Tenure security is a fundamental right of households lack of which leads to economic, social, psychological and political problems; thus, tenure insecurity has become a deprivation index in informal settlements. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure security in improving informal settlements and thus was the research subject carried out by UN-HABITAT in 2003 and 2006. Scientific and practical experiences in tenure security index show that tenure security is a sense that cannot be achieved only by formal means such as ownership of a title deed. Tenure security is much more than simply examining legal title deeds and involves social, economic and life-quality indexes nowadays. Indeed, de facto and supra legal and perceived indexes along with legal ones, hold sway on tenure security scale in informal settlements. Moreover, sustainable development of informal settlements became one of the main topics of a seminar held by the Habitat in 2004 with particular emphasis on sustainable social development in order to empower residents and promote tenure security in informal settlements. At present, the application of mediating tools has become prevalent in the enhancement of tenure security instead of through legal procedures.. Based on the question of whether it is possible to consider social sustainability as a mediator tool, the purpose of this research is examining and evaluating the impacts of social sustainable development on tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood in Urmia. Two main indexes have been used in this research to explain social sustainability: spatial justice (accessibility to urban services such as daily shopping centers, educational centers, sports centers, cultural centers, recreational centers, administrative services and remedial centers) and social cohesion (duration of residence, amount of power and solidarity of local organizations, the cohesion of family and friends and willingness of residents to work together in order to improve neighborhood). For Examining perceived tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood, five criteria (concerns about informality of neighborhood, concerns about municipality dissatisfaction of residences in the neighborhood, concerns about homelessness after evacuation, possibility of forced eviction at any moment and concerns about forced eviction in next 5 years) are utilized. Research method was descriptive – analytical, and field data collection was carried out by means of questionnaire surveys. To analyse the data, ArcGIS techniques, fuzzy analysis and statistical methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used. According to the correlation analysis it could be concluded that the impact of social cohesion on the sense of tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood has been positive and significant; this relation was confirmed by significant degree of 0.000, confidence degree of 99% and correlation coefficient of 0.873. Furthermore, it could be concluded that spatial justice has had a positive and significant impact on the sense of tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood; this relation was confirmed by a significant degree of 0.000, confidence degree of 99% and a correlation coefficient of 0.792. The results illustrate that by increasing social cohesion and providing justice in urban services accessibility, the perceived tenure security of Koshtargah neighborhood became stronger; thus it can be predicted that moving toward social sustainability promotes the sense of land and housing tenure security of Koshtargah inhabitants.

Tenure security is one of the primary rights of households that its lack leads to economic, social, psychological and political challenges. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure in security in improving informal settlements, in such a way that in 2003 and 2006 this has been on the main research pivots on informal settlements in UN-HABITAT. Thus, tenure security has become a deprivation index in settlements. Tenure in security is much more than simply examining legal title deeds, and now involves social, economic and life-quality indexes. In recent years, scientific and practical experience on tenure security index indicate that the expensive process of title deeds issuance has made the inhabitants reluctant to pursue the mentioned process due to their financial inability, and also because of powerful and influential forces in land market, land hoarding and speculation have come into existence. Indeed, de facto and supra legal and perceived indexes along with legal ones, hold sway on tenure security scale in informal settlements. In this research, relation of tenure security with habitant's willingness for improving Koshtargah neighborhood in Urmia is examined. In examining this participation relation, 13 explanatory indexes of tenure security through factor analysis, in three following factors: de facto tenure security, legal and perceived tenure security factors have been used. In examining inhabitant's willingness, three indexes namely significance of neighborhood problems, willingness for participation in problem – solving and cooperating with urban organizations of Urmia used. Research method is descriptive – analytical, and survey as well as questionnaire and factor analysis techniques, along with multiple regression and Pearson correlation coefficient for analyzing raw materials are utilized. Results show security of tenure in the Koshtargah neighborhood beside indexes such as type of ownership and title depends on indexes of extralegal and perceptual such term residence, access to employment opportunities, the correlation of local organizations, fear of discharge or likely discharge rate. Willingness of residents to participate in the improvement and organization of the neighborhood is too much moderate this indicates that residents are concerned with the problems in their neighborhood and the person or partnership with Urmia urban management institutions, are trying to reduce them. The relationship between the amount of security of tenure and willingness to participate in the organization of the area has shown that: no relation between legal tenure security (type of ownership and title deed) and inhabitant's willingness for participation in Koshtargah neighborhood. Meanwhile, inhabitant's motive for participation is largely depended on explanatory indexes in perceived tenure security. In a general conclusion it can be said that the title of the most basic indicators of the degree of security of tenure especially in societies such as Iran, but it was not meant to lack of security of tenure. In addition, other factors that are de facto aspects (supra legal) and had conception of reality in informal settlements have been effective in tenure security and the motivation of households living in these areas contribute to its location adds to reduce the problems are in their location.

