نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناختی
پیاپی 57 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The hegemony of a Parsonsian reading of Durkheim in Iranian social science has led to the formation of a conservative, pro-status quo image of Durkheimian sociological tradition. Consequently, Durkheim’s major critique of various forms of existing order, from free market economy and utilitarianism to fascism and bolshevism, has been mostly overlooked in Iranian academia. This is while the Iranian society has not only been subject to free market policies throughout the last three decades; due to lack of powerful social associations and syndicates it has always been prone to the danger of moving towards a mass society.The works of Marcel Mauss, Durkheim’s nephew, disciple and assistant and the main follower of his uncle’s scientific tradition can offer an alternative vision of Durkheimian sociology. In this paper we focus on two of his important texts, “The Gift” and “The Sociological Assessment of the Bolsheviks,” which contain Mauss’s critique of utilitarianism, fascism and bolshevism. This could be helpful in portraying another Durkheim, a radical one, which is seemingly more relevant to the analysis of Iranian society.

After centuries of using public baths, it’s Khazine suddenly became regarded as the source of contamination and desease outbrak. So it was required to replace Khazine with shower-bath. In fact, "public bath" was to be transformed and replaced with "private bath". In order to "baths improvement", legal authorities mobilised; and along with exercising disciplinary procedures, a different notion of hygiene was simultaneously being formed in the society: the contamination of passages and canals, the importance of public sanitation and the necessity of prevention strategies became the issues of debates; microbe was called devastating plague and contamination became visible. baths improvement (1318-1349) was not taken seriously at first but, in Shahrivar 1336, following the interior minister's command to put an end to Khazine’s problem, the situation changed. The owners of Garmabe (bathhouse), ordinary people and clergymen resisted to obey the new rules and conceived of new ways to use Khazine hiddenly. Legal authorities exercised more rigorous disciplinary procedures in turn. Surveillance and controling was expanded and the delinquent owners of Garmabe were summoned to the court. The duality of impure/ pure was replaced with the duality of contaminated/ sanitary, and the public opinions about the disease, the causes of the desease and healthiness were changed. The current study is based on the method of documantray analysis and a geneological approach by means of official and personal documents and through delineating the circumstances of the society of that time. It intends to provide a knowledge of the events, causes and conjunctional forces which their conjunction at the turning point of historical combination of necessity and contingency led to transformation and construction of a new society.

Currently the structure and organization of science in the country, more than anytime is facing the important challenge of the two main approaches of universal and indigenous sciences. The examination and verbal introduction of this subject matter goes back to ancient past including in the works of Ikhwān Al-Safā; (also known as The Brethren of Sincerity)in the 5th century AH in Islam and by extensive explanation about the geography of knowledge in the introduction of their epistle. For various reasons, this subject was not the focus of attention in vocal and philosophical studies for centuries. Research about different aspects of science in Iran from the viewpoint of sociological and epistemological analysis go back to years before the Islamic Revolution. In recent decades, different factors have led to increasing tendency towards establishing and developing local science; it has also enhanced the challenges of it use in global science. The lack of sustainable development in the country, chaos in its   system performance, deficiency of modern science’s policy making in decreasing national dilemma, skepticism about the effectiveness of modern science theories with regard to complicated social and cultural structure of the country, as well as a combination of cultural resistance alongside sub-cultures that contrast with modern science foundations, have led to the evolvement and acceptance of domestic science ideas or in other words the domestication of science. This is despite the fact that the common-known characteristic of science, whether in the ancient world or modern times, has been its ultra-time and ultra-location nature; or in other words it is said that the science space follows a universal scale in its perception and analysis. In this approach, science is free of specifying any production capability location, acceptance, distribution and application in the universal geography. The subject of this article, is an analytic and critical study of aspects and directions of each of the mentioned approaches in an epistemological process. In other words, the aim of this study is to analyze and examine the contrasting aspects of these two sides of science as well as scrutinizing possible strategies in building of indigenous epistemology in interaction with universal science space.

Marketing is one of the most important developments in higher education in the world in recent decades. Higher education marketing in Iran also began after the revolution and has been on the rise. One of the criteria for this marketing is based on the government's budget trend in the field of education. Functional analysis of the development and allocation of higher education budgets in Iran shows that since the 70s, government budgeting in the field of higher education has been in line with neoliberal policies. This research has examined the government budgeting in the field of higher education in a qualitative way and based on the analysis of documents, with a case study of Shiraz University. Some of the results below show: 1. Credits for the acquisition of capital assets have always been declining. 2. Personnel costs have formed a large part of the current budget and have contributed to the uptrend. 3. Research and survey expenses have been declining. 4. Welfare services are always limited. All of these results are signs of a decline in the importance of higher education in the country's budget and efforts to move it toward marketing.

