This project was conducted to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals such as Nickel and Lead in soft tissue and hard tissue of the dominant sea urchin (Echinometra mathaei) in rocky shores of Kish Island. Sampling was carried out in four different stations including the kashtiyoonani, Bazar Arab, Seda & Sima and Derakht-e-Sabz in winter (February) and summer (August) of 2011. The amount of heavy metal was evaluated after preparation and chemical digestion of the sample (sea water, sediment, algae of sea urchin habitat, sea urchin soft tissue and hard tissue) with the atomic absorption instrument equipped with graphite stove. Bioaccumulation of Lead in winter was higher than Nickel, concentration in algae3.15μgg-1drywt>deposition2.23μgg-1drywt>sea urchin soft tissue 0.86μgg-1drywt> sea urchin hard tissue0.62μgg-1drywt respectively, bioaccumulation of Lead in summer was algae2.15μgg-1drywt>sea urchin soft tissue 1.85μgg-1drywt> deposition 1.73μgg-1drywt>sea urchin hard tissue0.70μgg-1drywt respectively, bioaccumulation of Nickel in winter was deposition2.64μgg-1drywt>algae1.93μgg-1drywt>sea urchin soft tissue1.52μgg-1drywt>sea urchin hard tissue0.68μgg-1drywt respectively, bioaccumulation of Nickel in summer was higher than Lead, concentration in alagae8.63μgg-1drywt>sea urchin soft tissue3.27μgg-1drywt>deposition2.72μgg-1drywt>sea urchin hard tissue0.52μgg-1drywt respectively, was reported. Concentration of Lead and Nickel in sea water in winter and summer in 4 station was for Lead 10> μgl-1drywt and Nickel 5> μgl-1drywt. There was not a significant difference between the amount of pollutant in sea urchin soft and hard tissue, algae and the sediment in winter and summer (p≥0.05).

sea urchins belonging to phylum echinoderms of marine invertebrates them found to possess excellent. Diabetes mellitus, metabolic diseases most prevalent in the world with a group of metabolic disorders characterized by different degrees is the first increase in blood glucose levels. The aim of the present research was undertaken to study the anti- diabetes activity of different extracts, coelomic fluid and pigments shells and spines of sea urchin of Echinodermata mathaei.
Isolation of different tissues extracts (spine, shell, gonad and aristotol lantern) sea urchin by three solvents (n- hexan, ethyl acetate, and methanol). Isolation coelomic fluid by buffered mode and pigments shell and spine by HCl of sea urchin anti-diabetes activity investigated through inhibition α- Amylase enzyme.
According to the results of the study, coelomic fluid (CF), coelomocyte lysate and shell pigment of sea urchin highest activity in the anti-diabetes methods. Significant differences were observed at P The result of this research indicated that sea urchin of E. mathaei due to the high antioxidant activity, as well as, flavonoid compounds, have anti- diabetes activities too.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota and sea urchin Echinometra mathaei extracts on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the antioxidant activity and inhibitory power of DPPH. Samples of sea cucumber and sea urchin were collected from around Qeshm Island. Antimicrobial activity of sea urchin was performed by examining the diameter of the growth inhibition zone and in sea cucumber by tube dilution method. Concentrations of 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200mg/mL were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of the extracts of both animals increased with increasing the concentration of the extract (P<0.05) and at the concentration of 200mg/mL reached to 320±5.57 and 420±6.95mg of ascorbic acid/g of extract in sea urchin and sea cucumber, respectively. In all studied concentrations, the antioxidant activity of sea cucumber was higher than sea urchin (P<0.05). In both animals, the concentration of 200 mg/mL of peptide extract with 20.21±5.15 and 56.11±3.76mg of ascorbic acid/g, had the highest free radical scavenging power and in both species, DPPH inhibition activity was lower compared to ascorbic acid (P<0.05). Peptide extracts of all three parts of the gonads, skin and spines of the studied animals were able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. Concentrations of 1000 and 1500μg/mL of peptide extract of sea urchin gonad were able to inhibit all bacteria but no significant difference was observed between these two concentrations (P>0.05). The results of the present study showed that sea urchin and sea cucumber can be rich sources of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds. The results of the present study showed that sea urchin was able to show antibacterial effect on gram-negative bacteria.

