcytometric pick of accessions، hexaploid wheat and diploid barly. Karytypic evaluation was used to conferm flowcytometry results. Flowcytrometric estimations for ploidy level were supported by karyotypic data، but it was not suitable for anuploidy detection in accessions. Most of accessions were highly symmetric for their karyotype structure، Ae. triuncialis with a few asymmetries were located in 2A class of Stebbins classification. Ae. speltoeides، one of the oldest species and probably donor of B genome of cultivated wheats، showed most variation for Centromeric Gradiant and Koromosome distribution indices.

Regarding the dominant role of wheat in Iranian households diet, the major goal of this study.is to identify and analyse important influencing factors of wheat price in Iran. In this direction, we introduced a conceptual mathemathical model to scrutinise major contributing factors of wheat price, then we used a structural equation model to to test the credibility of our proposed model and peioritise above-mentioned factors as well. Results show that most important influencing factors of wheat price are domestic barly and corn prices, international wheat price, domestic cultivation area of wheat as well as the amount of precipitation in plantaion and growth periods of wheat cultivation respectively. Furthermore, results indicate a fairly balanced influence of demand and supply-side factors on wheat price.

Barley is one of the world's grain is the most important corps after maize, wheat and rice.In order to spike and grain mapping in F3 and F4 families in Becher × Kavir cultivars cross in barly population of 103 families with parents in a randomized complete block design with three replications 2014-2016 during two growing seasons. Assessment transgressive segregation was observed that the existence of different allele combinations in their parents. Linkage map were prepared using SSR, iPBS, IRAP and ISSR marker that it covered 640 cM of barley genome. The distance between two markers 9.69 cM were estimated. Composite interval mapping identified fifteen QTLs in F3 and F4 families. QTLs for awn length, grain diameter and grain length was located in both F3 and F4 families. For grain length and number of spikelets in the F4 families was identified the major effect QTL by R2 12.2 and 15, with the percentage LOD 3.62 and 2.9 in 3.5 and 2.5 cM distance markers. Length grain and grain diameter were linked and co-location iPBS2076-5 markers in the F3 generation. co-location QTLs For awn length, number of spikelets, grain length and grain diameter identified. QTL identification characteristics of the controller can be effective in improving performance. It is expected to be followed by validation in various places and populations identified QTL in this study programs used in marker-assisted selection and accurate positioning.

In order to study the possibility of tank mixing of 2،4-D plus MCPA and clodinafop propargyl in wheat fields in Iran، some experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004. Field experiments were conducted in 2003 as a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of treatments and four replications in Meybod and Oromieh. One of the experimental factors was 2،4-D plus MCPA at 0، 975، and 1300 g a. i. /ha، and the other one was clodinafop propargyl at 0، 64، 80، 96، and 112 g a. i. /ha. In greenhouse experiment، the same treatments were conducted in Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute Greenhouses. Weed floras included winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Dur.)، mouse barly (Hordeum murinum L.) and canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) in Meybod، cereal rye (Secale cereale L.)، winter wild oat and downy brome (Bromus tectorum) in Oromieh and winter wild oat، canary grass and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in greenhouse. Results indicated that clodinafop propargyl could control winter wild oat and canary grass at the recommended dose (64 g a. i. /ha). Tank mixing of 975 g a. i. /ha 2،4-D plus MCPA with clodinafop propargyl reduced efficacy of clodinafop propargyl at the recommended dose (64 g a. i. /ha). But increasing the dosages of clodinafop propargyl to 112 g a. i. /ha could omit the antagonistic effects of 2،4-D plus MCPA. Tank mixing of 1300 g a. i. /ha 2،4-D plus MCPA and clodinafop propargyl was not satisfactory indicating that this dose of 2،4-D plus MCPA should not be applied with Clodinafop-propargil.

Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy can cause heart histological changes. This study was done to evaluate the effect of barly grain (Hordeum Vulgar L.) consumption during pregnancy in diabetic rats on heart histological altrations of offsprings. In this experimental study, 60 adult female albino rats, randomly allocated into four groups including: healthy group with regular meals consumption as control, healthy which consumed barley(10 grams per each rat per daily), diabetic with regular meals consumption and diabetic group which consumed barley(10 grams per each rat per daily). diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg/bw of streptozotocin. After confirmation of pregnancy by observing the vaginal plug on 21th days, the dams were anesthetized and embryos were removed. Crown rump length and weight of embryos wre recorded.after heart tissue processing, sections with 5 micrometer thickness were stained with H&E method. Cardiomyocytes from change was seen as hypertrophy, interstitial plates and Purkinje fibers reduction, inflammation and congestion of vessels were observed in embryos of diabeticts group. These tissues alterations significantly reduced in the embryos of diabetic group which consumed barley. The crown rump length of embryos significantly reduced in diabetic groupin comparision with controls. There was no many differences in crown rump length of embryos between diabetic consumed barley and diabetic group. The weight of embryos was non-significantly more in diabetic groups than controls. The weight of embryos reducednon-significantly in diabetic plus barley consumptionin comparision with controls. The consumption of barley is beneficial in reducing heart histological alterations in embryos of diabetic rats.

Chemical fungicide is the most affordable and easiest way to fight against plant diseases, but they increase concerns about endangering human health and residual in the environment. Barley is one of the most important and consumable cereals in the world. Plant essential oils are volatile compounds from plants that have strong antimicrobial properties with phenolic and antioxidant components. The aim of this study was to investigate the four plant essential oil including Savory, Thyme, Rosemary and Fennel on the growth and production of ochratoxin of Aspergillus ochraceus pathogen in barly. In this study, the effect of four plant essential oils (Satureja khuzestanica, Thymus daenensis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare) on the growth pathogen in the petri dishes and the level of ochratoxin A produced by A. ocraceus was investigated in addition, it was studied the essential oils effect on ochratoxin in the culture medium. Measuring of ochratoxin was performed by High Performance thin-layer chromatography. The results of this study showed that the essential oils can significantly decrease the growth of the A. ocraceus and the production of ochratoxin by the pathogen. Savory essence at a concentration of 250 μg/ml inhibits the production of detectable ochratoxin in the medium by preventing the growth of the pathogen. In this concentration, essential oils of Rosemary and Thyme were 79.1% and 53.2% respectively, and the dry weight of the fungi decreased completely. Rosemary essential oil at the highest applied concentration (1000 μg/ml) did not inhibite it was investigated the growth of the pathogen it was investigated, but prevented the production of toxin. Essential oils of Savory, Thyme, Rosemary and Fennel showed fungicidal properties. These essential oils affect the ochratoxin and degrade it in the culture medium.