In driving and when you brake, a lot of energy is dissipated to stop the car; especially in urban areas where the vehicle is driving in a stop-and-go pattern. This energy, which is dissipated by the brake pads, can be stored in the vehicle's battery. In Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, a regenerative brake can be used alongside the mechanical brakes to regenerate some energy while braking. The purpose of this article is to investigate the appropriate time to use the regenerative brake, the amount of energy recoverable versus the vehicle's speed, braking power and deceleration rate, the amount of energy on front and rear axles, to investigate the braking power to meet the two requirements of providing the required brake force and not locking the wheels (not to slide the wheels) and to investigate two parallel and fully controlled hybrid braking systems. To this end, a Dena hybrid vehicle was used and the recovered energy during Europe and Tehran city driving cycles was computed and compared with each other. The results shows a significant and efficient effect of the use of the regenerative brake system to utilize the braking energy and consequently the energy consumption reduction for the hybrid vehicles in Tehran city driving.

In this paper, an adaptive rule based controller for an anti-lock regenerative braking system (ARBS) of a series hybrid electric bus (SHEB) has been proposed. The proposed controller integrates the regenerative braking and wheel anti-lock functions by controlling the electric motor of the hybrid vehicle, without using any conventional mechanical anti-lock braking system. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated by a comprehensive vehicle dynamics model in MATLAB/Simulink. Using the designed ARBS, the braking and regenerative performances of SHEB have significantly improved in slippery roads while the slip ratios are kept between 0.15 and 0.20.

Hybrid electric vehicles employ a hydraulic braking system and a regenerative braking system together to provide enhanced braking performance and energy regeneration. In this paper an integrated braking system is proposed for an electric hybrid vehicle that include a hydraulic braking system and a regenerative braking system which is functionally connected to an electric traction motor. In the proposed system, four independent anti-lock fuzzy controllers are developed to adjust the hydraulic braking torque in front and rear wheels. Also, an antiskid controller is applied to adjust the regenerative braking torque dynamically.  A supervisory controller, is responsible for the management of this system.  The proposed integrated braking system is simulated in different driving cycles. Fuzzy rules and membership functions are optimized considering the objective functions as SoC and slip coefficient in various road conditions. The simulation results show that the fuel consumption and the energy loss in the braking is reduced. In the other hand, this energy is regenerated and stored in the batteries, especially in the urban cycles with high start/stop frequency. The slip ratio remains close to the desired value and the slip will not occur in the whole driving cycle. Therefore, the proposed integrated braking system can be considered as a safe, anti-lock and regenerative braking system.

PM10 is one of the sources of air pollution and threatens people's health. Wear of vehicle brake pads is one of the important sources of PM10 in cities. Regenerative braking system can help reduce PM10 by removing the brake pads and recycling energy. In this research, firstly, the possibility of collecting the data needed to determine the amount of braking in urban trips using the speed view GPS application program was investigated in comparison with the brake sensor. Then, using the data collection and analysis with MATLAB software, it was determined that this method is appropriate. The results showed that passenger vehicles brake on average 50.44 times per trip and 6.33 times per kilometer at different speeds. This amount of braking is equal to 1.61 x 105 joules of energy saved per kilometer if the regenerative braking system is used for passenger vehicles. Using the travel data of Mashhad city, the results show that only in 2019, the amount of 38.47 tons of PM10 due to the braking of passenger vehicles was released into the air. The results show that only in 2019, the amount of 38.47 tons of PM10 pollutant caused by braking of passenger vehicles was emitted in Mashhad city.  In case of using regenerative braking system, in addition to removing PM10 emitted from the brake sector, 3.23 tons of PM10 will also be reduced from energy recovery. The results of this research can be used in economic studies of transportation plans.

To resolve the problems of the power quality in traction grid, railway static power compensator (RPC) is used in present of an YΔ11 transformer. In this paper, ability of regenerative braking energy is implemented. A full-controlled bridge is used in the traction load model for return power and thus, specific coefficients are added into load current equation. In order to increase the efficiency of system and to improve the power quality, regenerative braking accompanied by RPC compensator is used. Equations reference of control scheme is considered in the transformer secondary side. In this control scheme, reference of active and reactive and harmonic currents is separated from each other and a PI controller is used to maintain a constant DC link voltage. Finally, by applying the proposed control scheme, negative sequence and harmonic current are compensated and network power factor is improved. For validation, RPC compensation theory performance is simulated by the MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

