Identifying the early written scholarly sources is an issue of great use and so an important albeit complicated and difficult one. Fuat Sezgin proposed and applied a systematic method for identifying the sources of early literature. This method has had many advantages but some criticisms have been directed at it as well. The origin of some of these criticisms is the lack of some information in Sunni bibliography literature. However the important information found in Tūsi’s and Najjashi’s Fihrists may be useful in improving Seguin’s method and identifying the sources of later works. In this paper we focus on Hossein ibn Said’s Kitab al-Zuhd and illustrate the great use of Tūsi’s and Najjashi’s Fihrists in improving Sezgin’s method for identifying the early written sources of Hadith literature. In doing so, some methods for distinction between collectors and transmitters in the chain of transmitters will be illustrated. According to Sezgin the last common link is the source of a given later work but it will be shown that through different ways other roles may be considered as well.

The southern regions of Kerman Province have repeatedly encountered dust storms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify dust sources using effective parameters such as vegetation cover, land surface temperature, soil moisture, soil texture, and slope as well as to detect dust storms originating from these regions based on 31 MODIS images in 2016 and SRTM data. After normalizing parameters, the dust source map was prepared by fuzzy logic and assessed with an error matrix and available dust source map. Results showed that 30.5% of the study area was classified as a low source of dust, 39.55% as moderate, and 29.85% as severe-very severe. The overall accuracy of the produced map was about 70% and the producer and user accuracy of the severe-very severe class was more than 87%. The detection of dust storms originated from the identified dust sources also confirmed a crisis situation in the region. Due to the repeatability and continuity of obtained dust source map at pixel scale, it can be used to update available dust source maps and manage dust crisis in the region, properly.

In order to detect pollutants in water distribution systems, sensors are used which, in addition to detecting pollution, also provide useful information to identify the source of pollutants. This information is useful for finding a suitable solution for quality management of the distribution network. The purpose of this study is to determine four characteristics of the pollution source to the system by a simulator-optimizer approach with optimally allocating two sensors in EPANET Example 2. These characteristics are: the contaminant injection node, injection mass rate, injection starting time and injection duration time. EPANET and genetic algorithm were linked as the simulator and optimizer tools to achieve these goals, simultaneously. For this purpose, first ten different pollution events were generated randomly, then the best place to install sensors in the network for identifying the source of pollution was found. Moreover, the shortest time of detection was selected among fourteen different combinations with a contamination source identification likelihood equal to 90%. The results showed that by placing sensors in two nodes 15 and 27 of the benchmark problem, the highest contamination source identification likelihood equal to 90% and the minimum detection time equal to 58 minutes were achieved.

The purpose of this study is to identify the sources of pollution in the catchment area of ​​Chamgardalan Dam and to determine the potential for contamination of organic matter in the household and livestock waste of the catchment area and finally to provide guidelines for controlling and reducing pollution. After preparing the catchment area using Arc GIS10 software, field visits were conducted to accurately identify the sources of contamination of the catchment area, including villages and livestock units. Then, the contamination potential of organic matter in household and animal wastes was calculated. Then, the contamination potential of organic matter in household and animal wastes was calculated. About 56% of the total nitrogen load and 54% of the total phosphorus load are produced by various dams under the Gol Gol basin, and about 71% of the pollution potential from population centers is under the Gol Gol basin and 17% is under the Chaviz basin. And 12% below the basin. Accordingly, Gol Gol basin, due to the high density of rural population and also having the largest number of livestock and poultry farms in the catchment area, has the highest amount of household and livestock waste compared to the other two sub-basins.