Tenure security is one of the primary rights of households that its lack leads to economic, social, psychological and political challenges. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure security in improving informal settlements, in such a way that in 2003 and 2006 this has been among the main research topics on informal settlements in UN-HABITAT. Thus, tenure security has become a deprivation index in settlements. Tenure security is much more than simply examining legal title deeds, and now involves social, economic and life-quality indexes. In recent years, scientific and practical experience on tenure security index indicate that the expensive process of title deeds issuance has made the inhabitants reluctant to pursue the mentioned process due to their financial inability, and also because of powerful and influential forces in land market, land hoarding and speculation have come into existence. Indeed, de facto and supra legal and perceived indexes along with legal ones, hold sway on tenure security scale in informal settlements. These days, instead of enhancement of tenure settlement through legal procedures, the application of mediating tools like urban services has become prevalent. In the current research the impact of urban services accessibility on perceived tenure security of inhabitants in Koshtargah neighborhood is examined. Examining urban services accessibility scale reveals that five explanatory indexes of perceived tenure security consist of concern about the informality of neighborhood, concerns about the municipality dissatisfaction with the people living in the neighborhood, fear of homelessness after evacuation, possibility of forced eviction at any moment and possibility of forced eviction in the next five year, and seven criteria, as well as fifteen sub-criteria are identified. Research method is descriptive-analytical, and survey, questionnaire, as well as ArcGIS techniques, fuzzy analysis and statistical methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient and regression are used. The results shows a positive, direct relation between urban services accessibility and perceived tenure security in Koshtargah and the more urban services will be accessible, the perceived tenure security of Koshtargah inhabitants will be stronger, in such a way that about 60 percent of variance of perceived tenure security in this neighborhood is depend on urban services accessibility. According to the results, to formalize the informal settlements, providing the urban services can be considered as a mediating tool in these settlements and providing legal property deeds can be considered a long-term plan. Improving the urban services for residents in Koshtargah Neighborhood has led to reducing fear from forced evacuation and as a result, had increased the residents’ perception of security of tenure. Increased sense of security in tenure housing has led to increased confidence among residents and this has led to the creation of investment in housing and providing some incentives for voluntary cooperation of residents to improve their neighborhood. Access to services could represent the beginning of a movement of formal recognition of the neighborhood and It is a sign of acceptance of the area by urban management authorities in Urmia.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the social dimension of livability in the informal settlement of Koshtargah located in Urmia city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The collection of information in this research has been done in two ways: library and field. The data collection tool is in the form of a questionnaire and a questionnaire of experts. The statistical population of this research is the residents of the Koshtargah neighborhood, which according to Cochran's formula is 374 people who are randomly distributed in the study area. Data analysis was done quantitatively through SPSS and Excel software. The data collected through the questionnaires were analyzed by one-sample t-tests and Spearman's correlation, and DEMATEL's multi-criteria decision-making method was used to analyze the data of the experts' questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires has been confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questionnaires has been confirmed through Cronbach's alpha test with an alpha coefficient of 0.711. The findings of this research show that according to the results of the one-sample t-test, the indicators of recreation and leisure and general education are at a lower level than the average level, and the indicators of personal and social security, participation, identity, and sense of place are at an average level. According to the results of the Spearman correlation test, there is a significant relationship between the indicators and the social dimension of livability. according to the results of the DEMATEL model, the personal and social security index with the value (D) of 4.859 is the most effective, and the participation index with the value of (R) 4.798 is the most influential and the index of personal and social security with the value (D+R) of 9.279 has the highest correlation with other Indexes. The results of this research indicate that the level of the social dimension of livability in the Koshtargah neighborhood is lower than average.

