The man-made environment in which man lives is not merely a scientific tool or the result of aimless events, rather it is structured and embodies meaning. These meanings and structures reflect man's understanding of the natural and man-made environment and his general state of being. The meaning that man understands from the man-made environment, individually or socially, creates memories in his mind which ultimately increases the sense of belonging of residents to the living space. To create more meaningful spaces and promote the sense of belonging of residents to the space of their residence, this study sought to discover the memorable factors affecting the sense of belonging of residents to their living space. To evaluate the theoretical model, three neighborhoods including Sang-e Siah, Ishaq Beyg, and Morgh Bazaar were selected from the old neighborhoods of Shiraz, and three neighborhoods including Abiyari, Eslah Nejad, and Havabord were selected as a case study from the new neighborhoods of Shiraz and a questionnaire was distributed. The basic research method of this paper was a correlation. The data of the questionnaire were evaluated using Spss software, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Spearman's ρ), Tukey, ANOWA, Paired Sample T-Test, and Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson's r). The memory factor was the independent variable and the sense of belonging was the dependent variable. The results of the present study indicated the importance of the memory factor in promoting a sense of belonging in all neighborhoods. Accordingly, the effect of social memories was greater than physical memories on promoting the sense of belonging of neighborhood residents and in general, the sense of belonging of residents to neighborhoods in the new fabric was much less than the old texture. Overall, the index of reminiscent elements from physical memories and familiarity with the neighborhood from social memories had the most impact and the factor of historical buildings from physical memories and non-governmental organizations from social memories had the least effect on promoting residents' sense of belonging to the living space.

In order to create more meaningful spaces and promote the sense of belonging of residents to the space of their residence, this study seeks to discover the memorable factors affecting the sense of belonging of residents to their living space. Morgh Bazaar were selected from the old neighborhoods and three neighborhoods of Abiyari, Eslah nejad and Havabord from the new neighborhoods of Shiraz were selected as a case study and a questionnaire was distributed. The basic research method of this paper is correlation. The data of the questionnaire are evaluated using Spss software, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Spearman's ρ) , Tukey , ANOWA, Paired Sample T-Test and Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) . The memory factor is the independent variable and the sense of belonging is the dependent variable.The results of the present study indicate the importance of the memory factor in promoting a sense of belonging in all neighborhoods, Accordingly, the effect of social memories was greater than physical memories on promoting the sense of belonging of neighborhood residents and in general, the sense of belonging of residents to neighborhoods, in the new texture is much less than the old texture .In general, the index of reminiscent elements from physical memories and familiarity with the neighborhood from social memories has the most impact and the factor of historical buildings from physical memories and non-governmental organizations from social memories has the least effect in promoting residents' sense of belonging to the living space.

A sense of belonging to a place, i.e. place attachment, means to have a perception of the environment and more or less conscious emotions on the surroundings, which brings one into an internal relationship with the surrounding environment. Thus, a person’s perception and emotions are bound by and integrated with the semantic context of the environment. A sense of place gives people comfort in an environment, and also leads individuals towards possession of an identity. Moreover, it can be stated that the sense of belonging to a space is a complex concept of human emotion and attachment to an environment, which is developed as a result of adaptation to the space and man’s application thereof.

Theoretical Framework

A review of the related literature can lead one to the roles of different factors in the formation of this sense, including the physical aspects of the environment, social characteristics of the residents, relationships between individuals and the environment, duration of residence, and, in general, memorability factors. The memorability factors influencing residents’ place attachment to the environment in their neighborhoods are divided into the two broad categories of physical memories and social memories. The measures affecting the probability of development of collective memory in cities include the residents’ familiarity with the neighborhood, neighborhood relations, etc., and the measures concerning the development of physical and spatial memory include the neighborhood center features, signs, introversion, etc.

