The present paper seeks to present a minimalist account for the derivational process of marked ergative constructions in Hawrami in terms of Phase Theory (Chomsky 2000, 2001, 2004; Radford 2009; Citko2014). This phase-based approach is compared to the former feature-based approach advocated by Karimi Doustan and Naghshbandi (2011). It is argued that using Phase Theory and its related mechanisms and conditions like Phase Impenetrability Condition on the one hand and ignoring Split Cp Hypothesis (Haegeman and Gueron 1999) and the related Focus and Topic projections on the other hand would end up in a more optimal and economic explanation. From a macro theoretical viewpoint the results of this paper lend more empirical support to effects of Phase Theory on generating more optimal explanations in the framework of Minimalist Program

This paper trys to explain, based on the framework of the dynamic phase theory, how to eliminate the internal object of the verb in Persian. At first, in order to determine whether deleted internal argument in Persian verb phrase is the result of  argument ellipsis (AE) or verb stranding verb phrase ellipsis (VSVPE), we apply some common diagnostic criteria  in the previous studies such as verb movement out of verb phrase, verbal identity, deletion of prepositional phases as intrnal arguements, coordination structure, order of adverbs of state and objects and scrambling. Because of incapability of the mentioned diagnostic criteria in the previous literature, we resort to the dynamic approach of phase theory (Bošković: 2005, 2013, 2014). Based on this approach, we conclude that what is deleted in the verb phrase is either a phase or the complement of a phase. Accordingly, this approach can provide the readers up with a more comprehensive and economical explanation of the mentioned structure in Persian.

Phase Theory has been proposed as the latest achievement of the minimalist program to optimize syntactic computation of language.The purpose of this paper is to study and analyze of Ardalani Kurdish data and to what extent phase theory is useful in explaning the clitic hosts in Ardalani Kurdish. we showed that the explanation of clitic agreement in Ardalani would follow the principle of phase impenetrability condition . Data collection was based on field methods, library and the use of researcher language intuition. We also showed through a descriptive –analytical method based on theoretical framework of Citko (2014), the derivation of the phase of transitive single object phrases in Ardalani. The clitic hosts are limited to the complement of VP core in the first phase. Therefore, the elements that are in this range can be a good host for the matching word closure. Therefore the direct object and the non-passive component of the compound verb would be the best choice for the clitic. The clitic can also choose object-dependent adjectives and adverbs as hosts, provided that these elements are limited to the first phase. In this case, the clitic systematically selects these elements as the host. We also, by examining of the construction of adverbs, showed that there is restriction on the selection of adverbs and they are locally restricted. Whenever they are in the complement of the first phase, clitic will select them, but when they are outside the first phase, they can not be selected as hosts, and if selected, the sentence will be crashed. Finally, we concluded that phase theory is capable of explaining the clitic hosts in Ardalani

Electronic properties for bcc Fe and hcp Co in bulk state and also Fe-Co alloy were calculated by quantum calculation based on density functional theory and pseudopotential method. Combination of Wannier function and Berry phase theory was used for calculation of anomalous Hall conductivity in above structures. It was seen that split of band by the spin orbit interaction، lying on the Fermi level، has a major role in Berry curvature. Acquired results agree with experimental ones and thus it seems that conductivity in bulk state is intrinsic.

In Koohmare Sorkhi dialect, ergative constructions can be viewed in terms of recent phase theory and bare phrase syntax in generative view. Koohmare Sorkhi includes canonical forms such as “om goft” in which a clitics is added to the left part of the verb in past accusative constructions. The production of this form and other similar forms can be justified in the framework of phase theory as well as incorporation. In this dialect, V is considered as phase head and T shows both V features and T features. V feature causes movement of V into T. In the next stage, incorporation works after post syntactic operation and the deleting features occur before reaching interfaces. Clitics are bundles of features, and V attracts them as phase head. The mechanism for incorporation is adjunction, and the label of clitics should not be distinct to which it is incorporated. Incorporation and movement have been viewed in the framework of bare phrase structure. Movement to T is syntactic movement and after that incorporation combines past form with clitics in logical form to produce the final form. This operation has been viewed in several languages. Introducing vPs as phases in ergative constructions can be a solution to their contrast in this structure with other structures.

