Dealing with the methods of constructing a dome, knowing its various types, studying its structural performance, methods of drawing, styles, executive methods and related issue to it has always been preoccupations of Iranian architects. Amid these, the architecture of pineapple dome which is one of the features of mausoleum buildings in the southern part of Iran has not been given sufficient attention and there is a little data on it in the history of Iranian architecture. In this research the semantic and etymological meaning of pineapple dome has been discussed and the origin of the architecture of this type of dome dates back to Saljuk period. Then the geometrical relations among its saddles has been analyzed and various kinds of this dome including Koukabi(star dome) and polygon have been drawn. Studying the species of present samples in Iran and Iraq, noticeable points were evaluated on geometrical relations, height, form of dome and number of its saddles. Factors such as the performance of apex, method of construction, cover of dome, method of distribution of weight in the structure of the dome have been specified. Lastly, we will come to this conclusion that the main reason for its existence is a symbolic performance and not a pure religious symbol, because independently or in association and integration with religious spaces in the course of time, it has had an effective and pragmatic role. The research methodology in this research is of descriptive-analytical research type. Also based on need, in different parts of research, comparative analysis, retrospective studies and field work studies have been used. based on possibilities and opportunities, limits and threats, the article presents certain strategies to recreate sustainability.

Close relationship between religion and burial architecture and the special respect and reverence of the holy shrines for Muslims were the main reasons for development of burial architecture. Thus، the structure of such constructions has symbolic values and is associated with holiness، religious and political identity of the deceased person. Various types of domes such as rok، nar، and double-shelled have been introduced to the world. Ourchin dome، which has typical characteristics of the tombs in southern part of Iran، has not been studied. Little information about this type of dome is available in the history of Iranian architecture. The existing information، a few names and dates of constructing، is limited to some reports and pictures provided by foreign tourists and unknown writers. Therefore، the origin and the reason for developing such domes as well as their role are still mysterious. Discovering the methods of construction، the design strategies، and identification of different types of dome، as well as their related issues have been of special interest to the Iranian architects. In Achaemenid period، the rich emperors of Iran supplied the structure of their palaces with resistant woods from trees such as cedar from Lebanon or other far away countries. Therefore، due to poor economic conditions، the need to spend a lot of money to provide wood، the absence of good climatic conditions to grow these types of woods in jungles and plains، and the availability of soil، curved arches and domes found their place as continental and structural phenomena in Iranian architecture. In Sassanid period، the construction of domes blossomed and became so prevalent that the structure and construction method of the dome covering has been being used as the general model and instruction until now. The double-shelled vacant، double-shelled completely gaped، nar، rok، the combination of nar and rok، and ourchin domes could be abundantly found in Iranian architecture. Ourchin domes are only found in south-western part of Iran. Even in that part، they are scarce، because this style of constructing the dome is different from that of the northern and central parts. This is exclusive to Iran and only a limited number of this type of dom is found in Iraq. This very point indicates the uniqueness of this style of architecture. On the top parts of the dome، the consistent set-backs of the structure are located beneath. Normally، the height of the ourchin dome is much more than the other types. Consider the vertex of a triangle on Shushtar and its base line drawn from khark to Boroujerd، the places in this triangle feature mozaras domes. Many foreign tourists who have seen mozaras domes called them Pineapple Domes or in French Dome Aveols. This type of dome was only built as a tomb or grave. The methodology of the current study is descriptive and analytical. In different parts of the study، comparative، retrospective، and fieldwork studies have been used. The root of the word، ourchin dome، and its meaning are pointed out. Also، the origin of the Iranian architecture، which dates back to the Seljuqid period، is introduced. Then، the geometric relationships of its sides are examined and different varieties of this dome [star and polygonal] are drawn. Studying the typology of the examples of this dome in Iran and Iraq revealed some remarkable points about their geometric height and shape as well as the number of the floors. It was concluded that that the main reason for developing the general structure of this type of dome was symbolic and not just religious. This dome، on its own or in combination with religious places، has played an effective and functional role over time

Phytohormones are naturally-occurring substances produced by plants which promote vegetative and reproductive development and senescence. Similar to other crops, phytohormones affect the flowering and fruit development of pineapple. This writing provides an overview on the association and effects of phytohormones in pineapple flowering and fruit development. The effects of phytohormones are integrated and discussed in three sections: 1) flower induction in pineapple, 2) flower initiation and flowering in pineapple, and 3) pineapple fruit development. Based on the findings of multiple research, phytohormones involved in pineapple inflorescence initiation and inflorescence development include auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, and abscisic acid (ABA). Auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin are known as phytohormones that improve the fruit size and quality of pineapple. These sets of information can serve as a guide to commercial pineapple growers in formulating a low-cost input of technology for pineapple production.