The process of conducting the research is described as involving seven steps. The first step includes an extraction of the memorable factors which are influential on residents’ sense of attachment. For this purpose, the memory indicators are extracted via the documentary-analytical method. The results from the section on the theoretical framework reveal that the physical and social indicators are the most influential factors on the promotion of the sense of attachment in residents of neighborhoods in the city of Shiraz, Iran. The second step involved the development of the main research questionnaire. The features of physical and social memory are considered as the independent variables, and residents’ sense of attachment is considered as the dependent variable. In the third step, the ANOVA test is used for assessment of the level of homogeneity of the population from the old fabric and that from the new fabric. In the fourth step, the Spearman correlation coefficient is calculated for investigation of the effects of the memory factor on the promotion of the sense of attachment in the old and new fabrics. The fifth step involves the application of Tukey’s integrated test for comparison of the effects of physical and social memory on residents’ levels of  sense of attachment in different neighborhoods. In the sixth step, the paired-samples T test is employed to analyze the effects of physical and social memory on the improvement of residents’ sense of attachment to their neighborhoods and the significance of the differences. Consequently, the Pearson coefficient is used for investigation of the correlation between the different elements comprising the physical and social memory component, which influences residents’ sense of attachment to their neighborhoods. The neighborhoods selected for the case study include three situated in the old fabric, namely Sang Siyah, Eshagh Beig, and Bazare Morgh, examined along with three neighborhoods located in the new fabric, namely Abyari, Eslahe Nezhad, and Havabord. The districts to be examined for the case study are selected separately from the old and new fabrics given the similarities of the cultural components and the shared physical and social features measured in the present study.

It can be stated based on the above that the effect of physical and social memory on the promotion of residents’ sense of attachment in the selected neighborhoods of the same fabric is insignificant, and the selection for the case study has been appropriate in terms of feature similarity and homogeneity at the end of the assessment. The results obtained from the Spearman correlation coefficient reveal that a significant relationship exists between the sense of place attachment and memory in all the neighborhoods from the old and new fabrics. However, it can be stated in general that the Eshagh Beig neighborhood exhibits the greatest effect of physical memory in the old fabric on the improvement of the sense of attachment, and Bazare Morgh shows the least effect. In the new fabric, the Abyari neighborhood exhibits the greatest effect, and Havabord shows the least. 

In terms of the effects of social memory on the promotion of the sense of attachment, the Sang Siyah neighborhood exhibits the greatest effect, and Bazare Morgh shows the least effect in the old fabric, while the Abyari neighborhood exhibits the greatest effect, and Havabord shows the least in the new fabric. Based on this assessment, the mean effect of physical memory on the promotion of the sense of attachment is less than that of social memory in the old fabric. In the new fabric, however, the mean effect of physical memory on the promotion of the sense of attachment is significantly greater than that of social memory, and it can be stated in general that residents’ sense of attachment to neighborhoods in the new fabric is significantly lower than that in the old fabric. Given the results for the old fabric, memory-making elements in the neighborhood, from the physical memory indicator, and individuals’ familiarity, from social memory, exhibit the greatest effects, while the historical monuments factor, from physical memory, and NGOs, from social memory, have the least effects on residents’ sense of attachment to the living spaces. In the new fabric, memory-making elements in the neighborhood, from physical memory, and neighbors’ relations, from social memory, exhibit the greatest effects, and historical monuments, from physical memory, and social class, from social memory, have the lowest effects on the improvement of residents’ sense of attachment to the living spaces.

Methamphetamine is a stimulant of the central nervous system, which is now increasingly abused. Long-term use of this psychoactive drug is associated with many cognitive disorders, including learning and memory impairment. Kisspeptin-13 is one of the endogenous neuropeptides, whose neuroprotective role on cognitive functions, especially memory, was investigated in several studies. In the present study, the role of kisspeptin-13 in mitigating social memory impairment induced by methamphetamine was investigated.

This experimental study was carried out on 40 adult male Wistar rats weighing (200-270 g). This study was conducted with the code of ethics (IR.MAZUMS..REC.1398.6037) at the Neuroscience Research Center of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the animals were randomly divided into four groups: control, methamphetamine,kisspeptin-13+ methamphetamine, and kisspeptin-13 groups. First, pretreatment with kisspeptin-13 was done intraventricularly for three days at a dose of 1.5 µg/µL in the respective groups. Specifically, on the initial day, the subjects were given a dose of 1 mg/kg twice, with a 4-hour interval. On the following day, the dosage was raised to 2 mg/kg, and this incrementally increased on subsequent days throughout the week. Thus, on the third day, the dose was 3 mg/kg, on the fourth day, the dose was 4 mg/kg, and on the fifth, sixth, and seventh days, the doses were 5 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 7 mg/kg, respectively. After the injections, the social interaction behavioral test evaluates social memory and sociability. This test was carried out in a three-chambered device for ten minutes in a rectangular space that was divided into three parts. In the side chambers, there were two wire chambers in which stranger and familiar rats were placed. On the test day, the time spent in each room was monitored.

