This qualitative research focused on exploring the meaning of entrepreneurship and analyzing how women entrepreneurs operate within the context of the Instagram social network. To achieve this, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 women entrepreneurs, each possessing an active Instagram presence. The collected data underwent thematic analysis, revealing three overarching themes: "(1) Instagram and the presentation of women's skills," "(2) Instagram online shops conducive to women’s multifold roles," and "(3) Instagram as a novel platform for women's expressive societal engagement." Along with the three overarching themes, seven organized themes were recognized: "Instagram shop," "customer-centric approach," "rapid business expansion," "work-life balance," "simultaneous progress and presence," "occupation suitability with feminine character,” and “prospects for women's personal development and creativity.” The findings of this study revealed that the virtual space, particularly Instagram, has established a secure, dynamic, and adaptable intellectual and action-oriented environment for women entrepreneurs to exert a socio-economic impact. Through this platform, women entrepreneurs can effectively attract and connect with customers while shaping their viewpoints and behaviors.

Instagram is a virtual social network for sharing photos and videos on mobile phones. Considering around 23.5 million Iranian users of Instagram, it's unclear if Instagram activities and users’ relationships are delivering any benefits. Therefore, the research hypothesis is: the social capital generated by Instagram users is likely to be higher than that of Instagram's non-users. To test the hypothesis, two groups of Iranian Instagram users and non-users with Internet-connected smartphones were selected as the statistical population for comparing social capital. On the basis of Putnam's definition, we considered social capital with three dimensions: bonding social capital, bridging social capital, and trust. The method of data collection is reverse online survey method. Sample size was of 1033 determined by the sample size determination method for large communities. The questionnaire link was sent for 15,000 email addresses. The comparison of the mean scores indicates that the social capital means of the two groups of Instagram members and non-members did not have a significant difference, that is, the social capital of Instagram members is not greater than the social capital of non-members. Besides, the bonding and bridging virtual social capital with these two dimensions of social capital is not different in Instagram users and  non-users, but the amount of trust in the real environment is more than that in Instagram environment. This reduction in trust on Instagram seems to be due to the lack of physical contact in this virtual environment.

This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran as well as the hegemonic discourse. This research has been conducted using mixed methods. Following on Saldana’s two-step coding method, we analyzed a representative sample of 4,165,177 tweets and 4,919,839 Instagram posts, collected from January 21st to April 29th. Research findings showed that there were 71 micro-level and 16 macro-level discourses shaped on these two platforms. Our results showed that Instagram users mostly had a non-political and non-critical approach toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the discourse of public negligence was among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter. among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter.This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran as well as the hegemonic discourse. This research has been conducted using mixed methods. Following on Saldana’s two-step coding method, we analyzed a representative sample of 4,165,177 tweets and 4,919,839 Instagram posts, collected from January 21st to April 29th. Research findings showed that there were 71 micro-level and 16 macro-level discourses shaped on these two platforms. Our results showed that Instagram users mostly had a non-political and non-critical approach toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the discourse of public negligence was among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter. among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter.This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran as well as the hegemonic discourse. This research has been conducted using mixed methods. Following on Saldana’s two-step coding method, we analyzed a representative sample of 4,165,177 tweets and 4,919,839 Instagram posts, collected from January 21st to April 29th. Research findings showed that there were 71 micro-level and 16 macro-level discourses shaped on these two platforms. Our results showed that Instagram users mostly had a non-political and non-critical approach toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the discourse of public negligence was among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter. among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter.This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran as well as the hegemonic discourse. This research has been conducted using mixed methods. Following on Saldana’s two-step coding method, we analyzed a representative sample of 4,165,177 tweets and 4,919,839 Instagram posts, collected from January 21st to April 29th. Research findings showed that there were 71 micro-level and 16 macro-level discourses shaped on these two platforms. Our results showed that Instagram users mostly had a non-political and non-critical approach toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the discourse of public negligence was among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter. among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter.This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran as well as the hegemonic discourse. This research has been conducted using mixed methods. Following on Saldana’s two-step coding method, we analyzed a representative sample of 4,165,177 tweets and 4,919,839 Instagram posts, collected from January 21st to April 29th. Research findings showed that there were 71 micro-level and 16 macro-level discourses shaped on these two platforms. Our results showed that Instagram users mostly had a non-political and non-critical approach toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the discourse of public negligence was among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter. among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter.

