The effects of conjugated linileic acid on performance and small intestinemorphology were studied using 300 broiler chickens in a compeletly randomized designwith 5 treatments and 4 replicates and 15 chickens in each replicate. The experimentaldiets were contained 7% soybean oil, 7% CLA, 3.5% CLA + 3.5% soybean oil, 10%hydrogenated oil and control oil free diet. The lowest weight gain and feed intake wereobserved in the group fed with 7% CLA, but this treatment improved feed conversionratio. The villi hieght was reduced in duodenum section of birds fed with diet containingsoybean oil or control, but in ileum section just the soybean oil diet caused the sameeffect. The chicks fed with 3.5% soybean oil + 3.5% CLA had the highest villi length.The diets with 7% soybean oil and 3.5% soybean oil + 3.5% CLA decreased epitheliumthickness. Crypth depth in duodenum and jejunum increased with 3.5% soybean oil +3.5% CLA diet so that the differences with other treatmernt were significant ecxept withthe 7% soybean oil diet in duodenum. The results of the present study showed that CLAat 7% level adversly affect performance but the diet containing 3.5% CLA improvedmorphological parameters of small intestine especially villi length.

Eight Holstein cows in early lactating stage were used in a 4×4 change-over design within 4 periods of 21-d to determine the effects of alfalfa hay particle size and soybean oil supplementation on intake, digestibility, ruminal and blood metabolites, chewing activity, milk yield and compositions. Four total mixed rations containing 20, 20 and 60% corn silage, alfalfa hay and concentrate respectively were fed to cows twice daily at 0800 and 2000 h. The rations were prepared based on differences in percentage of soybean oil in the concentrate and particle size of alfalfa hay: 1) 0% soybean oil, long-cut alfalfa; 2) 4% soybean oil, long-cut alfalfa; 3) 4% soybean oil, alfalfa powder; 3) 4) 4% soybean, alfalfa powder. Soybean oil had no effect on DMI, but digestibility of NDF, ADF, EE and ash decreased and crude protein digestibility was increased. Reduction of hay particle size, increased DM, and OM intake but decreased the digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, EE and ash. Milk yield was increased, but milk fat and protein percentage decreased with addition of soybean oil. Reduction of particle size and addition of soybean oil, decreased time spent ruminating and total chewing activity. The addition of soybean oil to fine alfalfa had a synergism effect on decrease of intake time, rumination time and total chewing activity. Decreased particle size and addition of soybean oil declined rumen NH3-N concentration. Reduction of particle size significantly increased ruminal particulate passage rate, and decreased ruminal mean retention time, however, oil supplementation had no significant effect on passage rate, and ruminal mean retention time. Oil supplementation significantly increased milk yield, but decreased its fat and protein content. When particle size of hay decreased, with no effect on milk fat and protein content, milk yield significantly increased in treatments those contained oil supplementation. The oil supplementation in rations not only did not increase fat of milk, but also significantly decreased NDF digestion and consequently milk fat content.

In the present study, the effects of enrichment of Artemia franciscana with fish oil and soybean oil accompanied with vitamin E were investigated on the structure of pyloric caeca in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae. A total of 1500 Persian sturgeon larvae (with the average weight of 51±2 mg) were divided into 15 tanks. Larvae were fed for 17 days in 5 experimental treatments including the treatment C (non-enriched artemia), S15 (enriched artemia with soybean oil and 15% vitamin E), S30 (enriched artemia with soybean oil and 30% vitamin E), F15 (enriched artemia with fish oil and 15% vitamin E) and F30 (enriched artemia with fish oil and 30% vitamin E). From each traetment, 15 larvae were collected and were fixed in Bouin’s solution for histological studies. Histological results showed that both fish oil and soybean oil were the main and effective factors on the total area and histo area indices of the pyloric caeca and the enrichment of artemia with fish oil and soybean oil was significantly increased this factor as compared to that of the control treatment (P