The results of this investigation, which examined the effect of kisspeptin-13 on sociability and social memory in two stages, were as follows. The effect of kisspeptin -13 on sociability showed that the duration of exploration in the chamber where the first stranger mouse was placed was longer than the duration of exploration in the empty chamber in all experimental groups. Results indicated that sociability in these animals was not affected by the administration of methamphetamine, as well as kisspeptin -13, and all animals in the groups receiving the drug responded similarly to the control group. Statistical analysis regarding the effect of kisspeptin -13 on social memory showed that there is a significant statistical difference in the time spent for the first stranger mouse and the second stranger mouse, and the animals in the group receiving methamphetamine spent more time in social interaction with the first stranger mouse, which indicates damage to social memory, and the administration of kisspeptin -13 in animals receiving methamphetamine also failed to improve social memory. In the group receiving kisspeptin -13, social memory was not significantly different from the control group, which indicated that the administration of kisspeptin -13 alone does not lead to damage to social memory.

This study showed that methamphetamine can lead to serious impairment of social memory without causing a change in social interaction, and pretreatment with kisspeptin-13 could not compensate for the damage to social memory caused by the administration of methamphetamine.

Memory is one of the most important individual and social dimensions of human beings. Memory, even in its most personal form, is influenced by social, economic, and political contexts. Norms, values, and social rules, which have been passed down from generation to generation, shows that memory has a social dimension. Collective memory is not like a fixed and unchangeable format, but also a process that is Constructed under the influence of the present and social frameworks. The main issue of the present study, entitled "Poles in World War II in Kermanshah", is to try to understand how the process of forgetting about Polish refugees in the city of Kermanshah. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the theory of social memory of Maurice Halbwax and the social frameworks of memory (age, sex, race, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic status) to which Holbwax refers and also Paul Ricoeur's views, which are also influenced by Holbawax's theory of social memory in the discussion of recollection and forgetfulness, have been used. The research approach is qualitative and the method of narrative analysis has been used. 82 people were interviewed through purposive sampling and to increase the validity of the research, the relevant documents were also examined. The results indicate that collective memory is constructed by factors such as media, formal education, memorial ceremonies and memorial communities, places, the possibility of having different groups in society and the relationship and membership of different socialgroups with each other, Economic social class and ideology.

The current article compares the memory of various generations of Mirzakuchak Khan in Guilan province. This study applies the present-day approach and the theory of social memory frames.  The residents of Fouman, Shaft, Talesh Astara and their sub-regions form the statistical population.  A total of 76 samples were selected based on saturation and the method of theoretical sampling, data collected by fieldwork and investigated by using an unstructured interview approach.  The findings illustrated that generation as a social frame impacts Mirza’s place in forming the collective memory of people in Guilan. The memory of Mirza in the first generation is concrete, scattered or a separated combination of oral narratives of relatives and locals. The second generation recalled Mirza with historical realities, due to use of official media and oral narratives from local communities. The memory of Mirza in the third generation, was represented vaguely and inefficient under the influence of the national media, Movies and TV shows due to the lack of information resources.  Beside issue of generation, religiosity was another effective social frame affecting the collective memory in this research. Many people pointed that founding a religious system was one of the purpose of his uprising

The present study was conducted to investigate the existence of any possible relationship between multiple intelligences (MI) and vocabulary learning strategies. The participants in this study were 90 students of Bandar Abbas English language Institutes. The instruments for data collection consisted of MI questionnaire and Vocabulary learning strategies questionnaire. After gathering the data, correlation and regression analyses were done on the obtained data. The results indicate that among 5 categories of strategies (determination, social, memory, cognitive, and metacognitive), determination, social and memory strategies can be strongly predicted by bodily, natural and interpersonal intelligences, respectively; while the natural intelligence is found to be a negative predictor of social strategies. More specifically, there is a significant relationship between several categories of strategies and different domains of intelligences.  Moreover, among 5 categories of strategies, there is a significant relation between determination, memory and social strategies on the one hand, and several domains of MI on the other.

Empathy is one of the special cognitive functions that play an important role in the evolution of social behaviors and the formation of social memory. Testosterone have neuroprotective effects against cognitive and behavioral disorders and may be very important in the development of social and cognitive behaviors. Therefore, this study investigated the role of testosterone hormone in social behaviors, novel object recognition memory, and anxiety-like behaviors in a rat model of empathic pain.

In this study, 32 gonadectomized male rats were divided into four groups: control, pain, observer + vehicle (castor oil), and observer + testosterone. The emotional pain experienced by a family member who received five formalin injections was socially transferred to the observing rat within the same family through observation. The observation groups received vehicle or testosterone before observing the suffering of mice. Then, social memory, novel object recognition memory, and anxiety-like behaviors were tested.

The results indicated that in the pain group, both social memory and novel object recognition memory were impaired compared to the control group, and anxiety-like behaviors were increased. Conversely, testosterone injection partially improved social memory and novel object recognition memory deficits, and reduced anxiety-like behaviors compared with the observer+vehicle group.

