Nowadays, images of celebrities are used to advertise goods and services, and this phenomenon is growing. On the one hand, in recent years, celebrities become aware of the value of image and image rights in advertisement world. On the other hand, many agencies and owners of goods and services become aware of the important effect of popularity of celebrities as a tool to boost sales of goods. Therefore, in today’s world, celebrities’ image rights become a valuable asset. There is not a uniform procedure among legal systems in respect of nature of celebritie's image rights. The legal system of the United States has recognized the economic value of image by accepting it as a right of publicity and has been considered it as an economic right. In European countries, France still remains in the framework of right of personality while in legal system of England, image rights is described within right of privacy. By considering the differences in this field, this paper seeks to explain the adopted approaches in legal systems, and analyze the nature of image rights in Iran.

Nowadays, by the increasing positive impact of personality characteristics of celebrities on the attractiveness of goods and services, celebrities found the value of their economic image in commercial advertising, which made the sponsors more willing to conclude license contracts with them. In this area, celebrities’ rights are called “image rights”. The exploitation of celebrities’ image rights is logically in return for payment of costs under contract; however, there is possibility of unauthorized exploitation that cause celebrity to sustain loss and affect her/his economic interests. In some western countries, new institution called “Publicity Rights” has been recognized or the tools of intellectual Property Rights and Civil Liability have been used to protect image rights. In the Iranian legal system, due to insufficient coverage of Intellectual Property Law to this issue, this issue is vague and this may lead to injustice for celebrities. Because the unauthorized use of image rights of celebrities cause them financial and moral loss, which the belief to lack of prevention or lack of relief, is contrary to the general principles of law and morality. Thus, because of the lack of specific protection, to compensate their loss, celebrities can invoke to civil liability and tort law.

image rights means that one can decide About another photography from him, circumstance of photography, Publication or non-publication and finally Use or non-use of image. This right Has a dual nature: On one hand, This right is related to the human personality and on the other hand, Financial value can not be denied.
Due to the dual nature, The right image can be transmitted through contract However, one can not generally transfer their Right Image. Moral aspects of image rights after the death disappears, However Financial aspects of it will be transferred to heirs. There is disagreement about the legal basis of the right: Some authors consider it as an example of privacy, Other authors consider it an example of personality right Along with privacy. It seams, With recent base, can be supported from Right Image Better and more complete.

Privacy is the circle and range in which the personal characteristics of people are protected and kept hidden. With the expansion of communication in the field of health, the issue of patients' image rights in media information has gained special importance. The purpose of this research is the jurisprudential study of the patient's image right in the mass media and to analyze the extent to which this right is observed in the news reports of Islamic Republic of Iran News Network. In this study, using the quantitative content analysis method, all the news reports related to patients in the period of 01/01 1402 until 06/31/1402 were broadcasted on the News Network and were reviewed. The results showed that the image rights of the patients were not respected in these reports and the most violations occurred in the intensive care unit (ICU) and during anesthesia of the patients. Also, the analysis of jurisprudential evidence indicates that it is forbidden to publish pictures of patients without their permission, based on rules such as sovereignty, preservation of honor and dignity, prohibition of surveillance and commitment to secrecy. On the other hand, according to articles 76, 87, and 88 of the general guide of professional ethics for medical professionals, information related to patients, including taking pictures and filming the patient and publishing it at the public level, is subject to the patient's permission. Therefore, the national media should consider it obligatory to obtain their direct permission to publish pictures of the patients.

Sport publicity or image right is a right by which athlete finds exclusive right in exploiting his publicity, image, personality and identity and can grant others the permission to use them and on the other hand, prevent the unauthorized use of this right by others. Having regarded the approaches of leading legal systems in such field, this article analyses the process of formation and recognition of this right for athletes and examines the reasons for its existence and its justifications and solutions against who infringe this legal right. In some legal systems, image right has been recognized as an independent right and commercial value attached to the identity of athletes, regarding some exceptions, is legally under protection. Registration of images as trademarks, exploiting the potentials of passing off actions and trade secrets system as well as dilutions actions, help athletes supporting their rights in such field. Although In Iranian law the existence of some obscure regulations beside some general rules such as the necessity of protection the rights relating to the personality and civil responsibilities may solve some problems but the results of this paper indicate the ambiguity and in efficiency of Iranian's existing regulations and legal literature regarding the effective protection of athletes' rights to their publicity and images, which necessitate employing the established rules in this domain in order to fill the gaps and correct the legal deficiencies.

With the outbreak of Covid-19 disease and the spread of health communication, attention to the image rights of patients in media information became particularly important. This right has been exercised in the news of 14 channels of 1 national media.

In the present study, in the first step, it has been done by descriptive-analytical method and in a library by referring to documents, books and articles, and in the second step by quantitative content analysis method and by collecting data through coding texts. Video, the extent of violation of the image right has been investigated in the news of 14 channels of One TV.Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present study, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Although patients 'image rights are recognized in the law of the country and medical documents and executive guarantees are defined for it, but based on the results of T-test, the average observance of patients' image rights in Quid-19 in news section 14 with a significant level ( Sig = 0.002) is less than the test level (0.05).

