Some of the verses of the Qur'an describe the resurrection and its events, including the status of criminals in the resurrection. In the meantime, verses make it clear that interrogation and questioning of criminals and their actions are required, and emphasizes that questioning of the general public - including sinners - and even reports of divine messengers and some of them, on the lack of questioning of criminals and their criminal actions signify. Hence, between the implications of these two categories of verses, inconsistency and inconsistency have emerged. The commentators of the Holy Qur'an have tried to correct the above contradiction by explaining the verses correctly and based on their effort and explanation of the factors that caused the illusion of disagreement between the two categories of verses, disregard for the location of the question, dispute over the question. In the verses, ignoring the conditions of contradiction between the two statements and ultimately ignoring the rules of interpretation. The efforts of the commentators of the Holy Quran to resolve the inconsistencies of these two verses, although blessed and open, are dispersed on the one hand, and all the answers have not been gathered together, and on the other hand have not eliminated all ambiguities and bugs. The present study seeks to answer its representations by examining the verses concerned and by applying the rules of interpretation, the number of questions, the negation of the real question, and the proof of the virtual question, as well as the expression of the plurality of the hereafter. This article discusses the verses of the sinner's question first and then the contradictory verses. The method of data collection in this research is by library study and its approach is analytical and critical. The findings of the study invalidate the contradiction between these two categories of verses.

cheating is one of the forms of abuse that has become one of the biggest concerns of educational institutions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to Provide a model for explaining the impact of achievement goals, social comparison, cognitive-emotional trust, and imbalance between effort -reward on student cheating behavior.
Structural equation modeling was the method used in this research. The statistical population of this study consisted of 384 students selected from male second- high schools in 4 districts of Tehran in the academic year 2017-2018. According to Morgan table, the sample size was specified; and cluster random sampling method was used for sample selection. Achievement Goals Questionnaire, developed by Migli et al., 2000; Social Comparison Scale by Chan and Parandrgst, 2007; Cognitive -Emotional Trust Scale by Yang and Mohsedler, 2010; Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire by Sigrist, 2010; and cheating Behavior Questionnaire by Newstead et al., 1996 were applied for collecting data. For data analysis, Pearson’s correlation with SPSS 20 and Amos 24 (α = 0.05) were used.
A significant positive correlation was found between avoidance (r=.560, P <0.01), performance (r = .329, P <0.01) and cheating behavior.Whearas, there was a significant negative correlation between avoidance subscale and cheating behavior (r =-429, p <0.01). Mreover, there was no significant relationship between imbalance effort-reward and cheating behavior. However, emotional trust (r=.391, P <0.01) and cognitive trust (r=.145, P <0.01) were positively correlated with cheating behavior.
The results obtained in this study indicated that social comparison and cognitive-emotional trust variables have the power to explain the scores of cheating behavior.  However, the other two variables of this study and model did not show a significant relationship with it..

In macroeconomics, we can find evidence of time inconsistency in cases like tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Generally, the difference between ex ante and ex post optimalities is known as ‘time inconsistency’. Subject to a certain unemployment rate, when the expected rate of inflation is low, the inflation rate will, indeed, be low too. This will give an incentive to the central bank and authorities to enforce a policy to decrease the unemployment rate and increase the society’s welfare based on time inconsistency and their own discretionary power. Accordingly, this paper studies the time inconsistency issue and its effects on inflation and seeks to investigate the existence or non-existence of time inconsistency and its rate in the monetary policies of Iran. In this regard, by applying the model suggested by Clark et al. (1999) and Richard Mash (2000) for Iran based on the data related to the period of 1971-2014, we show that, in these years, there has existed time inconsistency in Iran’s economy and that the inflationary bias decreased from 9.68% in the period of 1971-1994 to 8.15% in the period of 1995-2014; hence, time inconsistency in the period of 1971-1994 had more effect in comparison with the period of 1995-2014.

The purpose of the present research is to explain the approaches to the identification and treatment of inconsistency. In this research, some examples of political jurisprudential problems were studied; selling weapons to the enemies of religion, protecting misleading books and accepting mastership of a tyrant ruler. The results indicated that by reviewing various jurisprudential perspectives, some criteria can be found in jurisprudents’ practical approach, which includes the application of a decision by wisdom and the objectives of the Sharia in order to arrive at a chief criterion for the realms of inconsistencies and take account of the characteristics of a decision about the identification of inconsistency. Identifying inconsistency is determined by an expedient-based analysis of political problems, evidence-based analysis of political jurisprudence problems in the light of the purposes of the Sharia, separation of secondary laws from primary laws, and the need for generalizing decision evidence in the event of any inconsistency. The examples of a purpose-oriented analysis on different texts when distinguishing a chief criterion from an important criterion and benefitting from a decision by wisdom for fulfilling a chief criterion can be incorporated into jurisprudents’ practical approach to criteria for treating inconsistencies.

