The objective of this study was investigation of growth performance, body and fat-tail measurements of Challmale lambs from outbreeding in Qazvin region. Two hundred 18 month old ewe lamb were divided randomly from a 1000-head flock in two groups. The first group (control) was mated with rams from same flock and the second group (treatment) mated with rams from other flock. After lambing, ten male lambs from each group were selected randomly for recording body dimensions and fat-tail measurements. Results indicated that average circumference of neck, fat-tail length at middle part and fat-tail circumference at upper part in the treatment group was significantly higher than control group (P<0.05). Birth weight, weight at two, four, six and eight months, final weight gain and body height, length body, circumference of heart girth, loin width, diagonal length, and fat-tail measurements including length at right, left and gap part; width at up, middle and down part; circumference at up, middle and down part; depth at up, middle and down part and fat-tail weight were not affected by the experimental groups (P>0.05). In total, using ram from other flocks had no effect on lamb performance.

One of the methods of standardization of gill nets is to determine the appropriate mesh size for each species. The purpose of this study was to determine. This study was aimed to determine the suitable mesh size of drift gillnets for catching skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis).The sampling operation was carried out by the lange boat in the spring of 1397. The fishing tool consisted of drift gillnet for Skipjack tuna with a stretched mesh size of 160 mm. Fork length and body length were measured in two areas of skipjack tuna body. The total numbers of 394 specimens were measured, the fork length range was 38 to 77 cm with mean and standard deviation of 55.02 55 ± 5.90 cm. The highest frequency of Skipjack was in the range of 48-58 cm with 77%. The equations of linear relations between fork length and gill circumference: Gop = 0.577 FL + 1.866 with coefficient of determination 0.926 and linear relation for fork length and body circumference Gmax = 0.922 FL – 9.750 with a Coefficient of Determination 0.963 were gained. The elongation rate was 17% for gill circumference and 21% for the body circumference. In general, based on the present study, a drift gillnet with a mesh size of 136 mm can be used to capture Skipjack, which is slightly smaller than the minimum mesh size used by fishermen.

Judo is a complex sport where different anthropological parameters determine performance. Judo, as a sport is not well known in India. There is evident lack of data concerning the anthropological determinants of judo players. This study was conducted to determine the anthropometric profile and Special Judo Fitness levels of judokas. This cross sectional study was conducted on 31 judo players. Anthropometric profile was assessed by measuring height, weight, body mass index, body circumferences at seven sites, seven site skin fold thickness and body fat percentage as per standard accepted protocol. Special Judo Fitness Test – a specific test to evaluate the judo athlete's physical condition was applied. Statistical analysis done using Students unpaired ‘t’ test and correlation by Karl Pearson correlation coefficient. Out of 31 judo players 20 had ≤5 yrs of judo practice (A group) and 11 >5 yrs of judo (B group). Anthropometric findings of both the judo groups were same. Body fat has negative correlation (r =-0.690, P<0.05) with performance in SJFT. Observations during and after specific test were also similar. Long term training has a minimal effect on anthropometry. Judo athletes of similar age when submitted to the same training type tend to show equal performance in the game and the fitness levels after certain years of training. We also confirm existence of negative correlation between body fat and performance.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic and low intensity resistance training on adiposity anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WHtR), body fat percent (%BF), arm circumference (AC), hip circumference (HC) and thigh circumference (TC) in middle-aged overweight women. 30 volunteered women with regular menstrual cycle and 25≤BMI≥30 were randomly divided into aerobic and low intensity resistance training groups. The aerobic training consisted of 60% of HR intensity and resistance training included 40-45% 1RM intensity. The covariance analysis test was used to compare the differences between the two groups and paired t test was applied to compare the differences between pretest and posttest of each group. The results showed a significant difference between aerobic and resistance groups in AC (P=0.04) and TC (P=0.02) at the end of the experiment (P≤0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in other variables between the two groups. According to the results, low intensity resistance training was more effective than aerobic training to reduce indices of adiposity.

 According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases account for approximately 30% of deaths worldwide. Obesity is one of the most important risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases. Excessive obesity plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabete. Currently, body mass index and waist circumference are recommended for classification of overweight and obesity . Increased body mass index and waist circumference have been shown as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease . However, studies have shown that the discriminative capacity of BMI is questionable due to the inability to distinguish between adipose tissue and lean mass. This issue has led to the idea that by combining traditional anthropometric indices (such as height, weight, body mass index or waist circumference), a better physical index can be designed that considers and examines body shape Recently, Body Shape Index (BSI) has been proposed as a new body index. Krakower et al. (2012) reported a significant correlation between body shape index and visceral fat tissue and showed that premature deaths are more related to this index than waist circumference and body mass index. Body Roundness Index (BRI=BRI) is another new index proposed that based on waist circumference and height, can better predict the percentage of body fat and visceral fat compared to the traditional indices of body mass and circumference. Recently, several studies have shown that body circumference index can be used as an index of obesity to determine the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, hyperthermia, cardiovascular disease and diabetes .The purpose of this study was to predict the relationship between physical activity and some new and traditional obesity indicators in women with cardiovascular disease and to determine the power of these indicators in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.