Inequality, power relations, capital and gender structures are some of the important impediments women’s sports face. As a result, this latter has in recent decades attracted the attention of interdisciplinary studies and feminist theories, which despite their numerous differences, suggest similar solutions. The gap between theoretical foundations of these approaches and complexities of women’s objective conditions has caused important challenges especially in countries such as Iran, where the application of suggested strategies has been challenged by structural impediments. Employing qualitative methods and document research, this paper offers a critical analysis of some of the most important theories of gender equality on sports and the challenges ahead. The analysis shows that in order to overcome impediments and reach equality, a meticulous knowledge is needed not only of theoretical foundations of suggested strategies but also of the respective social context. Only with such knowledge could one expect policies to correspond to objective social conditions and avoid implementing contradictory strategies that reinforce inequality and gender discrimination.

Expansion, reproduction and remain of marginalization is one of obstacles of civil sustainable development. Marginalization patterns are too multiplied and affected by local components which make it impossible to prescribe macro policy programs. One of the unique representations of marginalization in Tehran is residential communities which although being grown in city context, are formally and structurally exotic and alien to the city surrounded with. This kind of communities are usually called "colony" that implies the island-like, deprived feature of these scenes. Sa'eedabad district, of Shadabad region, has embodied famous yet neglected colonies. It’s been a while that this district has been a place for visitors of Politician, men and women, and news reporters and journalist who observe less than what should. We have tried in this research to present a sympathetic, ethnographic description from different economic dimensions and power relations and urban management under the circumstance of marginalization experience of residents. The results indicate that the residents are practically deprived of chance of a fundamental change by the structural condition. Improvement in lives or escaping from this Accommodation is an infrequent and rare occurrence. The only opportunity left is implementing the programs to make the change possible by the formal institutions. The institutions' and Urban Management agents' attitude to these colonies which considers them temporal residences, results in "collusion based on mutual distrust and pessimism" mechanism that eliminates the possibility of making fundamental change by these actors.

The destruction of the environment as a global issue is mainly due to the behavior of human society. The increasing destruction of natural resources, which is one of the most important challenges in Iran's environmental environment, confirms the fact that social contexts provide the necessary basis for environmental behavior. From the perspective of environmental sociology, several factors influence the formation of environmental behaviors. According to Inglehart, socioeconomic development, Formative Security, Cognitive Mobilization, diminishing economic utility, objective problems- subjective values and structural-institutional factors are the forces that produce behavioral change. Social development, as the most fundamental factor in shift, provides a set of causal conditions necessary for environmental concern. The aim of this paper is to provide a modified model of Inglehart's theory of Post-metamaterial values regarding the prerequisites for environmentalism. According to this theory, the efficiency of the social structures of society in different dimensions expands the necessary bases for environmental behaviors. And the interaction between a set of factors provides opportunities and limitations for environmental behaviors. Economic development alone does not lead to Post-metamaterial values, Rather, a chain of causal relationships facilitates the rise of these values. Although economic security is one of the important determinants of Post-metamaterialism, other non-economic factors also contribute to the establishment of Post-metamaterialism. Obviously, the lack of these components is known as a missing factor in sustainable environmental behaviors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sociological structures on social health. This study is quantitative and survey research. The statistical population of citizens 18 years and older in Kashan and the sample size based on Cochran's formula is 384 people who were selected by multi-stage and random cluster sampling. The theoretical framework is a combination of the theories of Durkheim, Bourdieu, Armstrong and Keys. The tool used in data collection is a questionnaire. In order to obtain the validity of the questionnaire, face validity method was used and in order to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability coefficient were used. Data were analyzed using Spss, Lisrel and PLS. The results showed that the variables of "social capital, cultural capital, social support and religiosity" have a direct and significant relationship and the variables of "feeling abnormal" have an inverse and significant relationship with social health. Also, the results of structural equation modeling showed that more than one third (36%) of social health changes are explained by the sum of independent variables.

