Problem:

Human development ecosystem refers to a network of diverse stakeholders that create a dynamic network of human capabilities in a suitable environment in dynamic interaction with each other, and continuously improve the quality of people's lives. The level of each of the mentioned capabilities and the extent of their effects on each other play a fundamental role in the efficiency and sustainability of the human development ecosystem. Individual capabilities and employability are two important groups of elements of the network of human abilities, whose level and mutual effects play a key role in human development. While their status in Iran's economy is not known and the knowledge gap is strongly felt.

Considering the above issue, the aim of this article is to analyze the situation and the relationship between capabilities of the graduates of higher education in Iran's economy.

In order to achieve the mentioned goal of the descriptive-analytical method, the field data received from a sample of 1461 students of basic sciences in 2013 and 2014 from Iran's state universities and was analyzed by artificial neural networks technique.

The results of the analysis show that none of the individual capabilities (general, learning, social, managerial and operational) of basic science graduates have a significant effect on their employability. Also, the employability of basic science graduates does not contribute significantly to the development of individual abilities. However, the individual capabilities of basic science graduates significantly (although weakly) affect each other and help each other.

Therefore, in Iran's economy, the capability network of basic science graduates is very weak, and the ecosystem of human development in this field is inefficient and unstable.

Today, entrepreneurship is important for the growth and development of villages. Rural entrepreneurship and the ecosystems that support it are known as a practical solution for rural development. Rural ecosystems are often characterized by scarcity of infrastructure and financial and human resources, weaknesses in government support programs and relatively weak communication and information networks, More expensive access to large markets and low levels of economic activity. As a result, entrepreneurship in rural ecosystems is less based on opportunity and more based on necessity and coercion. Enhancing the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem can be a suitable strategy for accelerating the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas. Therefore, the present study has been conducted with a comprehensive review of the literature on the field of entrepreneurship ecosystem, with the aim of describing the effects, elements, characteristics and necessity of strengthening rural entrepreneurship ecosystems. In this research, first, the concept of rural entrepreneurship and rural entrepreneurship ecosystem has been addressed and then, the economic, technological and social impacts of rural entrepreneurship ecosystems have been discussed, and then the importance of the elements of the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem has been discussed and finally, the characteristics of entrepreneurship ecosystems are described.

Ecosystems and their biodiversity provide a stream of essential goods and services, economic prosperity and other aspects of well-being for human life. Many ecosystem services are falling off, which ignoring theme in decision-making and development planning has potential impacts. Therefore, it is vital to ensure that ecosystem services are included in development planning, especially land-use planning. The purpose of this article is introducing methods for integrating ecosystem services in planning. This article is practical-development form and its methodology is descriptive. In this article, we tried to describe the relationship between ecosystem services and land use planning, besides defining theme. Hence, the methods for integrating ecosystem services in land use planning are intrduced, such as; IES, SEA and GI. Subsequently, by presenting case studies in China, Hawaii and the United Kingdom that used ecosystem services in land use planning, the role of integrated ecosystem services in land use planning has been identified. Finally, we tried to extract some principles for integrating ecosystem services into land use planning.

Economists use human capital as a black box in their models, regardless of the content. It does not have the necessary importance and effectiveness for policy development of higher learning and employment of higher education graduates. Therefore, this study aimed to reopen this black box and analyze its content theoretically and experimentally. To achieve this goal, first the concept of human capital is redefined, its content is identified and the relationships of its components are theoretically analyzed; then, the conceptual framework obtained from this process has been used for statistical analysis of the content of human capital of graduates of Persian literature. A researcher-made questionnaire collected the required data from a sample of 100 graduates in the field. Partial structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The findings of theoretical analysis indicate that individual human capital is a dynamic ecosystem; Health, skills in mental processes (feeling, perception, learning, thinking, evaluation, judgment, inclination and memory), psychological capacities (motivation, emotion and excitement) and intellectual abilities (information, knowledge, insight, attitude, wisdom, value and insight) are its most important components. The structure and function of this ecosystem bring professional and skillful behavior and performance to the individual. The development of human capital means the activation and development of the human capital ecosystem in them. Statistical analysis of the content of human capital of graduates of Persian literature indicates that the human capital of these people is not structurally compatible with the conceptual framework. Improving learning skills and increasing the availability of specialized knowledge affects the operational skills of graduates of the field; other processes and cognitive and metacognitive capabilities do not adequately help each other and improve graduateschr('39') operational capabilities. To develop human capital in students, simply providing information and knowledge to them is not enough. Universities must activate and develop the human capital ecosystem in them. Unfortunately, statistical analysis shows that literature departments and faculties Persian in Iran have not been able to activate the human capital ecosystem in their graduates and develop their human capital.

The achievement of sustainable development is contingent upon a holistic strategy that takes into account the ecological, economic, social, and cultural factors specific to each locality. The safeguarding of renewable natural resources serves as a crucial foundation for enhancing the standard of living for human beings. The objective of this study was to assess the ecological sustainability of the ecosystems present in the Khosroshirin Abadeh watershed. The present investigation employed two techniques, namely the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) methods and the guidelines of the Organization of Natural Resources and Watershed Management. The initial approach involved partitioning the domain into five distinct sub-domains, followed by an assessment of its sustainability based on three criteria, 10 indicators, and 26 variables within the ecosystem sustainability category. Additionally, two criteria, six indicators, and 16 variables were utilized to evaluate human welfare within the domain. The mean value of the chosen metrics within the domains of ecosystem and human welfare were determined to be 61.8 and 47.2, correspondingly. The stability barometer analysis indicates that the ecosystems under investigation are currently exhibiting moderate levels of stability. The second approach involved an assessment of the rangeland ecosystem and economic and social issues based on the Natural Resources and Watershed Organization's guidelines. The evaluation of the rangeland ecosystem section involved the consideration of 3 criteria, 9 indicators, and 14 variables. On the other hand, the economic and social issues was evaluated based on 5 criteria and 16 indicators, which served as variables. The present approach involved the computation of a final score of 46 for the rangland ecosystem and a final score of 36 for the human welfare human ecosystem. A value of 2.2 was obtained based on the analysis of the 16 selected variables. The score estimation matrix table was utilized to derive a total score of 5.5 for both rangland ecosystems and human welfare. The sustainability assessment table indicates that the Khosroshirin basin's ecosystem is currently in a state of weak sustainability, according to the assigned score. Enhancing the existing livestock and plant composition indicators, along with promoting sustainability of the ecosystem and ensuring ownership, justice, equality, nutrition, and food security in the human ecosystem, can lead to improved living standards of the watershed inhabitants and foster better health and sustainability of the ecosystems in question.