Regeneration of electric energy during braking is an important issue in electric railway systems. Especially in older electric railway systems that have non-reversible DC traction substations, the goal is to modify the structure of the DC traction substations and replace them with reversible converters at the lowest cost. Accurate evaluation of the power flow and the energy distribution in an electric railway system needs a comprehensive study of the whole railway system with multiple moving trains. But, the modeling and simulation of an electric railway network are complicated due to its nonlinear, time-variant, and large-scale structure. This paper presents the electric energy distribution in the Isfahan Metro Line 1 with and without regenerative braking. For this purpose, a simulator is developed for the DC electric railway systems with multiple moving trains. Driving control strategies, including coasting control, have been applied. The understudy system consists of 7 DC traction substations and 10 trains traveling on the up track. Different scenarios have been simulated with various combinations of reversible and non-reversible DC traction substations. Results reveal that the electric energy consumption of the system with regenerating trains and reversible DC traction substations is 27.13% lower than the system without regenerative braking. To mitigate the energy consumption in the Isfahan Metro Line 1 using the regenerative braking system, it is not mandatory to upgrade the structure of all 7 DC traction substations. Results show that it is possible to reduce electric energy consumption by 26% through installing only 5 reversible traction substations.

In recent years, the extension of cities and cars has led to some crises such as increased fuel consumption, air pollution and urban traffic. Often a significant amount of vehicle energy is wasted as a result of sequential braking in high-traffic cities. Thus, the recovery and reuse of braking energy reduces fuel consumption and reduces air pollution. In this paper, we have estimated the average amount of energy and power lost in automobiles in Tehran due to braking in front of traffic lights according to statistics of 2014 and then have calculated the daily amount of energy that can be recycled. Comparing the recoverable energy from these brakes with the daily energy produced by the Parand power plant and the electricity consumption of the houses shows that only this type of braking can save 3% of the energy produced by the Parand power plant, which is equivalent to the electricity consumption of 96,000 residential houses. He searched. The results of the calculations can significantly tempt and justify the design and use of energy regenerative braking systems.

Nowadays, a new generation of electric vehicles with in-wheel motor technology has been introduced and is being developed. Increasing system efficiency, eliminating mechanical intermediaries, and achieving regenerative braking torque with better performance are the motivations to seek to improve this technology. In the present study, a half-car model with five degrees of freedom has been developed by considering a vehicle equipped with two in-wheel motors on the rear axle as a sample vehicle. Then, the braking strategy has been designed using a two-stage nonlinear predictive controller. The appropriate pressure for the brake fluid lines will be reached in the first stage. In the second stage, the proper amount of electric regenerative torque is obtained using the electronic braking force distribution (EBD) function. The amount of regenerative torque is calculated nonlinear prediction control method. Finally, the designed strategy is examined from the perspective of vehicle mileage capability. The results show that optimal braking can be achieved by utilizing the designed controller and the proposed model. Also, the amount of regenerated energy to the battery can be increased more than 24% during braking by using the proposed braking strategy and the designed control system in compared with the relevant studies.

Electric and hybrid electric vehicles are attractive candidates for sustainable transportation due to its higher efficiency and low emission. The critical choice on the electric motors is its capability of motoring and regenerative braking characteristics. Switched reluctance machines are viable candidate as with proper control and extended constant power range operation replacing the multi-gear transmission. Recently developed dual magnetic circuit reluctance machine configuration make it added advantage with its feasibility on the optimizing the magnetic flux flow. The dual magnetic circuit reluctance machines through double rotor is presented and compared with conventional machine for its power density. Further to evaluate the dynamic performance the proposed machine is compared with that of the conventional machine. It is found that the torque density of the proposed machine is 65% higher than that of the conventional machine and show promising candidate for the EV and HEV applications in the near future.

The controller of the hybrid electric vehicle determines the combustion engine start-stop time, the operation points, and regenerative brake energy. The Controlling approach of hybrid electric vehicles controls the amount of needed fuel in every driving situation. In the present study, the thermostat strategy is implemented along with fuzzy logic control and compared to the classic thermostat strategy. The fuel consumption is compared in two different strategies. GT-power and Simulink software are implemented to simulate the series hybrid electric model. The numerical model is compared and validated with experimental data. The validated numerical model calculates the vehicle fuel consumption in the new European driving cycle. Results show that the use of fuzzy logic control reduces the fuel consumption of series hybrid electric vehicle 4 percent compared to the classical control strategy.