Phase Theory has been proposed as the latest achievement of the minimalist program to optimize syntactic computation of language. Chomsky believes that the derivation of linguistic constructions follows one-phase performance to reduce the memory computing burden. At the end of each phase, part of the syntactic structure already formed undergoes the transfer to the phonological and semantic componant , with the result that the relevant part of the structure is inaccessible to further syntactic operations formed in that stage of derivation. Many linguists believe that syntactic operations of  Merge and Agreement follow the phase impenetrability condition. Since pronominal clitics systems have often been extensively adapted to the Agreement system throughout history, studying the Agreement operation in a language requires studying the clitic hosts. In this paper, by examinig the Ardalani Kurdish language data and describing and theoretically analyzing the clitic hosts, we will show that the explanation of  clitic  agreement  in Ardalani kurdish is related to the principle of phase impenetrability condition.

There is neither a general agreement among linguists nor any comprehensive works on how the process of deletion works in sentences with complex predicates in Persian. In this connection, on the one hand, due to the elimination process, a group of linguists believe that the very problem is concerned with argument ellipsis, On the other hand, others believe that the deletion of the light Verb stranding VP-ellipsis is the result of the deletion process. Considering the duality mentioned in the previous studies and also their ineffectiveness in explaining other grammatical sentences containing complex predicates with deleted constituents, this research is an attempt to provide a new analysis of this linguistic process. In so doing, the present research is grounded upon the dynamic approach to phase theory in minimalist syntax and specifically Bošković's approach (2005; 2013; 2014). The findings of this research indicate that what is deleted in the sentences containing complex predicates is the result of neither an argument ellipsis nor a light Verb stranding VP-ellipsis. But the deleted constituents in the sentences with the complex predicates are either a phase or the complement of a phase.

The main purpose of Phase Impenetrability Condition, and the whole Phase Theory itself, is to predict the movement path of linguistic structures. In this article, in the first place, the movement path of subject within a sentence will be studied and it is argued that subject moves through the edge of vP and then goes to the specifier of tense group. However, contrary to subject movement, the movement of ‘ra’ object and ‘non-ra’ object and ‘non-verbal part of a compound verb show no sign that these syntactic structures move through the edge of vP. Regarding to complement preposition phrase, it is argued that having moved out, this syntactic structure which aimed at going to topic group or focus group, moves through the edge of vP and receives ‘ra’ which is a functional marker. According to data of the article and according to the geodesic (Donkey Hypothesis), it is claimed that there is no absolute minimalism in linguistics like absolute synonymy.

In this article, the simple and complex wh-questions are examined in Persian in the framework of Phase Theory (Chomsky 2001, 2005 & 2007).The objective is the evaluation of this approach and its method of analysis in these type of sentences. This study shows Persian has two types of wh-questions: a) wh- in- situ b) displaced wh. The study of the first group shows that LF movement in Persian is different from LF movement in English. It involves Overt Operator movement. It syntactically shows the same behavior as overt movement. The study of the second group supports this assumption that Displaced wh can occupy two different positions, Focus Phrase or Force phrase.

The present work aims to employ the differential evolution (DE) algorithm to optimize ethylene oxychlorination process to produce 1,2-dichloroethane in a fluidized bed reactor as a feedstock of PVC production. A steady-state reactor model, based on the two-phase theory of fluidization, is developed to investigate the effect of various parameters on C2H4 and HCl conversions. The model results compared favorably with the industrial data obtained from a pilot plant working in Italy. The feed temperature, pressure, HCl and O2 molar flow rates, and cooling medium temperature are selected as decision variables to minimize an objective function subject to the environmental constraints. The highest performance was found at HCl/C2H4 and O2/C2H4 molar ratios of 2 and 0.55, respectively, pressure of 367.6 kPa, feed and cooling medium temperatures of 440 and 360 K, respectively. The results show a decrease of 20 oC in the feed temperature, which leads to saving energy and reducing the size of the pre-heater.