Universities are relevant institutions in promoting economic growth and civil society participation. One of the key elements that have been the recent focus of these trends in tertiary education reform worldwide is university governance. This research aims to explain and measure university governance indicators. University of Tehran is taken as a case. The survey sample population consisted of 110 randomly taken faculties of University of Tehran. Accountability, management, structure, autonomy and participation were evaluated as university governance dimensions by semi-structured interviews with experts. A fuzzy-AHP was used to assess their adequate relative importance .The results revealed that University of Tehran has suitable level of university governance.

The change in governance patterns of the higher education system will undoubtedly leave extensive changes in other components and elements of this system. A brief look at the evolution of the university governance system shows that today, new governance models such as the market-oriented model have attracted the attention of many higher education systems worldwide, and different countries are moving towards the market-oriented and society-oriented governance model in terms of their legal, scientific and developmental frameworks. The present article, by examining the transition of university governance models in four countries including France, Iran, Germany and Italy in the form of a comparative study, tries to answer the question of what changes have been experienced in the governance of universities in the mentioned countries during the past three decades. Another question that this article seeks to answer is which of the mentioned models or a combination of them creates more functionality and benefits for the higher education system. Research findings show that university governance models can generally be classified into 4 general categories including market-oriented, government-oriented, academic and hybrid governance models. Also, these models can be compared with each other from the 12 dimensions of university governance. Another finding shows that in the transition from one model to another, the tendency to change from the government-oriented model to the academic model and then to the market-oriented models and finally to the combined model can be seen. Of course, this process has not been the same in all the countries examined in this research, and for this movement, legal and structural changes in the university governance body are very important.

Developing an effective university governance model at the higher education institutions and exploring its pattern index and components is the main purpose of this research. Also identifying effective governance barriers and challenges is another purpose of this research.
In this research, university governance at Alzahra University was subjected to scrutiny. Questionnaire was used for data collection and data was analyzed by using spss software testing.
The study results show that the universities are governed by board of trustees and managers who have middle competence. The governance structures illustrate good university governance and the responses show that there are good management structures at the university. Other findings demonstrate that Iranian universities are faced of many obstacles which limit the effective governance.
The individual performance findings of the members in sustaining effective university governance showed the results that are above the average. It was also indicated that the risk management quality and internal controls have average results in the university and fair treatment of stakeholders have unpleasant results that are under average.
The necessity of improving effective governance in order to reduce the challenges ahead and better universities management are felt. In this regard, the thesis desired model was discussed in the fifth chapter and according to the findings and literature, several factors that are necessary for having good governance were added to the model.

Today, social and community values and expectations towards universities have undergone considerable changes, putting them under pressure to change their current status. Good governance of universities together with unity and integrity of university governance types may lead to academic success strategies. This success requires careful assessment and ongoing monitoring and evaluation; university portals and websites evaluation is among the best methods of good evaluation since it is based on information and communication technology and does not require physical presence. This paper, with an analytical approach, reviews the relevant literature of good university governance and then describes the conventional theoretical models in this regard. In addition, a model of good governance is proposed which is based on knowledge management and evaluation of web sites and portals at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

This study aims to analyze the position of student institutions in governing higher education. The qualitative research happened in two phases. First, it employed a principled review approach in order to extract the keywords such as student and university governance, student voices at university, student and decision making at university, and self-governance of the students in valid international data centers like Science Direct, Springer, Eric, Emerald, Sage, and Online Library Wiley from 1995 to 2020. After that, 39 articles were selected through PARISMA form. In the second phase, using the three-stage thematic analysis of Walcot (2008), the selected articles were investigated. The findings regarding the student institutions in the governance of higher education were 6 primary and 13 secondary peripheral themes. These themes included para-university governance (para-university policy making and para-university management), inner-university governance (inner-university policy making and inner-university management), discourse of students (the structure of student institutions, student agency, and student role), student development (developing human resources and developing social capital of students), supportive and legal systems (supportive and encouraging systems and legal systems), and soft capacities of university (cultural values and social values). In this regard, introducing encouragements for increasing the students’ motivation for contribution, establishing student cooperatives, university culture for supporting the student contribution, and collective decision making at university were the most significant elements. Finally, some general policies for Iran’s higher education were suggested..