Sistan watershed has caused severe dust storms in the region in recent years due to the drying up of Lake Hamoon and consecutive droughts. This study aimed to identify and determine the characteristics of dust source areas (land use, lithology, slope, and geomorphology) in the Sistan watershed. To identify the dust source area, MODIS satellite images of dust days for the period 2015 to 2019 were used using dust detection indicators including BTD3132, BTD2931, NDDI, and D. The results of identifying dust source area indicate that a total of 211 dust source areas were identified in the whole region. Of these identified dust source area, 61 are in Iran and 150 in Afghanistan. The results of the distribution of dust collection centers in different uses indicate that dryland agricultural lands with 172 centers, dried lake surfaces, and irrigated agricultural lands with 16 and 12 sources have the highest dust collection sources. From the overlap of the lithology map and dust source, it was obtained that the most dust source area with 111 and 98 sources, respectively, are located in continuous and discontinuous sedimentary formations. The results of the distribution of dust source area in geomorphological units indicate that the erosion plain unit with an area of 35.69 percent, 48 dust source area has the highest collection source. Also, the results of the distribution of dust source area in different slopes show that the highest dust source area is in the slopes of 0 to 2% with 107 sources and the lowest located in more slopes of 32%% with 6 sources.

Nitrate contamination of groundwater has been concerned as one of the major environmental problems during last few decades. Recent studies have established that the nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) isotopes of nitrate (NO3) can be used to trace nitrogen dynamics including identifying nitrate sources and nitrogen transformation processes. Stable isotope ratios (δ15N–NO3, δ18O–NO3 and δD-H2O) of groundwater samples were determined used to identify contamination sources and transformation processes occurring in Varamin aquifer, Southeast Tehran, Iran with intense human activities. The approach is based on the realization that NO3 originating from different sources would be exhibit differing isotopic compositions. In addition, δ18O–NO3 is more useful to identify nitrate from atmospheric sources and nitrogen transformation processes. In case study, nitrate concentration of groundwater were in the range of 0.4 to 79.59 mg/l with mean value of 25.14 mg/l. The nitrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of nitrate in pore water extracts from groundwater samples indicate at least two potential sources of nitrate in Varamin Aquifer. These sources include animal and human waste as well as soil N that most common sources of nitrate contamination in groundwater are wastewater. Denitrification process occurred in the West and South West of Varamin aquifer, specially.

Proverbs have not been classified into innocent and non-innocent speech. This article aims to provide two examples of narrations containing proverbs like "a wise person is whom learns from the experiences of others and their fate" and "It is more justifiable to be miserly than to be a tyrant" to illustrate the importance of such a distinction. To achieve this, the approach involves identifying the source and speaker who used a specific word in Shia and Sunni works. Once identified, other sources and speakers who used the same word during the same period as the initial source are gathered. This analysis contained the date of speech sources and the distance between the authorship. Additionally, we examine the narrators from a scientific perspective and consider any differences between the texts in various sources. After researching multiple sources, we aim to identify a unifying narrator who has incorporated into their work. The original narrators mentioned were not the Prophets (peace be upon them), but rather learned individuals such as Amer bin Saasa' and Marthad bin Saad, who was one of the members of the Ad delegation and the first to speak. This is a significant discovery regarding the origins of these allegorical expressions. In the second half of the 3rd century and the second half of the 2nd century, certain words were published and entered into traditions as proverbs. This indicates the impact of narrations in later sources of folk proverbs.

This paper takes a resource- based approach to strategic management of Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs). Based on the relevant literature، the dynamic interactions and transformations of five key resources including human، relational، organizational، monetary and physical in RTOs have been examined. The results improve the strategic understanding of RTO and in particular understanding of how intangible resources are the propellants of value creation in an RTO. It also provides the opportunity for organizations to analyze and identify the sources that are underutilized or over utilized، which might explain the ineffectiveness of an RTO.

