مجله پژوهشهای محیط زیست
سال یازدهم شماره 22 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Flooding is one of the natural disasters that causes many financial and financial losses every year in different parts of the world. Prioritizing natural and urban sub-basins based on vulnerability to flood can play an important role in management policies and practices in order to optimize the management of urban and natural watersheds. To this end, the combination of two AHP and Fuzzy AHP decision-making techniques with Chang's method for selective selection was used among available options for controlling and controlling flood. Sanandaj, the capital of Kurdistan province, covers an area of 3688.6 hectares in western Iran and in the southern part of Kurdistan province. Based on the aim of the study, using nine factors of area, the mean slope of the sub basin upstream, the average slope of the sub basin, basin coefficient, the ratio of impervious to permeable surfaces, drainage density, subsoil height, age of the building and height of buildings from the ground. The two methods “AHP and Fuzzy AHP” were examined and the results showed that the highest relative weight value belongs to the criterion of "the ratio of impervious surfaces to permeable surfaces", which was also based on the sensitivity analysis. There are a number of rankings differing in two techniques, which were done using the mean relative weighting method of the final prioritization. Sub-basin No. 4 in priority 1 while the Sub-basin No. 5 is in the last priority in order to consider management and control measures.

Following an increase in urban populations and the emergence of environmental crises and environmental instability in cities, one of the important issues in achieving sustainable urban development is the identification of the urban model and form, and efforts to achieve a sustainable form. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the types of cities and their relationship with sustainability .The method used in this research is the descriptive-analytical method. This is a descriptive-explanatory research that also has practical purposes. The required data are collected through documents, magazines, books related to the subject at hand, and different organizations. They were then analyzed using Shannon entropy and Holdren modelsBased on the results of the Shannon entropy model, the absolute value of entropy of the metropolitan metropolis of Tabriz in 1956 is equal to 1/3692 and its relative value is about 0/7641, which in 2007 reached to 2/1951 and 0/9533 respectively. The closeness of the entropy value to the maximum value indicates the city's scattered growth. Also, in the study of city dichotomy using the Holdern model in 1956-2007, about 69% of the city's physical growth was related to population growth and 31% growth of the city related to the horizontal and spherical growth of the city, which reduced the population's gross density And an increase in per capita gross urban land. And the Gini coefficient is equal to 0/005, which indicates that the physical growth of the city is in a dispersal state with an uncompromising pattern.

Today, cities face many problems in the economic, social, environmental and physical fields such as reducing the viability and diminishing the importance of urban ecology in the urban housing structure. Therefore, the necessity and importance of paying attention to sustainable development theory and its resulting approaches, such as the habitability approach, will create a city away from the economic, social, environmental and physical problems. According to the above, the present article aims at evaluating the status (perceptual and mental) of the indicators of Yazd city life after more scientific explanation and a more expert look on its factors. Accordingly, in view of the study of theoretical literature on survival, a conceptual framework consisting of octogenic factors has been developed to study the formulation of research and analysis. In order to achieve this goal, using a library-survey method and a researcher-made questionnaire, 384 residents of the four areas of Yasouj city were evaluated by probabilistic sampling method (simple denomination) and examined for bioavailability A city of 4 indicators (social, physical, economic, environmental) with 52 items has been used. In order to weigh the indicators, the Shannon entropy technique and for ranking the regions and the randomness or clustering of the status of urban biomass indicators, respectively, were from the Shannon entropy, Coopers and Muran spatial relationship statistics And Spss and Arc Gis software have been used. The results of the research show that the spatial distribution pattern of perceptual bioequivalence indicators in the city of Yasuj is clustered. Other findings of the study also indicate that the status of bioaccumulation indices in the Cooper's technique shows that the economic index with Qi (0.053) is the highest and the environmental index with Qi (0.027) is the lowest Among other indicators. In the end, the general status of habitat is inappropriate on the level of four areas of Yasuj city. So that area 1 is the best situation and areas 2, 3 and 4 are ranked respectively, respectively