According to the law of the country, filming of patients in hospitals and its publication must be with the permission of the patient and the head of the hospital and violation of this right will lead to disciplinary, criminal and civil liability. It showed that in a total of one year of broadcasting news related to Corona, in insert images, 45% and in news interviews, 38%, the patients' image rights in this news section have been violated.Please cite this article as:Mohammadi HR, Naseri Moghaddam H. Investigating the Image Rights of Patients in Iranian Law and the Extent to which it is Observed in the Publication of Images of Covid-19 Patients in National Media News (Case Study of News Section 14 of One TV). Medical Law Journal. 2022; 16(57): e43.

Advances in technology and advancing in the digital age and cyberspace have led to the emergence of new rights for individuals. One of the new issues is the right of children to be photographed in cyberspace; where children - as one of the most vulnerable sections of society - are exposed to all kinds of victimization through the violation of their rights. In this regard, it is necessary to protect children and make protective laws due to being in an unequal situation. Dissemination of children's images due to persistence in cyberspace causes much harm to children. Invasion of privacy, affecting their right to self-determination, sexual abuse of images, violation of the right to mental health and psychological damage are among the effects of abusing children's image rights; which are all against his interests. The present study seeks to provide legal solutions by examining the importance of the status of this right and its violations and by using descriptive-analytical method and comparative approach. Findings indicate that the systematization of cyberspace along with the close supervision of governments requires performance guarantees in case of violation; This vacancy is clearly visible in the domestic legal system of Iran.

The use of images taken by the physician during the treatment and care of the patient can endanger the patient's privacy and image rights and lead to the disclosure of the patient's identity. The right to confidentiality of the patient's image therapy in the legal sphere is included in the category of the right to personality and in the realm of Islamic law is in the category of the sin against mankind. On the other hand, these images provide a unique opportunity for physicians in education and research. Given that based on the rights of persons to their image, no one can take a photo or video without the consent of a person, today, some domestic legal systems have provided the conditions for proper use of patient images to protect patients' rights and prevent possible disputes between physician and patient. Non-disclosure of patient identity, informed consent, and safe maintenance are the three main conditions in using patient images. Due to the necessity of finding the right to privacy of patient medical images, the present study, through a descriptive-analytic method, aims to achieve the principles and criteria of protection of this right for legislation in Iran by reviewing and analyzing the results of scientific theories and legal approaches of international centers such as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and the Canadian Medical Protective Association has considered and western countries such as Australia, England, and Canada.

Echocardiography has been frequently used in veterinary in horses and cows since 40 years ago but there is no information about camel echocardiography. In this study، 10 male and 10 female clinically healthy one-year-old camels (camelus dromedarius) wereexamined. Echocardiography was performed by B. K. Medical machine (mini focus model) and 2-4MHZ multi frequency phased array transducer. Camels were examined clinically andelectrocardiographically and those found healthy were studied for echocardiography. The third through the fifth intercostal space (midway) between point of shoulder (POS) and point of elbow (POE) were shaved in both side and covered by copulated gel. Toobtain image of right parasternal long axis four chamber view، transducer was placed parallel to ribs in 5th intercostal space midway between point of shoulder and point of elbow، then transducer was placed slightly cranially to image left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). Transducer was placed in LVOTlocation but in the 4th intercostal space and slightly craniodorsally to image right ventricular out flow tract (RVOT). To image left ventricle short axis views، transducer with 90-100 degree clockwise rotation، was placed vertically to the ribs direction in 5th intercostals space. Slightly fanning transducer to dorsal was necessary to image mitral valve. To image aortic valve، transducer with 30 degree clockwise rotation was placed in the same location for mitral valve location. Cardiac structures in left parasternal long axis views in three viewswere seen. Transducer in the 3rd intercostal space in heart location parallel to ribs was placed. To image LVOT، transducer was placed in 4th intercostal space slightly craniodorsally. Then for viewing mitral valve it was placed in 5th intercostals space parallel to ribs direction without rotation. Camel heart is located more caudally than horse and cow and this helps to better imaging in its echocardiography. The quality of the images varied. This variation was due to a variety of factors، including body condition، the widthof the intercostal space and the demeanor of the camels. Low heart rate in camel makes careful evaluation of anatomy and movement of cardiac structures possible in real time echocardiography.

Audio-visual detection and recognition system is thought to become the most promising methods for many applications includes surveillance, speech recognition, eavesdropping devices, intelligence operations, etc. In the recent field of human recognition, the majority of the research be- coming performed presently is focused on the reidentification of various body images taken by several cameras or its focuses on recognized audio-only. However, in some cases these traditional methods can- not be useful when used alone such as in indoor surveillance systems, that are installed close to the ceiling and capture images right from above in a downwards direction and in some cases people don't look straight the cameras or it cannot be added in some area such as W.C. or sleeping room. Thus, its commonly difficult to identify any movement or breakthrough process, on the other hand when need to pursue suspect when enter a building or party to identify his location and/or listen to his speech only and isolate it from other voices or noises, the other. Hence, the use of the hybrid combination technique is very effective. In this work, we proposed a multimodal human recognition approach that utilizes both the face and audio and is based upon a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). Mainly, to solve the challenge of not capturing part of the body, final results of recognizing via separate CNNs of VGG Face16 and ResNet50 are joined together depending on the score-level combination by Weighted Sum rule to enhance recognition performance. The results show that the proposed system success to recognise each person from his voice and/or his face captured. In addition, the system can separate the person voice and isolate it from noisy environment and determine the existence of desired person.