Dust is one of the common processes of arid and semiarid regions that its occurrence frequencies has increased in recent years in Iran. The proper identification of sand and dust storms (SDS) is particular importance due to its impact on the environment and human health. So far, several methods for identifying these sources have been proposed such as methods based on field studies and geomorphologic studies, as well as methods on the basis of a numerical model of air flow simulation. Therefore, identifying the process of land cover changes and changes in suspended particles in the air can help to identify the correct sources of sand and dust. Also, to manage the reduction of dust, it will be very useful to analyze the trend of changes in sand and dust sources. This data can provide some useful information to the decision makers about the future occurrence of sand and dust storm and control it. Satellite-based remote sensing is an appropriate tool for examining changes in the surface conditions of the earth over time. Satellite sensors are well suited for this purpose because of the fact that constant measurements can be repeated on a fix spatial scale. Therefore, in this research, we have tried to test different remotely sensed data time series for validation of the identified SDS sources using the latest remote sensing techniques and their integration with other information.
The aim of this study is to validate the identified dust generation sources in Alborz province using time series of satellite data and meteorological stations data. In first step, OLI data of Landsat 8 during the years 2013 through 2015 were used to make maps of vegetation cover, soil moisture and land cover sensibility to wind erosion. These maps were combined with geology and roughness indices by multi-criteria evaluation method to obtain a map of sand & dust source potential areas. Also, based on the location of the intersection of the air flow with the surface of the earth and the application of masks of non-wind erodible areas on them, probable sand and dust sources were identified. These regions were integrated with the map of sand & dust source potential areas using the MCE method (WLC) and based on a stratified random sampling plan, susceptible sites of sand & dust sources were identified. Then in this research, the time series of satellite data and weather stations data were used and the trend of vegetation, soil moisture and surface temperature at the location of identified areas during a 15-year period were monitored. Product of LPRM_TMI_DY_SOILM3 from TMI sensor, data of 16-day vegetation, 8-day land surface temperature and data of aerosol optical depth from MODIS sensor were received. Also ground- based data of dust from synoptic and air pollution monitoring stations were received. Changes Trend analysis of soil moisture, temperature and vegetation cover was done during the period. Also aerosol optical depth in dust events with high concentration was evaluated for possible sources. In addition, the areas with higher dust optical depth than other areas were identified during the period. Finally, identified sources was validated using ground- based data of dust.
The result of trend analysis showed a significant decrease in vegetation, soil moisture and land surface temperature at the place of possible dust sources during the studied period. Decreasing temperature in the southern part of Alborz Province and west of Tehran province was associated with higher frequency of dust in the area that shows why dust events has high frequency. Study of time series of aerosol optical depth data showed that concentration of dust is at or near the detected sources and the high concentration in this area is indicating identified areas are accurate. Checking optical depth in the event of high concentration and checking concurrent of air direction showed the detected sources has been correctly identified. Also Integration of dust information of synoptic and air pollution monitoring stations with the wind direction confirmed the high accuracy of identified dust sources.
Overall, findings showed the ability time series of remote sensing data to validate dust storm sources. The results of the analysis of the time series of the satellite remote sensing data showed that the surface temperature as an important climatic parameter can be well used in the identification and validation of sand & dust sources. Based on the results of this analysis in areas where the frequency of sand & dust storm events is high, there is a significant decrease in the surface temperature. This is particularly evident in the annual maximum surface temperature in the southwestern part of Iran, an area that is considered to be the predominant trajectory of sand & dust storm.

Voltage flicker is referred to low frequency fluctuations modulated on the basis of voltage signal. Flicker mitigation needs identification of the flicker sources. In this paper a new method based on flicker power theory and wavelet transform and coherent phase demodulation is proposed to identify the locations of single and multiple flicker sources in a multiflicker source power network. The coherent phase demodulation and wavelet transform are utilized for demodulation flicker frequency components from main signal. Then by introducing of two parameters, “FPM” and “FPW”, in order to identify the exact location of flicker sources on the network and evaluation of their effects on the human vision and electronic equipment. The method also evaluates the contributions of individual flicker source to global voltage flicker level of a common coupling bus bar. To examine the proposed method, the IEEE 13-Bus system is simulated in Matlab/Simulink and this method is used to identify flicker sources. The simulation results in indicating the accuracy of the proposed method to identify the exact location of flicker sources, and determine the contribution of each sources in voltage flicker of each bus bar.