In conclusion, empathy causes anxious behavior and social and novel object recognition memory impairments. Furthermore, testosterone hormones can play a protective role against cognitive and behavioral damages caused by empathy in rats.

Nowruz is one of the oldest rituals left from ancient Iran, which has always been a suitable platform for the growth and preservation of cultural and artistic elements. The role of poetry and music in the permanence of Nowruz rituals is going to be examined in this research, and it attempts to establish a mutual view of the interaction between poetry and music in Nowruz rituals. This process is measured with the theoretical foundations of social memory and the factors of life and transfer of culture and identity, in order to identify the effects of poetry and music on the life of Nowruz rituals. It will try to answer these questions in this way: What factors are involved in the survival of Nowruz rituals? What role does the association of poetry and music play in the life of rituals of a culture?

The purpose of research:

The purpose of this research is to emphasize the role of poetry and music as two important and effective foundations in the permanence of Nowruz rituals from ancient times up to today.

The method of research:

The current research has investigated the subject in a descriptive-analytical way and collected information in the form of library and field interviews.

The main discussion has been about the two foundations of Nowruz and social memory. The first basis of Nowruz is an oral tradition that has its own special performance rituals, while these rituals, that are the basis of Nowruz, have influenced on Persian literature that made unique works related to Nowruz, and has been influenced by literature. It caused that the welcoming spring rituals, which are known as Nowruz rituals, to be divided into two parts:  The verbal rituals, and non-verbal rituals. The second basis is related to Maurice Halbwachs’s social memory theory discussion, in which he talks about two important parts, these two parts are: 1) the factors that create social memory; 2) the tools for transferring social memory. 

In Halbachs’s theory, things such as ritual, language and commemorative practices are listed among the factors of creating social memory, which have many similarities with Nowruz rituals. Nowruz can be proven that is a ritual, from the fact that it has both timeliness and a relationship with myths and unique practices; These ceremonies are held at a specific time, which is between the end of winter and the beginning of spring, and the spring couriers of various tribes, each of which is somehow related to mythological features, such as Haji Firouz, is a proof of the connection with mythology. Finally, the unique ceremonies and practices of Nowruz are the same rituals that are in Persian culture is specific to Nowruz, such as setting Haft Sin Table, Fireworks Wednesday, etc. The second factor is the language, which the role of language in Nowruz rituals has been clearly examined in the verbal rituals of Nowruz. The third factor is the commemorative ceremonies and practices that can be seen in ceremonies like pilgrimage of the dead people on their graves, cleaning the house, etc. on the last days of the year. After it was determined that Nowruz contains all the factors of creating social memory, in the next part, the memory formed among the members of the society must be transferred from each generation to the next generation through transferring tools, which includes music, pictures, narratives, and some practices which are familiar for the society.  The music which is used in Nowruz chants and by spring couriers, can be cited and interpreted in the musical section in this regard. Anyway, the images and performances that spring couriers have and are only related to them, can be cited and interpreted in the picture section, while the poems of Nowruz chants and the poems used by Nowruz couriers, which are often like stories and tell about the passing of winter and the coming of spring, can be cited and interpreted in the narrative section.  The familiar practices of the community, such as festival shopping, also has many examples in Nowruz.

According to the obtained results, poetry and music are effective tools in transferring social memory, and they caused Nowruz to be survived in the minds of society. Also, poetry and music cause penetration in the social memory of people to be accompanied by each other, and it is possible that the presence of each of the two elements of poetry and music alone shows a result other than the result of their association.

This paper examines social memory of clergies who study in traditional religious schools and its relationships with social indicators of the group. The main goals of the research have been exploration of principal elements of collective memory of clergy groups as well as explaining the respondents’ justifications for prominent events. This survey was carried out through distributing a questionnaire to clergy people of religious schools in Shiraz city. Through a probability approach of cluster sampling, 256 students and teachers were selected. They were asked about the most important national events in almost the last nine decades as well as their reasons for the importance of the prominent events. The relationships of independent variables to the prominent group memory were examined. The results indicated the absolute primacy of 1979 Revolution and War between Iran and Iraq memory among other ten events in this epoch. The great change, progress, religion and retrogress were the main categories for the justification of Revolution and War’s primacy. There are significant relationships according two variables analysis: Revolution’s memory and education as well as race; War’s memory and cultural consumerism. Education appeared in the final Logistic regression model for Revolution memory and cultural consumerism in War’s. Generally the results confirmed the Halbwachs theory of collective memory.