This descriptive-correlation study was conducted on 334 women with CVD (middle: n=189, elderly: n=145) referring to a heart centers in Mashhad. The inclusion criteria included female patients in the age range of 40 to 75 years, myocardial infarction, heart attack, high blood pressure and cholesterol, and willingness to participate in the research. Cardiovascular disease factors were diagnosed by consulting a specialist doctor and reviewing medical records for each patient. To investigate the relationship between different factors, the study was conducted in different age groups. For this purpose, the subjects were divided into two groups: middle-aged (40-55 years, 189 people) and elderly (60-75 years, 145 people). Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. The convenience sampling method was used. Physical activity level was measured with International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The body shape index (BSI), body roundness index (BRI), Waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), fat mass percentage (%FM) were measured and calculated. Body shape index was calculated based on height (meters), body mass index and waist circumference (meters) using the formula. Body circumference index is based on height (meters) and waist circumference (meters). First, the irregularity (non-dimensional value) of the body (€) was determined using the formula. Irregularity measures the degree of ovality or roundness and ranges from zero (full circle) to one (vertical line).
Independent t test was used for show difference between middle age and elderly groups. To evaluate the possible correlations between obesity indices, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used. The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity and the best cut-off point of anthropometric indices.

The results showed that there is no significant difference for physical activity, body mass index, body roundness index, body shape index, waist circumference, waist-to-thigh ratio and body fat percentage between middle-aged and elderly groups. The results of the correlation coefficient showed that in both middle-aged and elderly groups, body roundness index has a positive relationship with waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-thigh ratio and fat mass. In middle-aged people, the level of physical activity had no significant relationship with any of the variables, but in elderly patients, the level of physical activity had a negative relationship with body roundness index and body shape index. In the middle-aged group, the body roundness index had the largest area under the curve, and the body shape indices and waist-to-hip ratio are in the second place with a small difference. In the elderly, the waist circumference had the largest area under the curve and the body roundness index ranked second. The level of physical activity in both groups had the lowest area under the curve. The values ​​of the cut points using the highest sensitivity and the lowest specificity in the middle-aged group for the physical activity level is greater than 984.5, body roundness index is less than 5.41, body shape index is less than 0.0834, waist circumference is less than 89.7, Body mass index less than 26.3, body fat percentage less than 31.8 and waist to hip ratio less than 0.91 and in the elderly group, physical activity level more than 789.7, body roundness index less than 5.8, index Body shape was less than 0.0865, waist circumference was less than 91.5, body mass index was less than 28.03, body fat percentage was less than 30.46 and waist to hip ratio was less than 0.9.

Contrary to the initial hypothesis of the researchers, the research findings showed that the level of physical activity had the least ability to predict the presence of cardiovascular disease. According to the present research, there was a weak relationship between the level of physical activity and obesity indicators. Considering that prospective studies in adults have shown that low physical activity is closely related to the development of cardiovascular disease, however, it may be that if the amount of physical activity is low, its changes are not very reliable and cannot be a good predictor for the factors Cardiovascular risk. The level of physical activity in the present study was average (1135.7 meters/minute/week for the middle-aged group and 916.4 meters/minute/week for the elderly group) and the subjects were divided according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in terms of physical activity. According to Maisen et al.'s study (2011), the activity level is less than 600 met-minutes per week as inactive, between 600-1500 met-minutes per week as semi-active and more than 1500 met-minutes per week as active was considered. Among the possible reasons for the difference in the results of the mentioned studies, we can mention the physical fitness of the subjects, the disease and pathological conditions of the subjects, and gender. Body roundness index was created in order to predict body fat and visceral fat tissue percentage by using waist size in comparison with height, which makes it possible to estimate the body shape as an egg or oval. Body shape index independent of body size (height, weight and body mass index) creates a quantitative scale to estimate body shape. In preliminary studies, researchers have shown that BSI is a better predictor of premature mortality than BMI and WC in the general US population. According to the results of the study, BRI and WC are best indices for predicting the possibility of CVD in patient middle age and elderly women.

Studies have indicated that anthropometric measurements and hand dimensions may be effective on hand grip strength and relationship between these dimensions with hand grip strength can predict the success and recognition of athletes who are prone. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of handgrip strength with basic anthropometric variables, upper extremity anthropometric variables and specific hand anthropometric variables and comparison it in athletes and non-athletes men. In order to, we selected 200 male subjects includes 100 student non-athletes (age: 21.14 ± 2.13 yrs, Height: 174.98 ± 5.46 cm, weight: 68.6 ± 10.47 kg) and 100 student athletes (age: 21.66 ± 1.96 yrs, Height: 179.13 ± 6.5 cm, weight: 73.65 ± 8.7 kg). Height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat, arm length, forearm length, forearm and hand forearm length, elbow breadth, palmar breadth, wrist breadth, arm circumference, forearm circumference, wrist circumference and specific hand anthropometric variables includes: fingers span, fingers length and fingers perimeter was measured in all subjects. Data were analyzed with independent sample t-test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient, unilateral variance analysis (ANOVA) and stepwise multiple regression statistical models. Level of significant in this study was p<0.05. The findings of this study showed that handgrip strength had a significant relationship with weight, body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat, arm length, arm circumference, forearm circumference, wrist circumference and fifth fingers length in athlete group(p<0.05) and so showed significant relationship with weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, arm length, forearm length, forearm and hand forearm length, arm circumference, forearm circumference, wrist circumference, palmar breadth, wrist breadth, index finger length and fifth finger span in non-athlete group(p<0.05). These findings indicate that anthropometric variables and type of exercise are effective on handgrip strength.