The study on the antibacterial activity of fruit, peel, stem, and core of the pineapple, Ananas comosuscrude extract against Aeromonas hydrophilaand the effect of supplementing the diet with pineapple waste crude extract on growth performance and resistance against A. hydrophila in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticuswere conducted. The best result of antibacterial screening was performed by disc method and the minimum inhibitory concentration was found in pineapple fruit extract with an inhibition zone of 7.96±0.20 mmand the minimum inhibitory concentration value was 125 mm per liter. The minimum bactericidal concentrationvalue was not observed in all parts of the pineapple extract at any concentration.Furthermore, Nile tilapia (2.34±0.82 g) werestocked in 12 aquariaand fed a diet supplementedwith 4different doses of pineapple peel extract(0, 1, 2and 3%)for 8weeks.The results revealed that thebest value of weight gain, average dailyweight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and feed utilization efficiencywas observed in fish fed 1% pineapple peel extract andadditionally, the mortality of fish challenged by Aeromonashydrophilawas recorded for 10 days after the challenge. The result showed that fish-fed diet containing 1% pineapple peel extract had significantly the lowest mortality and the highest relative survival percentage.

In recent decades, attention has been focused on understanding the molecular basis of carcinogenesis. One of the mechanisms is apoptosis or programmed cell death, which is a key regulator of physiological growth control and tissue homeostasis. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and pineapple extract on Bax and Bcl2 gene expression and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the liver tissue of mice with melanoma.This study was performed on 32 C57 mice in four groups including control, aerobic exercise, pineapple extract, and pineapple-aerobic exercise. After tumor induction, the animals underwent aerobic exercise program for six weeks and pineapple extract gavage at 300 mg/kg. After preparation of blood and tissue samples, expression of livertissue apoptotic genes was performed by RT-PCR. Then the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, univariate, and post hoc. Significant level was considered as p≤0.05. The results showed that Bax gene expression decreased compared to the control group in the experimental groups, and the decrease was more prominant in the pineapple and exercise-pineapple groups. Bcl-2 gene expression increased compared to the control group in the experimental groups, and the increase was more prominant in thepineapple and pineapple exercise groups. The expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 gene decreased in the experimental groups, and the decrease was more prominant in the pineapple and pineapple exercise groups. Combined application of aerobics with pineapple extract had an effective role in preventing tumor growth and reducing apoptotis and increasing anti-apoptotic factors.

The paper reports comparative assessment of some phytochemicals in four (4) varieties of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) merr) peels / rinds. These varieties were Native Pineapple (A), Queens Pineapple (B), MD-2 Pineapple (C), and Smooth Cayene pineapple (D). The pineapples were collected, properly washed, and the peels were processed. After that, the peels were pulverized and oven-dried at 50 OC for 48 h. Chefman 500 W Blender was used to blend these dry samples into 0.5 µm sizes. The resulting peels were used for the analyses of alkaloid, tannin, phytate, oxalate, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, total phenolic, and βeta- carotene using standard reported procedures. The results implied higher levels of flavonoid and total phenol in the varieties C and D than for the varieties A and B. The levels of β-carotene and cardiac glycoside were found to be significantly different (p <0.05) amongst the different peels. However, it was observed that there was no significant difference (p <0.05) in tannin and phytate contents of these rinds. There was also no significant difference in the oxalate contents of varieties A and B; but difference in the oxalate levels of varieties C and D was significant (p <0.05). Like the varieties A and B, the difference in alkaloids content of varieties C and D was not significant (p <0.05). These peels can be blended into our diets because of the presence of these phytochemicalsThe paper reports comparative assessment of some phytochemicals in four (4) varieties of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) merr) peels / rinds. These varieties were Native Pineapple (A), Queens Pineapple (B), MD-2 Pineapple (C), and Smooth Cayene pineapple (D). The pineapples were collected, properly washed, and the peels were processed. After that, the peels were pulverized and oven-dried at 50 OC for 48 h. Chefman 500 W Blender was used to blend these dry samples into 0.5 µm sizes. The resulting peels were used for the analyses of alkaloid, tannin, phytate, oxalate, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, total phenolic, and βeta- carotene using standard reported procedures. The results implied higher levels of flavonoid and total phenol in the varieties C and D than for the varieties A and B. The levels of β-carotene and cardiac glycoside were found to be significantly different (p <0.05) amongst the different peels. However, it was observed that there was no significant difference (p <0.05) in tannin and phytate contents of these rinds. There was also no significant difference in the oxalate contents of varieties A and B; but difference in the oxalate levels of varieties C and D was significant (p <0.05). Like the varieties A and B, the difference in alkaloids content of varieties C and D was not significant (p <0.05). These peels can be blended into our diets because of the presence of these phytochemicals.