New logic, because of its great growth and development, can be counted as a powerful instrument to explicate philosophical and theological demonstrations. The fact that new logic systems are postulates is a great help to find out the consistency or inconsistency of philosophical and theological proofs. In addition, the importance of making philosophical and theological systems as postulates is known for the expert and using the new logical advanced systems can be helpful for achieving this important purpose.In this article by mentioning some examples, I will show the methods of applying the new logical systems and their importance and the method of postulate in solving some of the most important theological questions. One of the important and underlying subjects of theology is the issue of proving God's existence. It's not a long time that some of the great new logicians are engaged to find strong demonstrations for proving God's existence based on the new logic systems. Thus to be familiar with some different examples of these efforts, the most important ones are mentioned in this research and taking into account the extent of an article, one of these proofs which is based on the new modal logic has been analytically investigated.

inconsistency of the statements of al-Ghazålì about several different subjects, among which is the definition of 'reason' ('aql) and its significance and function in allowing human to gain knowledge, makes doing research about his writings all the more difficult.Sometimes he limits reason to simply its discursive aspect, and sometimes he also brings it into the domain of faith. At times his trust in reason is very weak or limited, and at other times it is as if he imparts it with a significant role in all domains.Exerting effort in order to determine the perspective which al-Ghazålì possesses in relation to this source of knowledge and arranging his views has a significant impact in structured research about his works. It seems that al-Ghazålì's use of the term 'reason' can be considered according to three general aspects: the human soul, the discursive level of the soul, and the whole human level of knowledge. In this article we have undertaken the task of searching for these three general aspects in the works of al-Ghazålì and of trying to help to clarify his opinion in this relation.

Integration has been accepted as an important educational strategy in order to decrease unnecessary repetitions of the contents in traditional educational systems. The purpose of this study was to study student’s opinion about the quality of Pharmacology integrated with Physiopathology. This cross-sectional survey was conducted with 36 medical students taking part. A questionnaire containing 18 questions with the Likert scale was used. Data was analyzed with SPSS software. 69.5 percent of pharmacology students expressed satisfaction with the integration program, and 77.8 percent of other students that the program should not be changed However 38.9 percent of all students have been noted repetition pharmacology content and 55.6 percent confliction between this content with drug treatment in other clinical courses. Overall 80.5 percent of them agreed to continue the project at the University. The survey shows that students learn from the pharmacology of the Integration are satisfied, but in order to prevent inconsistencies between the time courses presented in the pathophysiology of efforts should be made.

After the Islamic Revolution, many discussions have taken about Islamization of human sciences in Iran. In this research, we have study context of raised a debate among intellectuals, academics and generally in our society. The roots of this gradual evolution come back to attitudes and insights of educated people, intellectuals and some intellectual Clergymen from late 1320s. Other root goes back to early of Islamic Revolution there are some inconsistencies between activities of opposed student groups such as leftist groups and some views of academics led to islamization of human sciences and coupled with Revolution. Finally, After Islamic Revolution, took place efforts to implement the idea in the form of Cultural Revolution.

In recent decades, paying attention to the subject of Climate Change and its destructive effects on different countries around the world have caused regular activities as holding international conferences, and ratifying some international documents. Developing and non-developed countries have less facilities and infrastructures to protect themselves from climate change effects and are more vulnerable. Moreover, African countries due to their climate conditions are the most vulnerable. Even more, they have the main population of climate refugees. Although an increasing effort in Africa has resulted in more legal protection for victims of climate change especially women as the most volunrable people, and has been appeared in many regional treaties, but inconsistency and denial of responsibilities from developing countries have caused serious challenges for long term legal-protection of environmental refugees and displacements, especially women and children who are the most vulnerable of climate change victims. Since a sufficient protection of these people requires a common concern and responsibility between states, referring to the "common but different responsibility" principle is one of the most important legal pillar for burden sharing of the massive climate – change movements.

Due to the fundamental inconsistency of some judicial and criminal procedures on social phenomena in Islam and the West, the unique capacity of Islamic jurisprudence in formulating and expanding the legal aspects of phenomena and the need to pay attention to indigenous knowledge, action research and research, the present study is a systematic effort to Investigating the emerging phenomenon of misleading commercial propaganda and finding a ground for a jurisprudential and indigenous approach to deal with this phenomenon. The results of qualitative meta-analysis of more than two decades of research in this field showed that these advertisements are in four basic misleading dimensions due to information deletion, Misleading due to semantic ambiguity, misleading due to comparison of characteristics, and misleading due to non-fulfillment of claim are realized by different theories in psychology, linguistics, and social sciences. It was also found that the Islamic jurisprudence has both preventive and productive capacities to deal with this phenomenon. Accordingly, a four-step conceptual model of legislation was proposed in the all stages of which the Islamic jurisprudence has theoretical capacities which can be manipulated and used.