Nowadays, Instagram is one of the social networks which is able to fulfill many predictions on progressing the social networks to the photo-centric sites through sharing the photos. Although Instagram, as a new emerging phenomenon, has been designed for sharing photos and short videos and its purpose has not been selling the goods, its many uses by the users caused to gain the important position for introducing the products of domestic and small brands. On the other hand, the use of Instagram for selling these goods and services has been increased in Iran due to filtering of some sites and lack of users’ access to infrastructure and the proper tools. With the introduction of the goods and services related to fashion, clothing, fashion and cosmetics on Instagram in Iran, economic enterprises are able to use of this medium as their showcase and demonstrate their products.
The present study has been designed for hedonic values purchases in Tehran with the aim to investigate the motives for internet shopping through the Instagram social network. In this research, motivating factors are studied to encourage people to hedonic values purchases through Instagram pages within the society with Instagram page in Tehran and in a sample including 180 people and determine what factors, to what level of importance are effective on the motivation for hedonic values purchase into this social network in Tehran. In this category, five hedonic values are studied in the purchase through Instagram. The written library information has been used for collecting the thematic literature of this research, and questionnaire has been applied to collect data from potential buyers. In addition, the Pearson correlation and regression have been used to confirm or reject the used hypotheses. Results of the study show that the hedonic values purchases through Instagram in Tehran happen under the influence of adventure/explore and the factor of social relationships. Therefore, sellers can act more successfully in selling the products and services from the kind of hedonic values by encouraging these two aspects via creating the pages for the introduction of their goods and services on Instagram.

Social media marketing is a form of word-of-mouth marketing. The use of Instagram social media thanks to its variety of benefits, can be a powerful element to significantly compensate for the shortcomings and limitations of marketing strategies of small companies. To succeed in the electronic world and social media, Instagram is the first and most important planning step to identify barriers to using these media. Organizations need to be aware of these barriers in order to properly design and implement Instagram social media strategies. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize barriers to using Instagram social media in small businesses in Karaj. This study is exploratory-applied in terms of purpose and is qualitative in terms of identifying indicators and quantitative in terms of surveying people related to the research topic. In this research, the library method was used to extract the research background, and the field method with a questionnaire was used to collect data. Barriers to using Instagram social media in small businesses in Karaj city have 39 elements or indicators and 6 components; The first component with 7 indicators ,the second component with 7 indicators, the third component with 5 indicators as described (lack of financial capacity of enterprises, lack of training costs, lack of maintenance costs, lack of investment incentives, insufficient budget for technology), The fourth component with 8 indicators described (lack of proper belief and attitude to Instagram social media, lack of proper information, lack of information-based decision-making culture, difficulty in how to localize technology, lack of laws in accordance with national traditions and criteria Ethical, lack of culture and behavior of the appropriate community with Instagram social media, lack of readiness of commercial companies, dissatisfaction of customers), the fifth component with 5 indicators as described (lack of identification in cyberspace, lack of cyberspace security, lack of Social media laws Instagram, lack of digital signature, non-enforcement of copyright law) and the sixth component with 7 indicators as described (personal resistance, organizational resistance, lack of computer knowledge and skills, lack of training and skills of the workforce, lack of knowledge of benefits and advantages, lack of trust , Fear of changing existing conditions).Discussion and The overall results showed that the use of Instagram social media in small businesses in the city of Karaj has many obstacles that if these obstacles are removed, we can take steps to develop these businesses. Researchers are advised to complete this research on topics such as using the case study method to extract the critical success factors of using Instagram social media in small businesses.