The main purpose of this study is Policy-making to promote social vitality in the Koshtargah neighborhood. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical. In this research, two documentary and field methods have been used. Data collection tools are in several forms: observation, questionnaire, interview, and receipt. The statistical population of the study is the residents of the Koshtargah neighborhood. In this research, the sampling method is non-probabilistic and available sampling and Cochran's formula has been used for sampling, which has a sample size of 372 people. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test with a value of 0.724. Data analysis was performed quantitatively using the statistical method of one-sample t-test and policy-making using SWOT model and QSPM matrix. The results of this study indicate that the social, economic and physical dimensions of social vitality are not significantly different from the average level and this indicates the average level of vitality in the Koshtargah neighborhood. According to the results of the one-sample t-test, it can be concluded that the situation of vitality is at a low level, which requires the development of special planning in order to policy the promotion of vitality in this neighborhood. according to the results of the internal and external matrix, social vitality in the Koshtargah neighborhood is strategically conservative in terms of strategic location in the area (WO), which requires taking advantage of opportunities to compensate for weaknesses. In this regard, based on optimal use of existing potentials in the neighborhood, Strategies have been developed and prioritized.

Drug-related offenses are among the most rapidly evolving offenses and have become one of the most complex problems of human societies. Urmia city is one of the border towns of the country that has been exposed to many threats from drug crimes in neighboring countries with Iraq and Turkey. In the meantime, many social, political, economic, and cultural reasons have led to an increase in the population of addicts and, consequently, an increase in the demand for drugs and substances that cause families disintegration, expanding prostitution, and robberies and crimes related to narcotics. The purpose of the present study was to identify and analyze the spatial aspects of crime-related hotspots in the border town of Urmia. Using the capabilities of the GIS system, the spatial patterns of the formation of crime hotspots in the Urmia border region have been identified and analyzed. The research method is analytical-comparative. To determine the spatial distribution patterns of crimes, the average center test, standard deviation oval, clustering test, nearest neighbor indices, kernel density estimation and network analysis have been used. Pearson correlation test was used to study the relationship between population density and drug offenses. The findings show that spatial distribution of crimes committed in the Urmia border region follows a cluster and central pattern and is mainly in the districts 2 and 4 of Urmia. The results indicate that one of the most important of drug crime hotspots in the Urmia border town in district 4 and along the Khatam-el-Anbia, Eslamabad neighborhood 1, Reyhanabad, Vakilabad and Haji Pirlo roads and the second one identified by this method in Urmia district 2 is the area between the Badaki and Koshtargah neighborhoods, Baghe Rezvan and Islamabad 2. The final results showed that there is a direct relationship between population density in these areas and the rate of crime occurrence.

Urban housing informality has been receiving increasing attention in recent years; an interest reflected in the number of initiatives that have been launched by development organizations and a steady stream of academic writing on the subject. In most of these writings and initiatives, the problem solving potential of tenure security for improving living conditions in informal settlements features prominently in one way or another. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure in security in improving informal settlements, in such a way that in 2003 and 2006 this has been on the main research pivots on informal settlements in UN-HABITAT. Thus, tenure security has become a deprivation index in settlements. Tenure security is one of the primary rights of households that its lack leads to economic, social, psychological and political challenges. In national document of Empowerment on informal settlements in Iran, it has been mentioned that lack of tenure security in informal settlements is one of the main reasons that reduces participation of households with local and governmental organizations. It is also the main reason for growth of legal uncertainty among dwellers in informal settlements. Secure tenure has been assumed to encourage investment by households and communities, stimulate economic initiatives, alleviate poverty, facilitate the provision of urban services and infrastructure, improve health conditions, make credit accessible, enable land markets, and contribute to the realization of the right to adequate housing. Following these results, different approaches have been taken in tenure security. These approaches classify into two distinct sets: traditional and new approaches. Traditional approaches have focused on tenure security more than legal aspects. They consider the tenure security as having ownership document for the official occupancy in one place. In recent years, scientific and practical experiences on tenure security index indicate that the expensive process of title deeds issuance has made the inhabitants reluctant to pursue the mentioned process due to their financial inability, and also because of powerful and influential forces in land market, land hoarding and speculation have come into existence. Although the new tenure security perspective does not negate the possibility that title can generate tenure security, argues that tenure security can be achieved by different factors that have been called extralegal (de facto) factors. The aim of the present research is to analysis the role of tenure security on housing investment; for this purpose, the relation of tenure insecurity and investment range in Koshtargah neighborhood – the biggest center of informal settlement – in Urmia has been examined. Research method is descriptive – analytical, along with discovering relations of variables. Since the present study has both features of fundamental and applied research, we used survey method as the methodology of this research to achieve the research objectives and hypothesis test. According to this method, questionnaires were prepared and completed in Koshtargah district. Finally, using statistical techniques of partial and Pearson correlation, Factor analysis and multiple regressions, we completed our data analysis. After assessing this relation, 13 explanatory index of tenure security have been found through factor analysis in three following factors: de facto, legal and perceived tenure security. In examining investment range in housing two indexes, namely kind of building material and roof covering, are used; and four perceived indexes - namely willingness for increasing floor area, willingness for receiving housing loan, willingness for purchasing house and land for offspring and willingness for improving the house- which indicates willingness of inhabitants for investment in housing. The finding show that three factors of legal, de facto and perceived tenure security have positive and significant impact on housing investment, this relation has been confirmed with degree of correlation 0.000 at 99% confidence level. In the other words, positive relationship between tenure security and investment range in housing in Koshtargah, and the factors like de facto and perceived tenure security have more effect than legal tenure security on investment willingness in housing. According to the conducted analysis, it can be found that theoretical and practical research results are compiled together; because the Payne (2002), Cresol (2004) and Van Gelder (2007) argue that perceived and de facto tenure security can be more effective than legal tenure security on existing variables - especially housing quality and investment range in housing- in informal settlements. Therefore to offer suggestions for organizing Koshtargah neighborhood and Planning for investment of housing, these two factors (consist of de facto and precived tenure security) are the priorities.