sea urchins belonging to phylum echinoderms of marine invertebrates them found to possess excellent. Inflammation can be considered a set of complex processes that many body systems including the immune and nervous system are involved. The aim of the present research was undertaken to study the anti- inflammatory activity of different extracts, coelomic fluid and pigments shells and spines of sea urchin of Echinodermata mathaei. Isolation of different tissues extracts (spine, shell, gonad and aristotol lantern) sea urchin by three solvents (n- hexan, ethyl acetate, methanol). Isolation coelomic fluid by buffered mode and pigments shell and spine by HCl of sea urchin evaluation antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging) and anti- inflammatory activity investigated through inhibition albumin serum denaturation.Resuts: According to the results of the study, the spine- methanoli and coelomic fluid (CF) had the highest activity in the DPPH radical scavenging and aristotol lantern- ethyl acetate and pigment shell highest activity in the anti- inflammatory methods. Significant differences were observed at P<0.05. The result of this research indicated that sea urchin of E.mathaei due to the high antioxidant activity, have anti- inflammatory activities too.

The sea urchins are classified in the echinoderms category because of their spiny skin. Saponins are the major responsible metabolites for Echinodermata biological activities . As mentioned before, about 80 species of sea urchins are venomous for human. Their spine, pedicellariae, and some other organs such as gonads and coelomic fluids contain different toxins and bioactive compounds. This review study have evaluated toxinology and bioactive compounds from the extracts, and treatment management of these venomous animals.
Contractin A, echinochrome A, echinometrin, major yolk protein (MYP), centrocins (I, II(, cathepsin B/X, strongylostatins (I,II), vitellogenin, UT841 toxin, spinochrome, and pedoxin as the prosthetic group of peditoxin are the most important compounds obtained from these animals.
Some people show poisoning symptoms following the ingestion of sea urchin gonads, especially during the breeding season. Some of these symptoms included allergies symptoms, as the first symptoms, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, epigastric distress, severe headache, swelling of the lips and mouth, salivation, abdominal pain and some systemic symptoms such as hypotension, numbness and weakness. The most injuries by sea urchin can cause by contact to spines, which can create the various complications such as granuloma, synovitis, arthritis, edema, hyperkeratosis and even neuroma. Injuries by pedicellaria may cause severe pain, local edema, bleeding, lethargy, weakness, tingling, joint pain, aphonia, dizziness, syncope, general muscle paralysis, respiratory distress, hypotension and, infrequently death. After the injury by sea urchin, removing the spines and pedicellariae should be done to minimize the contact with the venom source, and subsequently the management of wounds and poisoning symptoms, as quickly as possible.
The venoms of some sea urchins have toxins and bioactive molecules that produce toxicity effects on their victims by a variety of mechanisms. Despite the various studies in toxinology field, on these animals, the comprehensive studies that led to the identification of pure toxins from their crude venoms are handful and unfinished and it is important to do further studies on this field, in the future.

Marine animals are one of the most important sources of natural products with the origin of biological activities due to their secondary metabolites. These natural compounds can have many nutritional and medicinal uses. In recent years, efforts to find bioactive substances from organisms, especially marine animals, have increased. Echinoderms, including sea urchins (Echinoidea) and sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are an ancient and diverse group of marine invertebrates, which are a rich source of antibacterial and anticancer compounds with high activity mechanisms. Despite tremendous progress in medicine, diseases caused by microorganisms are still a major threat to public health. Nowadays, with the increase of antibiotic resistance and the growing of all types of cancers and the side effects of chemical drugs, the use of alternative and new natural treatments seems necessary. Recent research indicates that compounds isolated from different organs of sea cucumber and sea urchin can have antimicrobial and anticancer effects. In this narrative review, the findings of the antimicrobial and anticancer effects of sea cucumber and sea urchin from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in the last decade were investigated.

