Among non-indicative verbal forms, subjunctive is of most uses. This form not only plays the most important functions in expressing modal concepts, but also has a close relationship with 'aspect'. In this paper, the ways in which subjunctive concepts are expressed different uses of subjunctive forms are studeid. Based on the findings of the research, there are at least six ways in which modal concepts are expressed in Persian all of which carry subjunctive forms. Subjunctive forms play at least fifteen different functions which are divided into two categories, namely, prototypical vs non-prototypical. All these functions share one feature: there is no guarantee for the actualization of the event or situation in question. As far as meaning is concerned all subjunctive forms function within a single network in center of which there exists a prototypical meaning. All other non-prototypical meanings are derived from this prototypical meaning.

Polysemy has had a special place among translators and interpreters from the far past. Analyzing semantic relations, including polysemy, is also important among linguists. Understanding the Qur’an requires understanding its various components. If the semantic relations of Qur’anic concepts are ignored, the understanding of the Qur’an will be incomplete because of being linear and partial. But understanding the semantic relations of the Qur’an based on radial networks and Qur’anic phenomena and concepts provides readers of the Qur’an with a holistic and process-like understanding. The present study aimed to study the radial network of the word "Qara'a" in all surahs taking a social cognitive approach. As a result, the usage of the radial meanings and the prototypical meaning of the aforementioned word were examined in two translations of the Qur’an by Fooladvand and Elahi Ghomshei. To this end, first, different meanings of Qara'a in three important dictionaries namely Farhang Abjadi Alefbaee Arabi Farsi, the Full Translation of Almonjad Alabjadi, Ghamous-e Qur’an, and Tarjomeh Va Tahghigh-e Mofradat Alfaz-e Qur’an Ba Tafsire Loghavi Va Adabi Qur’an, were obtained. In the next step to determine the radial meanings and the prototypical meaning of the word under study, Tyler and Evans (2003)’s criteria including confirmation of meaning, predominance in meaning network, being used in combined constructions, and grammatical prediction were used. In the final stage, how radial meanings are derived from the prototypical meaning was explained. The analysis showed that devices such as metaphorical expansion and image schema play the main role in expanding the prototypical meaning of the word "Qara'a". Meanwhile, metaphorical expansion plays the main role in expanding the prototypical meaning. Additionally, it was found that variation in finding equivalents for the word "Qara'a" based on the radial meanings and the prototypical meaning is very low and restricted.

In this research, we have had an exact categorization for different kinds of derivational , compound and derivational-compound present participles in the frame of typological prototypes which is a universal approach towards the parts of speech. In this theory, prototypical and with no morphemes adjectives belong to the semantic class of ‘property’ and to ‘modification’ in terms of propositional act constructions. These prototypical adjectives should be simple and without any morphemes on the basis of structural coding of typological prototypes theory. And the adjectives which are not simple and have morphemes, are considered as marked and non- prototypical adjectives. present participles do not act similarly and are not uniform on the basis of behavioral potential. So, they are not in the same level. They are different in terms of their adjectival, nominal functions. By studying present participles in this research, it is shown that they follow the both criterion of typological prototype, and on the basis of these criterion they are non-prototypical adjectives in Persian. In other words, they are unmarked category in terms of both structural coding and behavioral potential. Finally, their position is specified on the semantic map and their behavioral potentials are shown through diagrams