The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 10-week aerobic training and unsaturated-high-fat-diet on adiponectin serum in obese male rats. Blood samples were collected of forty-eight wistar male rats (average weight 195±5g, age 8 weeks) at 1st, 18th and 28th weeks after overnight fasting. After first sampling, remaining 40 rats were randomly divided into control (n=16) and high-fat-diet (39% of energy content from unsaturated-fat) (n=24). High-fat-diet group randomly divided in to exercise training and high-fat-diet subgroups after 18 weeks. Exercise training group ran for 10 weeks (5d/wk) with intensity equivalent to 70 to 75% of vo2max. Serum levels of total and HMW adiponectin as well as lipid profile and glycemic variables were measured. The results of this study indicate that in comparison to unsaturated-high-fat-diet, aerobic training in unsaturated-high-fat-diet induced obese male rats, increased serum concentration of total adiponectin significantly (P> 0/01). Also insulin resistance index and serum concentrations of insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C and TG were decreased in aerobic exercise compare to high-fat-diet group (P> 0/05). This study indicates that aerobic training increase serum concentrations of total adiponectin in obese male rats even with simultaneous consumption of unsaturated-high-fat-diet and cause improvement in lipid and metabolic profiles.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of starch sources replacement by fat supplements on growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolite parameters of Holstein young bulls. 28 Holstein young bulls (274±31 Kg BW) were fed with four diets containing 1) diet with high level of saturated fat supplement 2) diet with low level of saturated fat supplement 3) diet with high level of unsaturated fat supplement and 4) low level of unsaturated fat supplement for in completely randomized design duration about 100 days. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Body weight changes and dry mater intake, were measured montly and daily repectively. Daily body weight gain, final weight, DMI and feed conversation rate were not different between treatments. Individual volatile fatty acids concentration not affected by treatments. Blood metabolite parameter were measured and there was no significant effect observed between treatments except for total cholesterol which in diets with high level of crude fat (6.9%) was grater (p

To determine the effects of addition of the protected saturated and unsaturated fats on performance, blood and rumen parameters of Holstein suckling calves an experiment using 40 newborn calves (20 females and 20 males) with 5±2 days old and an average weight of 35±2 kg after colostrum administration was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatments and 10 replicate for 70 days. Experimental groups included: 1) control diet, without fat supplementation, 2) diet with 2% calcium-unsaturated fatty acid supplementation, 3) diet with 2% calcium-unsaturated fatty acid supplementation, and 4) diet with an equal mixture 1% of both were complemented. In order to evaluate changes in body weight, chest circumference and height, the data were measured and recorded weekly at 10 a.m. To determine the blood parameters, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein on the 30th and 70th days experiment. The results of this study showed that the addition of unsaturated and unsaturated fat supplements did not have a significant effect on calves' performance so that weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and fecal index were not significantly different in experimental groups. Also, skeletal growth of calves was not affected by dietary fat supplementation. Dietary supplementation significantly affected the digestibility of the diet (p<0.05). The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber was higher in all experimental groups receiving fat supplement than the control group (p<0.05). The highest fat digestibility was in the experimental group containing unsaturated fatty acids. Fat supplementation had no significant effect on ruminal fluid and blood parameters of calves. Due to the uniformity of energy and crude protein in the experimental diets, it was expected that the most important factor in the possible improvement of calf performance was the positive effect of these supplements on the digestibility of the diet and the biological role of fatty acids, especially in health. The results of this study showed a positive effect of supplements on digestibility, but these changes may not be large enough to affect feed efficiency and weight gain in calves.

The effect of diets containing different sources of fat on milk production and composition, and mammary gland morphology of the 40 primiparousSaanen does was studied during the last two months of pregnancy to 12 weeks after kidding. Goats were divided into four groups of 10 each, based onthe average initial live weight and were assigned to one of four experimental diets. The diets included a non-fat diet, diet containing saturated fat, dietcontaining roasted soybeans, and a diet containing extruded flaxseed. The results showed that during the whole experimental period, milk productionin goats fed with diet containing flaxseed was higher than in goats fed with non- fat diet or saturated fat diet (P<0.05). The average daily milkproduction of goats fed a diet containing flaxseed in the first, second, third, ninth, tenth, and twelfth weeks of lactation was higher than that of goatsfed non-fat diet or saturated fat (P<0.05). The percentage of protein, lactose, solids not fat, and milk solids in non-fat diet goats were higher than theother groups (P<0.05). The percentage of fat to protein ratio in goats fed a diet containing unsaturated fat was higher than in other groups (P<0.05).Consumption of diets containing unsaturated fats improved the volume, environment, and size of mammary gland quarters (P<0.05). In general, theuse of fat supplements rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as soybeans or flaxseed, in the close-up and early lactation diets could improve lactationperformance in primiparous Sannen goats.

