The issuance of government securities plays an important role in financing budget deficite. Due to the usury of various types of conventional treasury securities, government sukuk has been designed as an alternative to conventional treasury in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Despite years of experience, financing government through government securities, faced serious challenges, which has called into question the government's continued access to this source of funding. The present article deals with the determining challenges of government financing through the issuance of Islamic securities and provides related solutions with a practical approach.In this study, using the content analysis of library documents and interviews with experts, supply and demand side, functional and jurisprudential challenges of government securities are analyzed. Then, practical solutions are presented, including; the establishment of primary dealer system, the establishment of a securities issuance committee and the adoption of a relevant permanent law, not to force the banking system to buy securitiess, strengthening the market depth with Utilization of fintechs, creation of information system for debt market, reforming determining coupon rate system, use of innovative contracts and development of market tools.

In the past, the provision of security was the duty of state and public authorities specially police, but in the twentieth century, we are witnessing the transition from public to private security and the emergence of new and non-governmental actors, which has been accompanied by a kind of security commodification. The emergence of mass private property, the growth technical surveillance systems, rising crime rates and insecurity, as well as the oversupply of public demand from the resources available to the state police, have welcomed private security companies, and government have realized that they can no longer be the sole security agents. In this article, with comparative analytical approach, we discuss the concept, legal foundation and manifestations of the private security industry in Iranian and British law. Findings indicate that the key elements of the private security industry in Iranian law are narrower than in British law and cases such as private detectives, the use of private experts in the investigation of crimes such as fraud are not recognized, in fact the physical security of the industry is more welcomed. In the field of prison services, detection and cyber security, government security and the exception of private security are dominated.

The fact that theories find different positions when they are linked with power turning them into strategy leads us to make a distinction between the status of practice and the status of theory. On this basis, in this article the author examines the strategic aspect of Imam Ali's (Peace be upon him) security theory after he assumed responsibility of administering the affairs of the Islamic society. In so doing, he proposes an analytical framework based on distinction between the idea of security and the organization of security. On this ground, he views "the power-oriented nature of security" and "secularization of security" as two serious harms inflicting the security strategy in the Islamic society. This is the reason why the Alavi government's security strategy becomes institutionalized in response to these two harms and refers to the "eradication of power from security" and "making security religious” so that security finds its deserved meaning and status.In an article series on the Islamic theory of security, the author tries in this article to present certain evidence that indicate the determination of Imam Ali to restrict the sphere of the presence of power in the definition of security and liberate the capacities of the Sharia for the establishment of security in the Islamic society

The popular approach taken by many thinkers is that the development of information technology should create peace، bring humans closer، establish democracy، and promote freedom and civil society. There is another approach that is not in agreement with this consensus، and that poses fundamental critiques of it. This article attempts to explore politics in the age of information from postmodernism’s severely pessimistic perspective: accepting electronic government security، effective information، digital democracy and diplomacy in format، and in content، moving towards radical attitudes which casts a great doubt on the fundamentals، and the optimistic political beliefs in the age of information. From the perspective of postmodernism، the age of information manifests itself through three forms of disciplinary society، control society، and simulated society with metaphysics of code that delineate complex systems of security، control with soft and silent structure.

We examine the extent to which markets enable the provision of housing finance a cross a wide range of countries. Housing is a major purchase requiring long-term financing, and the factors that are associated with well-functioning housing finance systems are those that enable the provision of long-term finance. A cross all countries, controlling for country size, we find that countries with stronger legal rights for borrowers and lenders (through collateral and bankruptcy laws), deeper credit information systems, and a more stable macroeconomic environment have deeper housing finance systems. These same factors also help explain the variation in housing finance across emerging market economies. A cross developed countries, which tend to have low macroeconomic volatility and rela- Tively extensive credit information systems, variation in the strength of legal rights helps explain the extent of housing finance. We also examine another potential factor-the exis- tence of sizeable government securities markets-that might enable the development of emerging markets’ housing finance systems, but we find no evidence supporting that.

In this Research, the relationship between foreign direct investment, economic freedom and economic growth is investigated in a panel of 84 selected countries during 2000-2012. For this purpose, the GMM approach has been applied. More precisely, this paper examines the impact of FDI on economic growth through the channel of economic freedom. Estimation results show that FDI by itself has no positive effect on economic growth. However, the effect of FDI on economic growth depends on the level of economic freedom in the host countries. The main channel of absorption capacity of host countries to benefit from spillover effects of multinational firms is economic freedom. Also FDI has positive and significant effects on economic growth in countries with high economic freedom and countries with higher middle economic freedom. Moreover among components of economic freedom, the components related to Size of Government, Security of Property Rights, Freedom to Trade Internationally, and Regulation of Labor, Credit and Business have the most positive effect on the effect of FDI on economic growth.