Universities play an important role in educating efficient and entrepreneurial human resources and producing knowledge for other institutions and organizations in society, and this role and position of excellence in knowledge-based development is not hidden from anyone. Since governance is one of the most important aspects of higher education and has a great impact on educational and research activities, it has been significantly affected by these changes. The general purpose of the current research was to investigate the impact of university governance with the approach of developing fourth-generation universities on future foresight in Babol universities in order to present a model.

This research is applied in terms of purpose, which was conducted with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative approach, the Delphi method was used, and in the quantitative approach, the descriptive correlation type method was used. The statistical population in the qualitative department of the professors of the universities of Babol city, who had management experience of more than 10 years and the scientific rank of associate professor and above, was identified in the number of 20 people using the purposeful sampling method and were present in the study. Based on the saturation law, the number of 10 was determined and was selected as a statistical sample. The main goal of this stage of the research was to examine and explore the concepts and categories related to university governance with the approach of developing fourth-generation universities and creating a questionnaire for the quantitative part. Therefore, at this stage, in order to achieve the indicators of academic governance with the approach of developing fourth-generation universities, through in-depth and exploratory interviews individually with the scientific experts who were purposefully selected, the necessary qualitative data were collected. Concepts and categories were identified and analyzed. These concepts and categories became the basis for developing a tool (questionnaire) for university governance with the approach of developing fourth-generation universities, thus a "qualitative review" was carried out at this stage. Since the current research deals with the impact of university governance with the approach of developing fourth-generation universities on future foresight in Babol universities in order to provide a model, in this research, the researcher used the data obtained through interviews and questionnaires after extracting and classifying through SPSS20 and PLS3.2 software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests, single sample t, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Friedman test, and structural equations have been analyzed. What will be stated next is data analysis based on qualitative, quantitative, and inferential data.

Based on the coefficients of the path, there is a factor load of 0.295 between the exogenous variable (university governance with the development approach of fourth-generation universities) and the endogenous variable (foresight), also because the t-value (4.587) is outside the range (2.58 and -2.58), so the impact of university governance with the approach of developing fourth-generation universities on the future is significant at the level of 0.99. Looking at the t value of the components of both variables, we find that this relationship is significant between all the components of the variables. Among the variable components of university governance with the development approach of fourth-generation universities, the highest t-statistic belongs to the "university perspective" component from the set of organizational dimension components with a value of 44.166, and among the prospective components, the highest t-statistic belongs to the stages component. The executable is associated with the value 152.210. The results of data analysis in this section have shown that the relationship between the impact of university governance and the development approach of fourth-generation universities in the future has been confirmed and there is a significant correlation between all variables. Also, after examining the relationship between university governance and the development approach of fourth-generation universities, the main hypothesis was confirmed.

The Conclusions of this research are based on the data obtained from interviews with professors and informants in this field. According to the presented discussion, university governance with the approach of developing fourth-generation universities has very important effects in the fields of foresight and science production. Fourth-generation universities, as advanced and innovative higher education institutions, can contribute to the development of technology and innovation, the promotion of future skills, leading research, and effective interaction with industry and society. Appropriate university governance can promote these goals and help realize the future and produce science in societies and the world. These efforts not only lead to scientific and technological progress, but also help to realize economic, social, and cultural goals in human societies. As a result, university governance with the approach of developing fourth-generation universities can help the progress and development of societies and the world as a broad and fundamentally similar whole. The most attention to the importance of the development of the fourth generation universities in the field of university governance can create positive effects and the development of societies and the world for a long time. Fourth-generation universities, as institutions of higher education focusing on advanced research and development of new technologies, play an essential role in scientific and technological development. They contribute to the production of scientific and practical knowledge related to the trade, industry, and economy of societies and are very effective for economic progress. The relationship between academic governance and the development approach of fourth-generation universities is a variable of foresight at an average level, and the impact of academic governance and the development approach of fourth-generation universities on foresight is significant.

University technology transfer offices (UTTOs) have received serious attention in recent years in many of the world's top universities due to the mediation approach of the academic and business environment, which is generally considered in the form of university internal structures. Research and experimental findings indicate a considerable distance from the effective role of UTTOs in the university entrepreneurship ecosystem. It seems that one of the most important reasons for this situation is the strategic mismatch of macro-structures in terms of university governance with the functions of these offices. Therefore, the main purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of market-oriented university governance on the optimal realization of the functions of UTTOs.