Heat-stressed dairy cows are bioenergetically similar to early-lactation cows in that dietary energy may be insufficient to support maximum milk and production of milk components. Milk yield of heat-stressed dairy cows is usually decreased during the summer; therefore, increasing performance of cows is of particular interest. Fat supplementation is a common practice for increasing energy density in diets fed to high-producing dairy cows without sacrificing fiber content. In a very limited research studies, the use of Casalts of unsaturated fatty acids vs. saturated palm fatty acids has been investigated in the diet of heat-stressed dairy cows. Also, it has been shown that response to fat supplement can be related to production level. Hence, the object of this experiment was to investigate the effect of production level, source of fat supplement, and their interaction on milk yield and milk composition, nutrient digestibility, and blood biochemical parameters of heat-stressed primiparous Holstein cows.
Fifty-six primiparous Holstein cows were used in two separated group pens. Animals were blocked into two groups of high- (13474.7 kg) and medium-yielding (10438.1 kg) cows according to milk production and received one of two experimental diets containing either high palmitic acid palm fat or Ca-salts of unsaturated fatty acids both at 2.8 percentage of dietary dry matter. Temperature-humidity index and milk yield were recorded daily, and milk composition, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and complete blood count were measured every two weeks.
The average maximum temperature-humidity index was 75.50 over the experimental period that indicates cows experienced a mild to medium degree of heat stress. Main treatment effects interacted for raw milk yield (P = 0.03), 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield (P = 0.02), and milk fat yield (P = 0.02). Production performance and milk fat yield was greater for high-yielding cows fed palm fat relative to high-yielding cows fed Ca-salts of fatty acids, whereas source of fat supplement did not affect milk yield and milk fat yield in medium-yielding cows. Source of fat supplement did not affect nutrient digestibility. Irrespective of production level, concentration of blood cholesterol was greater for cows fed palm fat relative to cows fed Ca-salts of fatty acids. Also, concentrations of tri-glyceride, high density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, and blood urea nitrogen tended to increase in cows fed palm fat. Source of fat supplement did not affect blood cells count (white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets) and differential white cell count.
Source of fat supplement did not affect production performance of heat-stressed medium-yielding cows but palm fat supplement increased milk and milk fat production in high-yielding cows.

Starch source in diets containing unsaturated fatty acids influence plasma fatty acid profile of lactating cows. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different starch sources including corn grain, wheat grain, barley grain and potato in diets contacting whole cottonseed as a source of unsaturated fatty acids on plasma fatty acid profiles, dry matter intake and milk production and composition of lactating Holstein cows. In this experiment, eight multiparous Holstein cows with 83 ± 9 days in milk, 33 ± 3 kg milk production and 683 ± 31 kg of body weight were used in a repeated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 diets and 4 periods. Experimental diets were consisted of diet containing 25.20 % wheat grain, diet containing 26 % barley grain, diet containing 25 % corn grain and diet containing 25 % potato on dry matter basis. Dry matter intake, milk production and composition and plasma fatty acids profile were measured. Plasma concentration of 18:2 cis-9 cis-12 and total unsaturated fatty acids were higher in cows fed diet contacting wheat or barley compared to those fed corn or potato. Cows fed diet containing potato had the lowest daily raw milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk or energy corrected milk production. Milk fat percentage was higher in cows fed corn containing diet compared to other diets. Dry matter intake and concentration of milk protein and lactose were not affected by the experimental diets. According to these results, wheat and barley starch compared to corn and potato starch increased plasma concentration of total unsaturated fatty acids of lactating cows that can improve fatty acids profile of ruminant milk and tissue.

A total of 21 dairy goats in mid lactation were randomly assigned to three experimental diets in a completely randomized design. The diets contained 0, 3, or 6% WAS, and consisted of 45% forage and 55% concentrates. Milk fat and the ratio of milk fat to milk protein were significantly lower in goats fed diets containing 6% WAS (P≤0.01). Digestibility of crude fat was higher, and that of neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fiber was lower in the goats fed diets containing WAS (P≤0.05). Milk fatty acids C14: 1 and C18: 1 and C16: 1, C18: 2, CLA and C18: 3 were significantly higher in animals which received diets containing WAS. Total mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content, poly unsaturated FA (PUFA), and PUFA/saturated FA (SFA) ratio were significantly higher in the goats fed diet containing 6% WAS (27.04%, 3.94% and 0.05, respectively). Desaturation index for C16: 1 was significantly higher in WAS goats (P≤0.01). Concentration of plasma HDL in goats (38.14-39.28 mg/dL) was higher WAS goats (P≤0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of WAS to dairy goats at a level of 3 and 6% was an effective means of increasing concentrations of unsaturated FA, especially oleic, linoleic, CLA, linolenic, and PUFA in milk fat, and plasma HDL.