One of the requirements of marriage is the right of children for couples. This right is especially important in view of the population of the country and can be considered in the field of government security. Infertile couples are naturally deprived of this right, but medical science is chosen with its new advances by artificial insemination to significantly contribute to the production and fulfillment of this right and bring it to the field of jurisprudence. This study, considering the need to make every effort to realize the right to procreation as much as possible, according to the jurisprudential rules of artificial insemination by "IUI" method or intrauterine and "IVF" or in vitro fertilization, as well as in the process of "E. Or donating an egg that uses foreign sperm; Or to use a pair of sperm and the same sperm is enriched or changed in the laboratory. First, the methods of artificial insemination are briefly mentioned, then, in detail, the jurisprudential views on the obligatory rules and status of the methods of "IUI", "IVF" and "ED" or the use of foreign sperm and eggs in artificial insemination are expressed in a descriptive-analytical manner. The right to have children should be clarified in the light of these rulings.

The government debt management policy is mainly based on capital market instruments. Under This ‎mechanism, frozen and unproductive resources used for countercyclical fiscal policies. Nevertheless, the ‎policy in Iran is mainly based on funds of the banking system and Nondepository Institutions, and capital ‎market is passively influenced by it. This could lead to inefficiencies in government debt management ‎policies as well as the volatility of the capital market. so, this study investigated direct and indirect effects ‎of various Iranian government debt on stock market by using SVAR during 2005:q2-2016:q2.‎
The results showed that effects of government debt on stock market are mostly indirectly and through ‎channel of economic variables. As real exchange rate, ratio of price of non-trade goods to trade and general ‎level of prices has a negative effect and an increase in GDP has a positive effect on real price of the shares. ‎These economic variables also significantly affected by government debts.‎‏ ‏Among types of government ‎debt, only government debt to Nondepository institutions has a direct and significant effect on real price of ‎shares. Based on these results, capital market is passively influenced by the government debt management, ‎while development of government financial instruments in framework of capital market leads to 1) ‎government to get flexible in itself debt managment and minimizes undesirable it’s outcomes, 2) it will ‎contribute to the development of the capital market,‎‏ ‏if the capital market capacity is considered at issuance ‎of government securities, and also government is disciplined in Settlement of securities.‎‏ ‏

Development agents are highly significant in national and regional level. But, border regions` development agents with Kurdish origins have been always paid attention with highly sensitivity by national policy makers. Present research has three basic aims including: local development agent recognition, identification of agents` relevant processes, and exploration of barriers for each agent`s role in the process of local development. In order to explain theoretical context of the question, institutionalism approach with good government role in local development have been presented. Piranshahr border region, in the south of West Azerbaijan province, is the only formal border with Iraqi Kurdistan, and has experienced fast development changes in recent twenty years based on academic research and the researcher`s lived experience. Research method is qualitative and is based on the analysis of interviews and participatory observation. Sampling is done through purposive sampling; and Data has been collected through deep and group interviews with 30 local development agents divided in five groups including: governmental agents (from state and parliament), economical agents (from local investors, border merchants, carrier laborers, farmers), security agents (from Sepah military forces, Border Regiment forces), urban agents (from city managers and real-estate agents), and native social agents (from local confidants, NGOs, and Clergymen). Results show that agents from government, security, border, and economical agents including border merchants, carrier laborers, and local investors, have had affective experienced trends which have been mainly accompanied by interaction, opposition, indifference, ethnic respect preserve, and friendship. Serious barriers for local development have been recognized as nonnative agents, security point of view, ethno-centric view, and distrust to local people. Good government indexes have been variant based on institutionalism approach in different political states after revolution 1979. Based on research findings, local good government with upward planning look, using native agents, and participation of local people is the most appropriate strategy for the fulfillment of local development in Piranshahr border region.

Embedding the direction of all matters, processes and activities with the information society in the context of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a kind of movement towards safe IT Governance. If this process to be executed permanently and sustainable in the framework of vision, it can be a competitive advantage for achieving the ultimate goals of the document of vision, especially in science and technology section the Infrastructure of e-government includes the basic requirements of information society and IT Governance. The purpose of this research is to present a valid theoretical model for Iran e-government information security assessment. model for assessment e-government security to achieve a safe information society and sustainable development with participating of public and private sectors in order to accomplish the goals of national vision and remaining in the first place of science and technology and also constructive interactions in the global information society. In this work, by addressing newest best practice and successful experiences in this field and reviewing outputs, outcomes and challenges of laws, regulations, programs, projects, strategic documents and comprehensive plans, the appropriate framework in different dimensions, requirements, drivers and barriers will be presented. Then the parameters and criterias of model are deposited to experts in the public and private sectors to test their validity, reliability and validation.For assessing validity, accuracy and reliability of model, First, we should collect the rate of parameters and elements which assigned by selected experts via questionnaire in the form of a table. Second, calculating total score of each parameter by using geometric mean, then based on experts view, the parameters relations with the higher degree of importance, accuracy are collected and the result is inserted in the interaction table. Using DEMATEL method, decision about hierarchy of influence, importance and priority ranking of the basic elements and parameters of the proposed model will be made. The result of this process will be a valid theoretical model for Iran e-government information security assessment which is approved by ICT experts.