Soybean oil is the most important vegetable oil، which is produced in the world because of oil good quality and high yield. The quality is affected by factors such as damage to the seeds of soybean oil، high humidity، high temperatures during storage and processing، exposure to air (oxygen)، especially at high temperatures، contact with oxidizing agents Starter and exposure to light altered. The purpose of this study was to determine the best conditions for optimization of products and maintenance of test oil was to prevent the destruction of its chemical oxidant and corruption. In the present study the stability of soybean oil peroxide index aggravating factors that affect corruption oxidative the time of production، was assessed. The results of the average of 4 replicates Peroxide samples of soybean oil under different levels of temperature، antioxidants، and the amount of iron metal showed that the effects of temperature، antioxidants and iron metal on Peroxide soybean oil at 1% level is significant. The interaction of temperature - temperature antioxidants - iron was significant at the 1% level. Peroxide highest maximum level temperature of the oil at 80°C. The amount of antioxidant added to the oil، soybean oil had a significant effect on the peroxide index was 1% level. The maximum amount of oil in the peroxide index absence of antioxidants in the oil obtained. Levels of iron metal significant effect on the rate of 1% soybean oil peroxide index showed. Peroxide highest amount of iron in soybean oil was obtained 3 ppm and temperature of 80°C.

The objective of this study was selection of appropriate internal standard for determining the purity of soybean oil alkyl esters using gas chromatography. In this study, soybean oil fatty acid methyl esters were produced by microwave-assisted interesterification method. Margaric acid methyl ester and butyric acid were added as internal standards in the ratios of 10 and 30 percent (w/w) of soybean oil methyl esters. According to gas chromatography results, error percent at the concentrations of 10 and 30 percent were respectively 85.00 and 113.33 percent for butyric acid and respectively 0.10 and 6.67 percent for margaric acid methyl ester. Although, using butyric acid as an internal standard had some advantages such as preparation time saving and less raw materials consumption and final cost in comparison with margaric acid, but according to butyric acid polarity and lower molecular weight, it cannot be used as a good indicator for oils containing long-chain fatty acids such as soybean oil. Although, using margaric acid requires interesterification, but the results are more reliable. Therefore, using margaric acid methyl ester as an internal standard is proposed for determining the interesterification yield of soybean oil.

This research was carried out in 2011 to evaluate the effect of blooming delay on growth and qualitative and quantitative traits in grapes cultivar Fakhri through a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design using soybean oil and Naphthalene acetic acid spraying. Treatments were time of spraying (March and April) and type and concentration of chemical compounds including distilled water (control), NAA at 100 and 200 mg/l, soybean oil at 5% and 10%, 100 mg/l NAA 10% soybean oil and 200 mg/l NAA % soybean oil. Soybean oil at 10% concentration, alone or in combination with NAA 100 mg/l, reduced branch length and diameter and decreased percentage of dead buds, compared to the control and auxin treatments. The highest and the lowest percentage of fruit set, number and weight of clusters were obtained from the control and 10% soybean oil alone or in combination with NAA, respectively. The application of 10% soybean oil resulted in larger berry size as well. Spraying vines in March was more effective in reducing number of clusters and berry weight, compared to the application of chemicals in April. However, fruit quality, except for soluble solid content, was not influenced by time of spraying. Delaying bud break for a relatively long period, through the application of soybean oil at 10% concentration, alone or in combination with NAA 100 mg/l, significantly reduced fruit quality to some extent which may be improved by delay in harvesting time.

The aim of the study was to investigate the replacement of fish oil by soybean oil and the effects on the growth performance, survival and fatty acid metabolism in Persian sturgeon fingerlings. Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic experimental diets containing 100% fish oil, 50 and 100% soybean oil were fed to triplicate group of fingerlings (initial weight 210 g). No significant difference was observed in the case of weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and survival (P > 0.05). Fillet fatty acid composition was analyzed and the results showed that fillet fatty acid composition was highly affected by dietary fatty acid profile and the highest accumulation rate of linoleic acid (C18:2n6) and linolenic acid (C18:3n3) was observed in 100% soybean and fish oil respectively. Also feeding 50% soybean oil stimulated elongation and desaturation pathway of C18 PUFA in fingerlings and the highest amount of EPA, DHA arachidonic acid (AA) was observed in this treatment. Data obtained show that replacing fish oil with 100% soybean oil had inhibitory effect on the elongation and desaturation of C18 PUFA and the lowest amount of DHA and AA obtained in fingerlings fillet.