This study quantified and compared the economic value of ecosystem services in three agricultural systems (conventional, healthy food production, greenhouses) in Dezful county, Khuzestan province, Iran. This quantification was based on an experimental and field method from Sandhu et al., 2008. Accordingly, the yield of agricultural products was determined through market price, and for other services, non-market valuation methods were used. The results showed that the greenhouses systems with an average of 621 million Rials / hectare / year had highest the economic value of ecosystem services. However, more than half of amount of reported rate (425 million Rials/ ha/ year) was the market services and provisioning value of these agricultural systems which compatible with the production-driven approach in industrial agriculture. The highest non-market services are valued at the healthy production system (226 million Rials/ hectare/ year), which is greater than the total amount of production (157 million Rials/ hectare / year). The major portion of the value is gained by the role of this f system in job creation which is mostly ignored in the comparative assessments of agarin systems. This system also has the highest value for services of water and soil protection. Generally, healthy production systems obtained the second highest value after industrial greenhouses systems in terms of entire evaluated ecosystem services. Citrus gardens also have the highest non-market ecosystem services in both of the healthy and conventional systems (244 and 247 million Rials/ ha/ year, respectively). At the end, developing a multifunctional agriculture approach was recommended to optimize ecosystem services through policies and institutions that facilitate multifunctional agriculture be strengthened.

In the past, companies did not pay much attention to environmental accounting, but now environmental accounting is considered as one of the strategic approaches to sustainable development, which leads to more success in the competitive arena. The Purpose of this research is The design of the effectiveness of environmental accounting mechanisms model aimed at sustainable development of Stock Exchanges Companies by Grounded Theory Approach. The purpose of this research is Designing Auditor's Professional Maturity Model by Grounded Theory Approach. The methodology of this research, as a result, is a component of development research, as a target for exploratory research and as a method of implementing qualitative work. Based on qualitative methodology, grounded data analysis (data analysis of the foundation) was carried out and interviews were conducted with necessary data and open, selective and pivot coding. Finally, the research model was designed based on the theoretical framework. The research results of a structural study of the causes of the ground creating the effectiveness of environmental accounting mechanisms with the goal of sustainable development, in which two dimensions of micro mechanism and macro mechanism were analyzed. In the dimension of the micro mechanism, three sub-dimensions including value accounting mechanisms, development accounting mechanisms and financial accounting mechanisms were determined. In the mechanism dimension, two dimensions of the legal mechanism and the mechanism of the culture were explained. The results of this research will help to improve the quality of sustainable development of companies by employing effective environmental accounting and gaining competitive advantage for companies and achieving more success in competitive areas.

The complex nature of the assessment of sustainable development has made it necessary to pay attention to its substantial and procedure dimensions simultaneously. It means that, along with the attention to the substantial dimensions and the concepts derived from the review of theoretical literature and developed in the form of indicators and assessment criteria, it is also essential to consider the methods used in the assessment of sustainable development and through analyzing their opportunities and limitations, while considering the research goals, choose the optimal method among them or through their integration. Although in the Sixth Social, Economic and Cultural Development Plan Detailed Document of the Islamic Republic of Iran is attempted to propose the most important developmental policies between 2017 and 2021, but in spite of economic, social, governance, and environmental crises, it is necessary to examine the adherent of this document to determine which aspects of sustainable development have been taken into consideration in the policies. On the other hand, which dimensions and indicators have been ignored in this document? In order to answer these questions, the combination of two Delphi technique and ICOLD matrix in order to score indexes and transform the qualitative evaluation results into quantitative results. The results of this study indicate that the detailed document of the document does not pay the same attention to all indicators and dimensions of sustainable development, while emphasizes on protecting deprived groups and combating poverty, ambient air quality and reducing air pollutants, especially CO2, and maintaining the quality and availability of fresh and healthy water there are litter attention to public access to services, especially green areas, the protection of seas and coastal areas.

