The aim of this study was to examine the impact of cooperative learning on the development of social skills of fifth-grade elementary school girls of Esfahan. The study was conducted drawing on a pre-test-post-test quasi-experimental design. The sampling frame of the study included all fifth grade elementary girl students of district five of Esfahan in the school year 1386-1387 which comprised a total of 2287 girl students. Out of this total a sample of 320 students was drawn. In order to collect data, a use was made of a social skill development instrument developed by Keramati (1382). The reliability of the instrument was assessed for the new usage using Cronbach's alpha (alpha=0.83). The data was analyzed using t-test and SPSS. The results of the study supported the main hypothesis. At the end, some recommendations were put forward on the basis of the findings.

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of cooperative learning on the development of social skills of fifth-grade elementary school girls of Esfahan. The study was conducted drawing on a pre-testpost- test quasi-experimental design. The sampling frame of the study included all fifth grade elementary girl students of district five ofEsfahan in the school year 1386-1387 which comprised a total of 2287 girl students. Out of this total a sample of 320 students was drawn. In order to collect data, a use was made of a social skill development instrument developed by Keramati (1382). The reliability of the instrument was assessed for the new usage using Cronbach's alpha(alpha=0.83). The data was analyzed using t-test and SPSS. The results of the study supported the main hypothesis. At the end, some recommendations were put forward on the basis of the findings.

This study aimed to explain the socio-emotional development of infants based on family financial stress, father involvement, and mother-infant attachment. The study was a causal model. Two hundred twenty-one mothers completed the long form of Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments (Altafim et al., 2020), Maternal Postpartum Attachment Scale (Condon & Corkindale, 1998) Father Involvement Scale (Rempel & Rempel, 2011; Hawkins et al., 2002), and Family Financial Stress Scale (Crandall, Magnusson, Novilla, Novilla & Dyer, 2017). The results showed the positive effect of mother-infant attachment on the social-emotional development of infants. The father's involvement also had a positive effect on the mother-infant attachment. The mediating role of mother-infant attachment in the relationship between father involvement and the socio-emotional development of infants was confirmed. In the model modification process, the family financial stress variable was removed from the proposed research model. According to the research findings, the father's involvement can improve the mother-infant attachment and thus increase the social-emotional development of the infant.

The prevailing view among civil courts concerning final decisions not on merits issued by the judge of the Dispute Resolution Council, dealt with by the General Court in civil matters as an appellate court is that the case must be returned to the Council to deal with the merits of the dispute in case of reversal of the decision of the Council, taking into account Article 18 of the Dispute Resolution Councils Act, Article 353 of the Civil Procedure Act, and the Principle of the two step judicial process. However, in the author's opinion, taking into account the clear wording of Note 2 of Article 18 of the Dispute Resolution Councils Act which considers the request for an appeal of the decisions made by a Council judge to be subject to the Council Act, the appelate court must directly make a decision (including judgement or writ) in case it reverses the decision in question. Moreover, the view of the General Legal Department of the Judiciary, the High Committee of the Judicial Meetings, and the approach of Judicial Development Instrument to reduce delay in proceedings by eliminating unnecessary steps from the proceedings, confirms this perspective.

Today, cities are faced with a multitude of issues that caused them to have injured appearances. Efforts to cure these injuries are similar to surgeries on an anesthetized city which not only has disrupted life in the city, but has also caused irreparable damage. Existing research shows that in Iran, especially in Tehran, most of the intervention strategies in deteriorated urban sites have not achieved the desired goals; goals including reducing urban poverty and social vulnerability, increasing resilience to disasters, upgrading local identity, increasing the efficiency of the transportation system, reducing environmental problems, and  achieving social justice. Considering the urban characteristics and urban planning crises in Iran, it seems that in order to achieve the goals and efficient regeneration of deteriorated urban sites, it is necessary to change the basic approach in parallel with social, economic and political changes. Therefore, it seems necessary to use a new intervention model. The aim of this study is to propose a method for prioritizing intervention sites in deteriorated urban neighborhoods through participatory processes as well as the reduction of costs, shortening the implementation time of projects, and increasing their efficiency through an urban acupuncture approach. The aim of prioritizing neighborhood sites is to achieve sites with the least problems and the most development instruments. Because of the small scale of interventions in the urban acupuncture approach, the maximum number of problems should be eliminated by using powerful development instruments. To apply this method, Pamanar neighborhood in Tehran was selected as the case study. This neighborhood is located within the Oodlajan neighborhood in Zone 2 of District 12 of Tehran’s municipality. With an area of 150 hectares and a population of 16943. It is one of the five historical neighborhoods of Tehran and many of its buildings are of great historical significance. The edges of the neighborhood are mostly surrounded by commercial uses beyond urban districts. Due to the intrusion of commercial storage uses into the neighborhood and migration of its residents, Pamanar faces serious problems such as severe depopulation, deterioration of fabrics and buildings, diminishing cachet of activities, shortage of urban services, declining environmental sanitation, stagnation in the real estate market, and increase in crime rates. The data collection and analysis methods of this study include semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, examination of the development documents of the neighborhood, analysis of space syntax in Depth Map software package, prioritization of the indicators using the AHP questionnaire and analyzing them in Expert Choice software, and analysis and overlap of the data using ArcGIS. The findings suggest that in all phases of the study, prioritization of intervention sites is possible through analyzing motion flows and designing and implementing participatory processes in the framework of urban acupuncture. As a result, the priority of the intervention is first in the internal fabrics, second in the sites around Pamanar street, third in the sites around Mostafa Khomeini street and finally in the sites around 15 Khordad, Naser Khosrow and Amirkabir streets.

