مجله طب دریا
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، تابستان 1400)

Acute renal injury (AKI) due to near-drowning occurs as a relatively common complication and can cause irreversible damage to the kidneys. These injuries usually occur in the early stages of drowning, are self-limiting, and renal replacement therapy is rarely needed. The number of studies conducted in this field is very limited and comprehensive information is not available to investigate and understand the prevalence and mechanism of its complication. However, some literature suggests that acute tubular necrosis during shock, hypoxia and myoglobinuria following drowning may be a major cause of AKI. In a retrospective study on 30 near-drowned patients in 1999, about 50% of patients developed submersion-induced AKI with heterogeneous mechanisms including rhabdomyolysis, multi-organ failure, and shock. Between 2000 and 2017, in a retrospective cohort, out of 95 patients who were taken to hospital with a diagnosis of drowning, 42 (43.3%) developed AKI, 17 (18%) of whom were in the second and third stages of the injury. Also, one patient underwent renal replacement therapy.The evidence indicates a significant prevalence of AKI in people who have survived by drowning. Serial monitoring of creatinine levels and training patients of danger signs after discharge is recommended even in asymptomatic patients.

The bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L, 1758) is one of the most important health pests which have very closely related to the human environment. This study aimed to review and collect information on the identification and control of bed bugs.

In this review, papers found in scientific databases were used after removing old ones as well as duplicate content. The information obtained from Iran and other countries of the world was categorized and presented in the fields of identification, level of infection, ways to control bed bugs and prevent their spread.

Many studies have shown the widespread spread of bedbugs in homes and other places such as student dormitories and military sanatoriums in Iran and other countries. Some factors such as increased travel of people as well as bed bug resistance to pesticides can be effective in the outbreak of this insect. Many methods have been proposed to control and limit the growth and expansion of the population of this insect. Control of this pest in small populations will be very easy and fast, therefore, detection of bed bugs in the early stages of infection is very important.

Contrary to expectations, bedbugs have become very common in urban areas in recent years, and it seems that the spread of this insect is still increasing. Although this insect does not play a role in transmitting a specific pathogen to humans, its bites, especially at night, cause insomnia and loss of comfort, which is sometimes associated with psychological effects. The use of any of the control methods alone is not able to control this insect and a combination of control measures should be used. In addition, regular monitoring of this insect in areas prone to infection can be very effective in preventing the spread and recurrence of bed bugs.

The present study was performed to identify nicotine (NIC) in seawater in the presence of cigarette butts, several plants and seaweed using a modified glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) by cyclic voltammetry (CV).

The electrode was synthesized using the electrospinning technique of carbon nanotubes and chitosan and can detect the NIC of floating cigarette butts in a saltwater aquarium with the presence of two types of marine plants and a model of algae planted in sea sand.

Oxidation signals at lower potentials and higher currents in the presence of cigarette butts for the three plants Acetabularia, Caulerpa Mexicana and the algae sponge Codium SP show the decomposition of nicotine by these plants during photosynthesis and over time, respectively. These numbers for these plants are 0.82, 0.81 and 0.83 mV with currents of 57.70, 56.56 and 51.49 mA, respectively. Changes in pH, voltage and electric current over time and scan rate were investigated and the results show that the present electrode for parallel detection of NIC for 5 repetitions, 97.2% with standard deviation of 4.08 was able to maintain its stability compared to the first cycle.  

Therefore, MGCE electrode has excellent repeatability and stability, and this electrode can be used for proper diving guidance in environments with hazardous municipal waste.

Finding the biologically active compounds from marine sources is of particular importance for cancer control. In the present study, the effect of cytotoxicity and apoptosis stimulation of marine sponge Thetya sp. extracts against colorectal cancer cells was evaluated.