This research is based on this assumption that the ways people are represented in TV are different with the ways they are represented on social media such as Instagram because the nature of social media is different with the nature of mass media. Thus the users of social media when using these media to represent their daily lives, actively use these media to show unofficial (informal) pictures of their lives while when they attend in a T.V program, they are represented very formally. The interaction on social media like Instagram is very intimate than in mass media like T.V. One of the issues to study is to find the differences between representing the people clothing in social media and Television. Some of Iranian Veiled TV presenters interacts to their audiences on Instagram; a considerable issue on the re-presentation of the mentioned women on Instagram is their dress. This study is to analyze the depiction of veiled Women TV presenters on their dress on Instagram through analyzing their shared pictures. In addition to analyzing the way of selected women dress re-presentation, the paper is to respond whether their dress in TV is different to unofficial space such as Instagram? To review the literature, Giddens approach on the identity & Goffman theory on the self- presentation in everyday life were reviewed. This research is qualitative in method applied, and to analyze the Instagram pages of women TV presenters, nethnography method has been applied. The sample selected to study by nethnography method consists of 7 pages of Iranian Veiled TV presenters. The analysis of veiled TV presenters shared pictures in Instagram shows that their clothing on Instagram is different in terms of diversity and color with their represented dress in Television programs and some TV presenters advertise some dress goods in their Instagram pages.

Instagram contests are an important tool in improving the interactions between brands and consumers. This paper conceptualizes and defines the consumers’ engagement with Instagram contests. In addition, a 12-item scale for measuring the aforementioned construct is developed. This scale is developed and validated in three phases of studies. This paper conclude that consumers’ engagement with Instagram contests is a second-order construct comprising three dimensions (cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement). All in all, the results support the reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the developed scale. Conceptualization and developing a scale for measuring consumer engagement with Instagram contests lay the foundations for future empirical studies and facilitates the knowledge development about Instagram contests. Marketers can also use this scale as an instrument for evaluation of their Instagram contests.

The purpose of this study was to predict body-image dissatisfaction of female students based on personality factors with mediating role of Instagram activity and appearance-based comparisons on Instagram. The research was a correlational study in terms of the method and research sample consisted of 301 female students selected by multistage-cluster sampling from 3rd and 4th year students of Kazerun universities, who responded to the Body Image Concern Inventory, the short form of the Goldberg Personality Questionnaire, the scale of activity on Instagram and the researcher-made questionnaire for appearance-based comparisons. Data have been analyzed using the Structural Equation Model in AMOS22 software. The findings showed that among five personality factors, only neuroticism predicted body image dissatisfaction directly and indirectly, by mediating the level of activity on Instagram and appearance-based comparisons. Thus, it can be said that the female student's neuroticism, while directly increasing their body image dissatisfaction, increases their activity on the Instagram, and, consequently, the increase in their appearance-based comparisons increases their body image dissatisfaction. Due to the great interest of the young Iranian community to the Instagram in recent years, this finding should be taken into consideration by the families, education officials of the country as well as women's activists.

Today, the concept of citizenship as one of the concepts of the modern world is a guide to sustainable human interactions. There is a correlation between variables. The statistical population included all citizens of Isfahan who were Instagram users in 1400, of which 384 people were selected by random cluster sampling. Assessment tools included the citizenship identity questionnaire of Sadr Arhami et al. (2017) and the cousin's Instagram use questionnaire (2015). In this study, 5hypotheses were tested. In order to test the research hypotheses, inferential statistics including Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations with SPSS25 software were used. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between using the social network Instagram and enjoying citizenship rights. Also, the use of Instagram social network has a positive effect on our identity and the use of Instagram social network has a positive effect on civic commitment with 95% confidence level. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between the use of Instagram social network and citizenship identity with 95% confidence level.

aim This study is Compare the attitudes and the use of working women and housewives Ardabil toward Instagram. method was survey. The population of this study All working women and housewives in Ardabil city of 135,000 households And 27,000 thousand employees, among them 384 for each group Individually for example, was chosen by Morgan table. To Housewives and working to determine the attitude of the questionnaire Instagram Was used. The data using the software spss Were analyzed. The results showed that 30 percent of 49% of working women and housewives are members of Instagram. Women's Home With more time spent on Instagram relative to working women and Both groups are used more for entertainment and recreation. The attitude Overall housewives and working to Instagram there is a significant difference in So that the general attitude positive attitude toward working women, housewives Instagram Is negative. Between housewives and working women's attitude towards the performance, ethical issues There is a significant gender difference and Instagram so that the attitudes of both Group functions Instagram is somewhat negative. Negative attitude to working women Ethics in Instagram and housewives have a positive attitude to it.