Sea urchins contain high values of antioxidant substances such as polyphenols.
In the present study, the antioxidant activities, α-amylase inhibition, anti-inflammatory activity and the amounts of phenols and flavonoids of purple sea urchin Echinometra mathaei tissues obtained from Persian Gulf were examined.
In December 2012, the purple sea urchin E. mathaei used for this study was harvested in the intertidal zone of Qeshm Island, Hormozgan Province, Iran. In the experimental design, extract isolation of different tissues of sea urchin such as spines, shells, gonads and Aristotle’s lantern was performed with the application of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents. Antioxidant properties of the samples were evaluated using different antioxidant tests such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reducing power. The anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of samples were examined by inhibition of α-amylase and retardation of serum albumin denaturation, respectively.
With respect to antioxidant properties, the methanol extract of shell containing 40 μg/mL concentration possessed the maximum reducing power (OD = 0.475 ± 0.0049 and, ethyl acetate extract of Aristotle’s lantern at 1 mg/mL concentration presented the highest TAC (OD = 0.439 ± 0.0018). The n-hexane extract of gonad at a concentration of 1 mg/mL revealed the highest α-amylase inhibition (84.7 ± 2.92%). The ethyl acetate extract of Aristotle’s lantern at 20 μg/mL concentration possessed the highest anti-inflammatory property (69.78 ± 1.61 μg/mL). In biochemical analysis, the methanol extract of spine and ethyl acetate extract of Aristotle’ lantern had the highest phenolic (0.33 ± 0.017 mg/g) and flavonoid compounds (24.6 ± 0.72 mg/g), respectively.
The obtained results revealed that sea urchin extracts could be used in pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, its application in food industries as a supplementary food can be of great value.

In the present study, antifungal effects of different components extracts in the Persian Gulf sea urchin Echinometra mathaei were investigated. It was used from fungi including Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis due to the pathogenicity and prevalence of them. The samples of sea urchin were collected from the coasts of the Persian Gulf, dissected, and extracted by phosphate buffered saline, ethanol and acetonitrile solvents. The antifungal activities of the extracts have been evaluated using the well diffusion method in two concentrations of 1500 and 600 µg/well. The antifungal activity of extracts was observed in the gonad and test as well as spin (against one of fungi strains). The extracts of oral segments did not show any antifungal effects. Considering to the results, the gonad and test of the sea urchin are suggested for purification of effective compounds be prioritized for future studies.

Urchin species found in all oceans over the world, live on wavy and coral reefs, kelp islands and in rocky and muddy pools and sea grass beds. Reproduction and breeding of these species due to increasing demand for their high nutritional value are concerned. Sea urchin at present is growing around the world. There is not much experience on the propagation and cultivation of Urchin species in Iran. In this review, the expression for the reproduction and rearing of sea urchin (fertilization, larval and post-larval rearing, breeding, and brood rearing) and conventional farming systems also had been described.

In the present study, antibacterial effects of different components extracts (gonad, test, spin and oral segments) of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei existing the Persian Gulf were investigated. Due to the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginusa as gram negative bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus and Basillus subtilis as gram positive bacteria, these microorganisms have been used to assess the extracts. The sample of sea urchin were collected from the coasts of the Persian Gulf, dissected, and extracted by phosphate buffered saline (PBS), ethanol (Et) and acetonitrile (ACN) solvents. The antibacterial activities of extracts have been evaluated using the well diffusion method in two concentrations of 1500 and 600 µg/well. The antibacterial activity of extracts was observed in the gonad and test of sea urchin components in both concentrations against all bacteria. The extracts of oral segment and spin did not show any antibacterial effects against the bacteria.  The ACN and Et extracts of gonad had antibacterial effects against E. coli. Against of B. subtilis, the PBS, Et and ACN extracts of the gonad as well as the ACN and Et extracts of the spin showed antibacterial activity. In addition, the antibacterial effects against of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus was observed for the ACN and Et extracts of the gonad. With regards to the results, the gonad and test of the sea urchin are suggested for purification of effective compounds for future studies.