The aim of this study was to estimate body fat percentage through circumference of different parts of body by hydrodensitometry (hydrostatic underwater weighing) as the criterion method and to develop related equations. 158 male students of Isfahan University (mean age: 21.6 yrs, height: 174 cm, weight: 69.04 kg, body fat percentage: 15.61 kg, BMI: 22.59) were randomly selected. These subjects filled in the consent form and medical record questionnaire. Body density was estimated through underwater weighting. The RV was estimated through equation. Height, weight, and circumference of upper and lower body and trunk were measured at eight parts of the body. Using linear regression equations, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise method, 5 equations were developed. Correlation coefficients between weight and circumference of different parts of the body with criterion test were acceptable. Two equations with higher coefficient of determinant were as follows: TBF (kg) = 5.924 + (0.655 w) – (0.490 LA) + (0.303 CC) + (0.197  HC)R= 0.901 R2 = 2.60438 SEE = 0.812TBF (kg) = 2.413 + (0.358  W) –0.003  (LA2) + (0.098  SCCAUA) + 0.001  (CC2) R= 0.905 R2 = 0.82 SEE = 2.51344W= weight, LA= abdominal lower circumference, CC= chest circumference, HC= Hip circumference, SCCAUA= Sum of chest and abdominal upper circumference

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between anthropometric variables and total race time including split times in 184 recreational male Ironman triathletes. Body mass, body height, body mass index, lengths and circumferences of limbs, thicknesses of skin-folds, sum of skin-fold thicknesses, and percent body fat were related to total race time including split times using correlation analysis and effect size. A large effect size (r>0.37) was found for the association between body mass index and time in the run split and between both the sum of skin-folds and percent body fat with total race time. A medium effect size (r=0.24-0.36) was observed in the association between body mass and both the split time in running and total race time, between body mass index and total race time, between both the circumference of upper arm and thigh with split time in the run and between both the sum of skin-folds and percent body fat with split times in swimming, cycling and running. The results of this study showed that lower body mass, lower body mass index and lower body fat were associated with both a faster Ironman race and a faster run split; lower circumferences of upper arm and thigh were also related with a faster run split.

The rising demand for body contouring and concerns about side effects of invasive surgical procedures have led to advances in providing new non-invasive alternative methods for weight reduction. The current retrospective study investigated the safety and efficacy of photobiomodulation technology in reducing local obesity in Middle Eastern participants.

Providing data about body circumferences of 30 participants, with body mass index (BMI) >28 and localized obesity in the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, or arms were included in the final data synthesis. All the records were received at least 4 treatment sessions with the photobiomodulation technology (Volcano device) in Center for Research and training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL) during June 2022-September 2022 Reductions in body standing circumferences as well as reported adverse effects and participants’ satisfaction were retrospectively evaluated and reported.

The extricated data included 30 females’ participants aged 42.06 ± 11.6 years and localized obesity in the abdomen (15 cases), thighs (7 cases), hip (one case) and arms (7 cases). While BMIs were not significantly different from the baseline, abdominal, arm and tight circumferences showed a significant decline after receiving 4 and 6 treatment sessions (P<0.01). There was no report of adverse effect and overall satisfaction was an "excellent" grade.

This study demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of photobiomodulation in reduction of circumferential size in abdomen, buttock, thigh, and arm areas in Middle Eastern participants with high patient satisfaction and acceptable safety profile.

The objective of the current study was to determine the live body weight regression equation using four traits including bodylength, heart circumference, height of withers and abdominal circumference in 150 camels of Yazdi breed. It was tried to describe the adequate details about an appropriate method for fixing or decreasing the problems of collinearity instability and correlation between independent variables related to live body weight of Yazdi camel ecotype. The results of this study showed that the problem of multicollinearity within the data was associated to body weight of Yazdi camel breed and related independent variables could be fixed by the principal components analysis. Among the independent variables, body height and abdominal circumference had the highest and lowest coefficient in estimating the body weight of Yazdi camel, respectively. It suggested that the principal components analysis be used when there is the problem of collinearity in multivariable linearly regression analysis because of more precise estimation than least squares method. Also this method can help to the breeders to select the best animals by predicting the precise value of some important traits and selecting the best independent variables for predicting the traits