The current research employs a mixed exploratory-instrument development approach to investigate the effect of market-oriented university governance on the optimal realization of functions of UTTOs. Initially, the research focuses on identifying market-oriented governance indicators and the functions of UTTOs as two minor objectives. Through a review of the relevant literature and semi-structured interviews, a list of market-oriented university governance indicators was extracted by reaching theoretical saturation and synthesizing the findings of these two stages. Subsequently, in the quantitative phase of the research, the effect of these indicators on the functions of UTTOs were examined using enter regression analysis.

In order to identify market-oriented governance indicators, 50 indicators were identified and validated across four dimensions: contextual (6 indicators), financial (12 indicators), scientific (17 indicators), and organizational (15 indicators). Additionally, to achieve the functions of UTTOs, a list of 25 functions was developed based on document analysis, mission statements, and job descriptions of UTTOs, and more. These functions were categorized into five dimensions: contextual factors, scientific discovery and invention disclosure, evaluation and patent registration, marketing and licensing, and startup establishment. Regression analysis and its coefficients demonstrated that the contextual, financial, scientific, and organizational dimensions of university governance explain 0.226, 0.232, 0.198, and 0.143 of the variances of the functions of UTTOs respectively.
Discussion and

Based on the findings of the current research, it can be stated that paying attention to market-oriented governance indicators in Iranian higher education can have a positive effect on the optimal realization of the functions of UTTOs. In other words, the lack of an entrepreneurial approach (in practice) in university governance in Iran's higher education has resulted in a significant gap between optimal functions and actual performance of UTTOs. It seems that the findings and recommendations of this research can facilitate the optimal development of UTTOs functions.

The purpose of this study is to redefine the role of faculty members in higher education policy. This qualitative research has been compiled in two steps. First, specialized keywords were searched in international databases using a systematic review method. Second, thematic analysis was performed using Sterberg thematic analysis. Findings of the components of faculty members' role in university governance included: collective decision-making and decision-making (collectivism in decisions, decision-making, transparency and information) and scope of decision-making (university policy-making, university management, university finance, administration and student affairs). . The components considered by university administrators in the participation of faculty members include the eight main components of public governance of the university; Human capital development; Social capital development; University rules and regulations; Incentive mechanisms; Competitive atmosphere; Soft capacities; Hard capacities were subdivided into 16 subcomponents. Components of higher education policy makers also include multilevel governance of higher education (targeted policy-making and efficient management); Rules and regulations (higher education laws and higher education laws).

In the 21st century, along with the new needs of society, the university must respond to different demands and expectations and the university should coordinate with them. This conscious move has caused a change in the goals of the mentioned institution, and to achieve it, it gives in to new governance processes. In this article, an image of the published articles in higher education governance was presented.

The current research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach and using the document-library study method. In this regard, using the narrative review method, scientific documents in the Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Wiley databases were examined between 2004 and 2023. By examining scientific studies on the subject, 238 documents were identified. Then, 87 sources were selected based on the abstract, of which 54 documents were selected purposefully as a research sample and were analyzed via interpretive analysis method.

The content analysis of governance experiences in higher education can be divided into four categories, university governance models in global experiences (government-centered, academic self-governance, and market-centered models), factors affecting the governance of higher education (factors underlying the formation of university governance, intervening factors in university governance), results and consequences of governance in higher education (individual, environmental, organizational consequences), and students in the governance of higher education (areas of student participation and their participation levels). The analysis of the reviewed studies showed that in Asia, we can witness the rule of the national government. Therefore, in this continent, bureaucratic and political models are more evident in the administration of universities, and layers of market support are also seen. In the European continent, the self-governance model was seen, and in Africa the countries have moved from the government-controlled model to the government-supervised model.

In recent years, due to the emergence of new ideas such as the new public management approach, knowledge-based societies and economies, and globalization, the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in the public sector have attracted more attention to themselves. In this regard, Higher education in Iran has been influenced by the upstream documents, to shift its governance approach towards commercialization. The main purpose of this paper is the study of the convergence of university governance and quasi-market actions in Iran's higher education. In order to achieve this goal, a mixed-sequential approach was used. In the qualitative phase of research, by reviewing the existing documents and researches and conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews with 9 purposefully selected experts in the field of higher education, continued to achieve theoretical saturation, indicators of market-oriented governance (quasi-commercial) were identified. This model includes four dimensions as follows: contextual, financial, scientific and organizational. In order to validate the theoretical model, the confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Goodness-of-fit Indices showed confirmation of the research model and comparing the mean of the sample and the assumed mean by using one-sample t-test indicated that the university governance in Iran's higher education was not consistent with the commercialization approach proposed in the upstream documents.