In this study, considering the importance of crime and its harmful socio-economic effects, after specifying the model to investigate the economic factors affecting crime (unemployment rate, inflation rate and real exchange rate) on crime using the Markov-swtiching model and time series data (1984-2013) has been studied in Iran.The main focus of the paper is on crime and unemployment variables and other influential variables have been included in the model of control variables vector.. The results show that the relationship between unemployment at high levels of crime is positive and direct and at low levels of crime there is a negative relationship, and other economic variables such as real exchange rate, inflation rate have a positive effect on crime. Crime as a phenomenon Social, like other social phenomena, has different dimensions, and various factors can play a role in its occurrence, and as a result, social phenomena change slowly. Thus, if the social and economic environment of politics has a direct impact on crime rates, crime cannot be prevented in a country by increasing the punishment for criminals or forcing the police to deal with them or creating economic well-being and raising their standard of living. Preventing the crime of persons requires a comprehensive effort in all its dimensions so as to achieve success in this regard.

Every generation has its own special spirits and wants that are rooted in its historical and environmental conditions and are deeply affected by technology. Based on the theoretical approach of "media generations", new media in each historical period determine many of the cognitive dimensions in each generation. On this basis, media and its consumption have different functions such as notification, entertainment, identity building, narration, presenting ideologies, values, and beliefs; they can form generations epistemologically. Therefore, for each generation, media as lived experience is recognized as the agent of sociability, identity building, and knowledge of the world around. With this approach in mind, the present research analyzed the cultural and media consumptions in media generations in Tehran and through conducting a survey, investigated the consumption degree and motivation in media generations based on the existing social media and virtual environments. In this research, a multi-stage sampling method was used and the individual (the social media user) was the analysis unit. The research results showed that there was not a significant relationship between media generations and "watching TV", " watching satellite ", "studying the press" and "studying books". However, as the media generation age decreased, the degree of the use of "online radio and television", "online games", "music and movie websites", "educational websites" and "servicing platforms" increased. Yet, as the media generation age decreased, the use of more traditional media such as radio decreased. Moreover, in general, the longest time spent in a virtual environment was dedicated to the music and movie and educational websites respectively. Also, the results showed that almost all media generations used the virtual environment for receiving articles and studying online books to the same degree and there was no relationship between media generations and receiving articles and studying books.

Floods are one of the natural disasters. Our understanding of floods as a catastrophe is a constructivism - interpretive. We will try to identify the flood narrative in the lived experience of the flood victims. The main question of the research is: how do the people of Poledokhtar city narrate the flood disaster? To answer this question in the tradition of qualitative research in the framework of the method of narrative analysis and qualitative interviews with eighteen samples, we have collected information and analyzed it. The results of this study show that the understanding of flood victims is in the context of technocratic shortcomings and inefficiencies, as well as under the religious paradigm as divine punishment and atonement for sins. The flood disrupts the supposed order of the communities and distorts the dignity of the flood victims and creates events such as displacement, humiliation and discrimination for them. The flood disaster has also created a dialectic of cooperation and division that is changing the social order. The flood victims' account of the post-flood situation also suggests that these situations create a kind of local and public dissatisfaction that can politicize the risk of floods and fluctuate social capital. Also in the catastrophic continuum, the vulnerability of flood victims has two cultural and material aspects that are manifested in experiences such as lack and need. Social resilience and dealing with disaster is also achieved by resorting to meaningful religious systems and the idea of self-salvation despite the death of other and the experience of loss.

Increasing population of cities, urban waste management, and different mechanisms of engaging the citizens to participate in the process of urban waste management, is one of the most important challenges of urban management, especially in metropolitans. Citizens’ participation and any success in waste management inevitably have many environmental and economic positive outcomes. This research is in pursuit of dealing with the effect of citizens’ social capital on increasing their participation in municipal waste management in Tehran. This research methodically uses three methods survey, documentary study, and scenario building. The statistical society of the study is citizens of Tehran. 950 cases were selected as statistical sample from 22 districts of Tehran by multi-stage cluster sampling. The results show that the variables of awareness of affairs with β = 0.544, charitable participation with β = 0.338, formal participation with β = 0.306, religious participation with β = 0.239, social trust with β = 0.138, level of education with β = 0.132, age with β = 0.125, and finally satisfaction with the municipality with β = 0.124, respectively have the highest statistical relationship with the variable participation in waste segregation. The values of the regression model shows that the variable satisfaction with the municipality explains +0.125 of the changes in participation in waste segregation from source, age -0.125, education +0.132, social trust +0.138, religious participation +0.239, formal participation +0.306, charitable participation +0.338, and awareness +0.544. Finally, using regression model data, five possible scenarios are presented. In just the fifth scenario, if the efficiency of the effective variables is at the highest level (very high), the municipal revenue of the waste segregation from the source per year is more than one thousand billion Rials.