Marine sponge Thetya sp. was caught from the Oman Sea in 2020 and extracted with solvents of methanol, chloroform, hexane and ethyl acetate. The extract was evaluated at concentrations of 900, 400, 200, 100, 50 and 30 µg/ml on the colorectal cancer cell line. Cytotoxicity test was performed by MTT method and the effect of apoptosis was performed by flowcytometry method.

The survival rate of colorectal cancer cells in methanolic extract of Thetya sp. at concentration of 900 µg/ml was 32.92%. The IC50 of the methanolic extract against colorectal cancer cells was 556.4 µg/ml. Chloroform extract of marine sponge with IC50=1330.995 µg/ml showed less effect for colorectal cancer cells than methanolic extract. Also, methanolic extract of marine sponge with 25% apoptosis and 14% primary colorectal cancer cell necrosis showed its effect at concentration of 756.4 µg/ml. Marine sponge Thetya sp. extracts had no significant cytotoxic effect on healthy cells. 

It seems that the total methanolic extract of marine sponge Thetya sp. has metabolites with anti-cancer properties that can inhibit colorectal cancer cells.

The health quality of seafood products can be a decisive factor to achieve business prosper and development of global marketing. For this purpose, the present study intends to determine the residues of florfenicol antimicrobial agent in the edible tissue (muscle) of Whiteleg shrimp reared in Bushehr Province’s farms.

50 Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were purchased freshly from 7 farms in regions Helleh, Delvar, Dayyer, Deylam, Sheef, Genaveh, and Mond of Bushehr Province. The samples from abdomen muscle kept at -18 °C until the residues drug tests were performed. The florfenicol concentration was measured through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

 The mean of florfenicol residues in Whiteleg shrimp muscle reared in Bushehr Province was significantly lower than the drug products evaluation standard value (1 μg/g).

Therefore, the daily consumption of the Whiteleg shrimp reared in this region has no health ban in terms of florfenicol accumulation.

Fluorotanens is one of the most important polyphenolic compounds in brown algae that can be used as an organic UV filter in sunscreen formulations. The aim of the present study was to isolate fluorotanen from the brown alga Padina sp. to evaluate its biological activities and the Sun Protection Factor.

In this experimental study, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were isolated from brown alga Padina sp. The total content of phlorotannins and the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the fractions were studied as biological activity. Phlorotannins- rich fraction was used in the cream formulation and finally its Sun Protection Factor was measured.

According to the finding, the total content of phlorotannins in the ethyl acetate fraction was higher than other fractions. Ethyl acetate fraction had the ability to inhibit ABTS free radical at the concentration of 3 mg/mL by 63.81±0.8%. In antibacterial activity, ethyl acetate fraction showed a greater effect on inhibiting the growth of gram-negative bacteria than gram-positive bacteria, while the aqueous fraction had no effect on inhibiting the growth of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. According to the European classification, the cream formulation containing 5% ethyl acetate fraction with SPF = 20.49 categorize in the high Sun Protection Factor class.

Findings from this study can be promising for the use of brown algae Padina sp. as a valuable source of sun protection compounds for medicinal and cosmetic applications.

Marine algae are one of the richest sources of natural antioxidants. In this study, the antioxidant properties of the extract of seaweed Rhizoclonium riparium investigated.

The algae were collected from the coasts of the Oman Sea, and washed with sea water and tap water. The algae were then dried and powdered with an electric mill. Methanol, chloroform, hexane and dichloromethane used as solvents (1:4). The antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated using three methods of free radical scavenging (DPPH), metal ion chelating and reduction power.  

the chloroform extract of algae Rhizoclonium riparium at the concentration of 1 mg/ml showed the most antioxidant properties with free radical scavenging activity DPPH, 94.8±4.63%; chelating activity, 30.8±0.01%; and reduction power, 0.7. The lowest IC50 recorded in Choloroform extract.

the chloroform extracts of algae Rhizoclonium riparium at the concentration of 1 mg/ml had the highest antioxidant activity and this extract is recommended for in vivo studies and identification of its active antioxidant compounds.