Periodontitis is a major problem that affects a large number of patients in the society. Various treatment alternatives have been proposed to control this pathologic condition. Streptococcus sanguis is one of the countless pathogens involved in periodontitis.. The current study aimed to assess the efficacy of pineapple extract per se and in synergy with vancomycin on the growth activity of S. Sanguis.. An experimental study was designed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Pineapple extract per se and in conjunction with vancomycin. The study was carried out in three stages. Serial concentrations of the aqueous pineapple extract, vancomycin, and pineapple plus vancomycin were prepared by broth microdilution technique respectively and were exposed to the standard laboratory strain of S. sanguis (10556 ATCC). The lowest concentration of the pineapple extract and the mixed pineapple/vancomycin solution which inhibited bacterial growth was recorded as the MIC.. The minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin was determined 1 µg/ ml. The pineapple extract failed to show any inhibitory effects per se, however, once added to vancomycin, it reduced the MIC to 0.5µg/ml.. Prescription of pineapple extract along with antibiotics increases the antibacterial effects of the drug, therefore reduces the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cognitive enhancing of pineapple juice and ethanolic extract in scopolamine-induced cognitive deficit mice. The ethanolic extract of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) was prepared by maceration method and its juice was obtained by a homogenizer. Object recognition task was used to evaluate the mice memory. Exploration time in the first and second trial was recorded. The differences in exploration time between a familiar and a novel object in the second trial were taken as a memory index. Animals were randomly assigned into 15 groups of 6 each including: control group (normal saline vehicle), positive control group (scopolamine rivastigmine), seven experimental groups (received scopolamine alone or scopolamine ethanolic extract of pineapple in different doses), six other experimental groups were treated by ethanolic extract or juice of pineapple in different doses. Scopolamine (100 µL, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and pineapple juice or extract (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered 40 and 30 min before starting the second trial in the experimental groups. Object discrimination was impaired after scopolamine administration. Results showed that juice and ethanolic extract of pineapple significantly restored object recognition ability in mice treated with scopolamine. These finding suggested that pineapple had a protective role against scopolamine-induced amnesia, indicating its ability in management of cognitive disorders.

Sesame flour for high levels of protein, fiber and mineral and nutrients pineapple are ideal option for improving the nutritional value of fuctional products. In this study because of increasing production and using enrichment bakery products, effect of replacement of sesame flour in levels of 0, 8, 24, 40 and 48% and pineapple in levels of 0, 1.5, 4.5, 7.5 and 9% on technological and visual properties on sponge cake was evaluated. So central composite design response surface method was used by 2 variable and 4 central point. According to the results, increasing in amount of sesame and pineapple in formulation decreased specific volume, L* and b* values, Hue and Browning Index (BI) of crust. Whiles the amount of moisture, Porosity, a* value, C* and ∆Ε and firmness of texture were increased in compare to the control. In the following optimal points was defined by Design-Expert 7.0.0 software. The optimal points were 26 and 1.6 in sesame and pineapple respectively and introduced as optimal amount of these two material.

Cake is one of the popular junk food between children and teenagers. So producing nutritional product by high quality have significant role in the health of this group of people who are in growing age. In this study effect of replacement of sesame flour in levels of 0, 8, 24, 40 and 48% and pineapple in levels of 0, 1.5, 4.5, 7.5 and 9% on visual and textural properties on sponge cake were evaluated. So central composite design response surface method was used by 2 variable and 4 central point. According to the results, by increasing seasame and pineapple in cake formulation, pH, springiness and cohesiveness were decreased. Although cell density, the average particle size, firmness, chewiness and b* and a* values were increased. Also the results showed adding pineapple had no significant effect on L* value while decreased by adding seasame flour. Finally the optimal points were 24 and 1.6 in sesame and pineapple respectively for using in spong cake formulation.