Currently, Iranian Forest resources planning is dominated by national, regional and sub-regional planning causing numerous damages to forests. In this study, the necessity of using a spatial forest resources planning process for macro management of country's forest resources and presenting the analytical model to the current practice has been investigated. Given the nature of macro perspective of spatial planning which contains various development plans and environmental protection simultaneously, the selection of this model provides a suitable strategy in the process of macro forest resources planning. The model presented here was conducted using qualitative analysis, citation analysis and content analysis. In the proposed model, the development process uses the nature of the performance and function of forest ecosystems based on the structure and biological processes of the ecosystem (Ecosystem analysis). On the other hand, the process employs the correlation between human and nature (Human Ecology).‌ This model can be conducted in five stages including analysis of the existing conditions of customary forest areas, evaluation of ecosystem services supply, assessment of forest resources demand, determining the units of management and optimizing the distribution of services. By implementing the spatial forest resource planning, a sustainable approach can be achieved in planning the forest resources of Iran.

Several benefits that humans get from ecosystems are called ecosystem services. Carbon sequestration as an eco- regulation service is declining, due to the transformation and destruction of the earth used to recompense the burgeoning human needs for development. In the present study, a pilot landscape of hyrcanian forests, protected area in Jahannama was selected. By examining the land use / cover changes during 2001 to 2018, future condition of the land will be set to determine the carbon storage and carbon sequestration model in 2036. The amount of carbon in the four carbon storage sources including biomass, underground biomass, soil and organic matter along with IPCC reports facilities, field studies and sampling was extracted. Deterioration trend in forest lands and grassland with remarkable role in carbon sequestration was sharpened. The reduction trend will be predicted to reach as much as 40 per cent which will be equivalent to 400859 tons per land. With the same rate in land deterioration, a considerable decrease in ecosystem storage and carbon sequestration’ potentiality will be expected present study indicated that the integration of the concept of the ecosystem services in land planning discourse and land use management via the provision of spatial maps of ecosystem services on a regional scale, along with the rational development of human use, ecological hazards should be minimized, as a result better decision will be made in planning the land. It is also suggested that to enhance the quality of Jahannama ecosystem services in development plans and review within the protected boundaries and the principled management of land use within the protective boundaries.

Today, developed and developing countries are focusing more on environmental issues and development. The present study aims to provide a model for the establishment of green human resources management in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. The purpose of this research is in the field of applied research, and since it describes the variables and relationships between them, the recognition of the status quo and finally the presentation of the pattern of deployment, is descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of this research includes relevant experts. In order to reach the consensus, 27 people were studied by interview method and the required information was collected. To analyze qualitative data and to extract factors affecting HRM and its influential factors, the method of analysis of the theme (theme analysis) was used. Structural-interpretive modeling has been used to identify the relationships between variables and the deployment of green human resources in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. The findings of the research include explaining the green human resources management model in the entrepreneurship ecosystem and analyzing the results of infiltration-correlation; the existing model is a model for different businesses with the aim of establishing a green human resource management in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. The research findings show 18 dimensions for the establishment of green human resources management. The research results indicate the impact of green human resource management on entrepreneurship ecosystems and green thinking and sustainable development, and ultimately globalization.

Given the accelerating rate of urbanization worldwide, negative externalities have emerged. This awareness has led to rising demands of political and stakeholder communities to more comprehensively assess impacts of urban development projects on urban landscapes. The Ecosystem Services Valuation (ESV) is relatively a new approach which describes in the scholarly written literature as a good way to provide decision-makers with better choices in their decisions for sustainable city planning. This article explores the potential of urban ecosystem services for improving planning of urban development projects to reach more sustainable cities. First, important ecosystem services in urban areas are classified. Second, the study explores influential literature and their notions in the context of (ESV). Finally, the article analyzes how the ecosystem services valuation may inform urban planning. From the following review, it could be found that many urban ecosystem services have already been identified, characterized and valued. Also, they play a critical role in the human well-being and urban resiliency.

Competitiveness takes form in the context of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, leading to the development of industries and regions. Therefore, studying the entrepreneurship and competitiveness ecosystem has attracted many researchers. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the eight dimensions of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (infrastructure, research and development, policy, finance, non-financial support, markets, human capital, and entrepreneurial culture) on industry competitiveness. In this research we used a deterministic-fuzzy approach and the ecology and environmental theory as well. The sample consisted of one hundred and thirty active competitive companies as reflected in the Herfindahl index. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by fsQCA and SPSS software. Findings indicate that for industries to become  competitiveness, from  the eight 8 dimensions of the entrepreneurship ecosystem, five are the required conditions and three are adequate conditions. Also, three types of rigorous standard analysis were extracted from the dimensions of entrepreneurship ecosystem in the direction of paths of competitiveness of industries.