The general purpose of the present research is to assess societal security and identify the level of vulnerability in the informal settlement of the “Koshtargah”.

The present research is of descriptive-analytical type and is of applied nature. The information has been collected in two ways: documents and field. In this research, societal security is considered as an independent variable, while economic, social, environmental and physical, cultural and political dimensions are considered as dependent variables. The statistical population of this research is the residents of “Koshtargah” neighborhood. According to the statistics released by “Statistics Center”; 15,000 people lived in the neighborhood in 2016. The sample size is based on Cochran's formula and 374 people are randomly selected. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test with a coefficient of 0.706. Data analysis has been done quantitatively and qualitatively. Single-sample t-test, Friedman, Spearman's correlation and Kriging method were used to evaluate the data.

The results show that according to the location data, the damage rate in the middle part of the neighborhood is higher than other parts of the neighborhood. Given the analysis of questionnaire data, the economic dimension with an average of 2.67 is in an undesirable situation compared to other dimensions. According to the results of Spearman's correlation test; economic, social, environmental and physical, cultural and political dimensions have a significant and direct relationship with societal security. Based on the results of the present research, societal security in “Koshtargah” neighborhood is at an average level. According to the results of the Friedman test, the economic dimension ranks last among other dimensions that require the urban management to pay more attention to it.

Idiopathic nephritic syndrome (INS) is one of the chronic illnesses in children. Therefore, clinical and laboratory factors that influence the clinical course of this disease are very important. Among these factors, low birthweight due to reduction of the number of congenital nephrons and subsequent glomerular hyperfiltration has been postulated as an important factor. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical course of INS in patients with lowbirth weight in comparison to patients with normal birth weight. In this descriptive-analytic study, 170 children with INS were selected from hospitals in Kermanshah, Urmia, Hamedan, Qazvin, and Ahvaz and divided into two groups of low birth weight (<2500gr) and normal birth weight (>2500gr). Then, the clinical course of these patients was evaluated by reviewing their medical records. Of the 170 patients, 22 had low birth weight and 148 had normal birthweight. Statistical analysis revealed no correlation between low birth weight and INS course except for age of presentation (P=0.014). According to the results of this study, there is not any correlation between body birth weight and the clinical course of INS except for age of presentation.

This study aims to analyze the level of access of vulnerable groups (women, children, the elderly, illiterate, unemployed and immigrants) from neighborhood parks as a case study in the city of Urmia. In this study, in order to evaluate the access of vulnerable groups to neighborhood parks, the variables of the ratio of population of women, children, elderly, illiterate, unemployed and immigrants covered by neighborhood parks to the total population of each of them and the per capita access of vulnerable groups to neighborhood parks have been used. Also to evaluate the spatial distribution of neighborhood parks by kernel density, nearest neighborhood index and ellipse deviation from the standard. and finally, the ranking of Urmia areas in terms of vulnerability groups to neighborhood parks with TOPSIS model has been discussed.About 37% of the population of vulnerable groups in Urmia are covered by neighborhood parks, and among vulnerable groups, about 44% of the elderly population have good access to neighborhood parks, followed by the unemployed (41.96% of the total unemployed in the city), women.(38.05% of all women in the city), immigrants (36.44% of all immigrants), children (33.06% of all children in the city) and the illiterate (30.55% of the total illiterate in the city) are covered by the standard radius of neighborhood parks.In general, the research findings show that in the suburbs of Urmia, due to the lack of urban planning criteria or neglect in the past, little space is allocated to neighborhood parks and in these parts of the city