The realization of cyber security along with the technical and equipment dimensions is in need of expansion and development of competent and efficient human resources. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to design a model for strategic human resource development in the field of cyber security of the Armed Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran. Regarding its purpose and data collection and analysis, this study is applied-developmental and quantitative. In order to attain its goal in the first stage, by extracting 140 indicators, 50 components and 15 dimensions of exploratory studies, a conceptual model was designed. In the second stage, a questionnaire was prepared based on the components of the model. The validity (face and content) and reliability of this instrument were examined by surveying opinions of 8 experts. In the third stage, based on the views of 43 scientific and executive experts in the field of cyber security of the country, using SPSS and PLS software the desirability and relationships of the model components were evaluated. The results of this phase showed that at the level of p ≤ 0.05 out of 20 regulatory hypotheses, except for three hypotheses, i.e. the relationship between staff development apparatuses and jihadi culture; the mediating role of maturity, stakeholders' participation and cooperation in the relationship between their development instruments and enhancement of cyber security governance; and the mediating role of the mentioned mediating variable in the relationship between stakeholders' development apparatuses and the promotion of global indicators of cyber security readiness, other assumptions have been significant. In conclusion, based on the research results, some suggestions have been presented on how to achieve strategic development of human resources in the field of cyber security of the Armed Forces.

Language disorders may affect receptive and/or expressive language skills. The use of a validated and reliable assessment tool is essential to assess these skills in children. The present study aimed to develop a valid and reliable language development instrument for Persian-speaking children aged 2-6 years. The present cross-sectional study was conducted during 2016-2017 in three main Iranian cities, namely Mashhad, Tehran, and Isfahan. The target population was children between the ages of 2 and 6 in various kindergartens and schools. The Persian Language Development Scale (PLDS) was developed by incorporating linguistic characteristics of the Persian language and Iranian culture. Following a number of iterations, including a pilot study of 36 children, the final version of the PLDS tool was used to assess the receptive and expressive language skills of 460 children. The reliability and validity of the PLDS tool were examined. The content validity ratio (CRV) of the PLDS tool was 0.85. The tool could differentiate children by age, but not by sex. The test-retest reliability, with 10 days interval, showed a significant correlation between the coefficients of receptive (0.96) and expressive (0.93) scales. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for receptive and expressive scales was 0.93 and 0.98, respectively. The internal consistency, using the KR-21, for the receptive and expressive scales was 0.88 and 0.92, respectively. A language development scale has been developed to assess receptive and expressive language skills in Iranian children aged 2-6 years. The validity and reliability of the tool were confirmed.

Action research is an efficient tool for the teachers to tackle the problems in their classes and enhance teaching and learning process. This study explored EFL teachers' perceptions about the effect of conducting action research on their professional development. It also probed into the challenges and problems that teachers experienced during the conduction of their action research as well as the support structures which are needed in this regard. Ten EFL teachers were involved in doing classroom-based action research for one semester. Qualitative data were gathered through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and diaries. Findings revealed that action research contributed to teachers' professional growth through increasing their awareness of their role as teachers and of their students’ needs, providing opportunities for self-reflection on practice, increasing professional confidence, developing a sense of leadership and autonomy, and creating a positive classroom atmosphere. Nevertheless, the participants struggled with three major challenges during the conduction of their action research: lack of time, lack of academic research knowledge and lack of institutional support. It is concluded that contrary to the existing professional development programs, action research can act as a cost-effective, contextualized and efficient professional development instrument tailored to individual teachers’ specific teaching circumstances and classroom peculiarities. Finally, suggestions are made for promoting action research engagement in language education contexts.

The ever-increasing movement of the country’s economy towards privatization, demands the consideration of specific standards and criteria which, besides guaranteeing the advantages of privatization, prevents the problems originating from improper privatization while protecting the essence of Islamic government’s supervision. ‘Authorization’ (iqta’), as one of the procedures of handing over the utilization rights of lands, under the ownership of Imam (including both barren and non-barren) while having the property of supervision, can be used by the Islamic government. With the help of related Traditions (ahadith) and with a juristic method, this article has discussed; the possibility of using the instruments of ‘authorization’ (iqta’) and, consequently, development (ehya’), its specifications and its role in privatization process. It has proved the existence of an aspect of supervision in ‘authorization’ and has explained that, the particularity of ‘iqta’ of barren lands, can be negated and it can be generalized to include non-barren lands, which need supervision and development.

Measuring the cost of treatment is one of the daily concerns of the developed world, which play a fundamental role in the design and evaluation of health systems. The present study was conducted with the aim of development and psychometrics of "Treatment Cost Management Scale" for children with cancer.

The current research is of a methodological type. In the qualitative part, a wide review of the literature related to the research subject, including library documents and scientific articles from 2003 to 2021, was conducted and by analyzing them in the form of a data extraction form, "Treatment Cost Management Scale" was developed. In the quantitative part, the content validity ratio and the content validity index of the scale were conducted by asking the opinions of 15 people from the medical staff of Shafizadeh Children's Hospital in Babol city with the snowball method. Construct validity was investigated by exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity and divergent validity by distributing the designed scale among 250 available medical staff of Shafizadeh Children's Hospital. Composite reliability and internal consistency reliability were calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS. 22 and Amos. 24.

In the qualitative part, "Treatment Cost Management Scale" was developed with 24 items. The values of the content validity ratio for all items were 0.49 and the content validity index was 0.80. Exploratory factor analysis showed the construct validity of 6 subscales. Divergent validity was equal to 0.58 and composite reliability was equal to 0.89 and reliability by internal consistency method was obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.88.

"Treatment Cost Management Scale" is valid and reliable with 24 items and 6 subscales. It is suggested to use the designed scale in researches related to health and treatment services to manage the costs of children with cancer.