The degree of photochemical cleavage of epoxidized and non-epoxidized oils of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), soybean (Glycine max), and olive (Olea europaea) exposed to 1000 watts ultraviolet light (UV) at different times were studied using iodine value and infrared spectroscopy.  The epoxidation was conducted with a mole ratio of 1:0.5:2 for the oil, hydrogen peroxide and formic acid, respectively, for 6 hours at 50 oC. The oxirane oxygen content and their percentages of conversion to epoxides for the oils were: sunflower oil (6.75, 89.52 ± 0.25%), soybean oil (7.10, 95.95 ± 0.33%), and olive oil (4.25, 84.89 ± 0.18%), respectively. The results showed that the difference in oxirane oxygen content between sunflower and soybean oils corroborate the slight increases in iodine value of the irradiated oils. The oxirane oxygen content of epoxidized olive oil established the baseline value for monounsaturated oils. The results for the UV irradiation showed that after twelve hours of irradiation, the iodine value increased for non-epoxidized sunflower oil and non-epoxidized soybean oil, while it decreased for non- epoxidized olive oil. However, the iodine values of epoxidized sunflower oil and epoxidized soybean oil increased, while the epoxidized olive oil decreased. It was suggested that the increases observed in the iodine values for non-epoxidized and epoxidized sunflower and soybean oils were as a result of molecular rearrangement of the alkene functional groups and recyclization of the cleaved epoxides residues after irradiation due largely to multiple bond effect. This effect is more marked in sunflower oil with 63% polyunsaturated fatty acid content, than in soybean oil with 61% polyunsaturated fatty acid content. This result corroborates the C-H deformation vibration at 1379 cm-1 as evidences of cyclized products. The monounsaturated olive oil characterized by a marked reduction in iodine value for both the non-epoxidized and epoxidized oils indicated marked reduction in unsaturation as it has only one double bond per molecular chain. Thus, the possibility of molecular rearrangement or recyclization of epoxidized residues is unlikely as shown by the results. Hence, the monounsaturated olive oil produced more stable cleaved products as evidenced by a marked reduction in the iodine value of the products.

The effects of different dietary levels of soybean oil (2، 4 and 6%) and probiotic primalac (0، 0. 1 and 0. 15 %) were investigated on performance and immune system of broiler chickens from day one to day 42 of age. For this purpose، five hundred and forty day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb) in 9 groups of 60 each were used. The birds of each group were divided into 6 pens of 10 birds. The experimental treatments were analyzed in a 3×3 factorial experiment with a completely randomized design all the birds received a same starter diet until day 7 of age but fed the grower (from day 7 to 21 of age) and finisher (from day 22 to day 42 of age) diets afterwards. The results of the recent experiment showed that soybean oil or probiotic supplementation improved the feed consumption، body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p< 0. 01) of broilers during whole the experimental period. Moreover a significant interaction was observed between the probiotic and soybean oil for feed conversion ratio (p< 0. 05). Probiotic or soybean oil supplementation increased the feed consumption during 24 hours post-vaccination and antibody titer against gamboro vaccine and decreased the plasma cerloplasmin and hetrophil to lymphocyte ratio (p< 0. 01). Furthermore a significant interaction was observed between the soybean oil and probiotic supplementation for post vaccination feed consumption and produced antibody titer (p< 0. 05). None of the treatments affected the proportional weight of bursa fabrciuos but probiotic supplementation increased the proportional weight of spleen at day 42 of age. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of 4% soybean oil with 0. 1% of probiotic has the best effect on performance of broiler chickens but higher levels of soybean oil (6%) with either of 0. 1 or 0. 15% of probiotic is needed for the best immune response (lower blood cerloplasmin concentration and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio).

The oxidation of unsaturated lipids by free radicals is one of the main causes of food deterioration. The major purpose of the present study was to determine effectiveness of application of honey in order to reduce oxidation in soybean oil.
Six groups were designed, including control (soybean oil emulsion without preservative), positive control (butylated hydroxyl toluene 200 ppm), and soybean oil treatment groups (containing 1, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% honey). Each group was sampled in order to measure peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and total antioxidant capacity parameters during 5 intervals (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS statistical software.
Total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity (IC50 in mg/ml) were estimated to be 74.8±0.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g and 23.4±0.2 mg/ml, respectively. Totally, the soybean oil samples treated by 2.5 and 5% honey showed higher (p The present study demonstrated considerable antioxidant potency of honey in oil emulsion. Owing to economical reasons, it is recommended that 2.5% honey could be applied as an alternative for synthetic antioxidants in oil-rich foods.