The main objective of this study was to determine the interactive effects of dietary selenium and fat on fatty acid compositions of rainbow trout tissues. We formulated six experimental diets by addition of two fat levels (15 and 30%) and three selenium levels (0.1, 0.15 and 0.2mg/kg) to a basal diet, according to a 3x2 factorial design. Juvenile rainbow trout with initial weights of 6.99g were assigned to 18 tanks with 300L capacity each containing 25 fish, with three replicates for each diet. The result showed that unsaturated fatty acid and tissue oxidation rate increased with an increase in fat content of the diets. Addition of dietary selenium increased enzyme of Glutathione (GSH-Px) activity and at high-fat diet (30% fat), selenium addition improved polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions by depression of oxidation rate. However, inclusion of high dose of selenium (0.2mg/kg) had a negative impact on the Arachidonic and Eicosapentaenoic acids. In conclusion, dietary selenium supplementation can preserve fatty acid quality by controlling fatty acid oxidation at high-fat diet. The results obtained from the current study suggest that rainbow trout at high-fat diet requires 0.15mg/kg selenium to reduce oxidation level.

This experiment was carried out to compare the effects of different levels of unsaturated fatty acid supplementation in the starter diet on daily weight gain and metabolic parameters of Ghezel lambs. Twenty male lambs were breastfeed for 4 weeks and randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 animals in a complete randomized design. After 2 weeks of adaptation, they were fed starter diets supplemented with different levels of protected unsaturated fatty acids. Experimental diets were of starter diet with concentrate to forage ratio of 90:10, supplemented with different levels of rumen protected PUFA ca-salts. Treatments were including control (breast fed lambs) and experimental groups were fed starter diets supplemented with 3, 4.5 and 6 percent of lipid supplement. The effect of treatments on dry matter intake and live weight gain were significant. The highest amount of feed intake and weight gain were observed in 3% fat supplemented group. The highest NDF, ADF, OM and CP digestibility was observed in 3% fat supplemented concentrate but crude fat digestibility was not affected by treatments. The amount of acetic acid in all treatments showed a significant difference compared with each other and increased with increasing fat percentage in the diet. The ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid shows a significant decrease upon fat supplementation. Plasma glucose and total protein levels significantly increased and triglycerides decreased in fat supplementation groups compared with control. Generally, early weaning with 3% of protected fat supplemented diet increased lamb growing performance without negative health issues.

An experiment was performed to investigate the effects of using saturated and unsaturated fatty acids calcium salts on the production performance and some physiological traits of finishing lambs fattened under heat stress condition. Thirty-two cross bred Lori-BakhtiariÍRomanov lambs were randomly divided into 4 groups. Lambs were fed individually with the following experimental diets for 6 weeks (early July to mid-August): 1) Basal diet without supplemental fat (control), 2) Basal diet supplemented with 2% (on DM basis) of fish oil calcium salt, 3) Basal diet supplemented with 2% (on DM basis) of olive oil calcium salt and 4) Basal diet supplemented with 2% (on DM basis) of saturated fat calcium salt. Daily feed intake was recorded and lambs body weight was measured weekly. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were measured once per week. Using calcium salts of fish oil, olive oil and saturated fats in the diet significantly increased daily weight gain and reduced the lambs feed conversion ratio compared to control group (P≤ 0.05), but had no effect on dry matter intake of the Lambs. Regardless of fatty acid origin, supplementing lambs with calcium salts of fatty acids, reduced rectal temperature and respiration rate of lambs exposed to heat stress, compared to control group (P≤ 0.01). Also, using calcium salts of Fish oil, olive oil and saturated fat had no effect on DM, CP and EE digestibility, however, EE digestibility was higher in lambs consumed fat-supplemented diets than the control group. NDF digestibility was significantly higher in the control group lambs than the other groups. The results of this study showed that diet supplementation with calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids of fish and olives and saturated fatty acids, improved the production performance of finishing lambs exposed to heat stress. No difference was detected between fat supplements with different fatty acid patterns, in this investigation.