Surface temperature is one of the main indices of Earth's energy balance and has an impact on human life because all human activities, direct and indirect, are related to the temperature of the air, which is affected by the temperature of the earth's surface. Therefore, in this study, using Landsat satellite images dating from 19/05/1394, the relationship between vegetation and surface temperature in the northern part of Ardebil province was studied. To this purpose, vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, and LAI) and LST index using the Mono Window method were used in ENVI 4.8 software. The results showed that there is a direct correlation between vegetation indices and surface temperature, and in urban areas and Wasteland, the highest LST is evident, with the expansion of urbanization and the increase of desertification over the years, it will be added. Therefore, the northern and southeastern regions of the study area (including Moghan plain and Fandoghlo forests), which are rich in vegetation, have LST less (LST values in this region are around 290 to 300 Kelvin), and the central regions of the study area Which is poor in terms of vegetation and includes Wasteland with a higher LST (LST in this area is between 312 and 324 degrees Kelvin). The results of this study are very useful in environmental and natural resource conservation studies and could be the basis for environmental protection planning.

Climate change is now recognized as one of the key environmental challenges of the 21st century. Earth warming has been heightened by global warming along with falling rainfall. In this regard, by using statistical exponential downscaling models and climate change scenarios (A2 and B2), prediction of temperature and precipitation parameters in the southern region of Kerman province has been investigated. The results showed that the precipitation values ​​in the future period compared to baseline at Bam synoptic station increased by 7.32 and 8.46 mm, respectively, in scenario A2 and scenario B2. Also, the results showed that precipitation values ​​in the upcoming period compared to baseline at Bam synoptic station increased by 7.32 and 8.46 mm, respectively, in scenario A2 and scenario B2. On the other hand, at the synoptic station of Jiroft, the average season temperatures were in the scenario A2 (24.79, 8.88, 17.38, and -48.5), the temperature increase in the spring and summer and the decrease in the temperature in the fall and in winter, the values in the scenario B2 are (26.41, 10.8, 16.65, and 6.27), respectively, in the spring and summer and the fall in winter and autumn.

The world's mammals condition are concerned because habitat degradation and high hunting. Wildlife captive breeding centers are examples of the last resort for conservation of species in outside of the main habitats and protected areas. The Watershed of Arak University with a total area of 625.65 hectares is located on the southwestern aspect of Mount Modar, northwest of Arak city and north of Karahrod city. Habitat evaluation variables of species (wild goats, wild sheep and iranian gazella) including: height, slope, aspect, climate (rainfall and temperature), distance from human uses, land use, distance from roads, distance from water sources (springs and rivers), vegetation index (NDVI). And the HBM modeler and the sub-MCE model and FAHP weighting method used in the IDRISI TerrSet18.31 software. The nutritional carrying capacity is determined using the Harlow formula for critical period of the 90-day. The results of habitat evaluation showed that, the suitable habitat for wild sheep, Iranian gazelle and wild goat are 41.78 % (261 hectares), 11.11% (231.8 hectares) and 23.63% (147.62 hectares), respectively. The nutritional carrying capacity for Iranian gazelle, wild goat and wild sheep are 14 unit, 6.74 unit and 5.9 unit, respectively. Generally, nutritional carrying capacity of area for all three species are 26.64 unit. Protective approach recommended for wild sheep, iranian gazella and wild goat are reintroduction and introduction programs, respectively in the Watershed of Arak University.

Culture has been considered as one of the urban capital, and cities have faced with challenges in production of the high-quality places based on cultural infrastructures. The main purpose of this research was to recognize the morality and culture combination with space and giving solutions to attain informative space regarding Shiraz city. The research methods in theoretical aspect, was qualitative based on “Discourse Analysis” and in practical aspect, was quantitative based on “Factor Analysis” by statistical package for social science “SPSS” software. In theoretical framework, the researcher studied on “Neo-Marxism” theorists specially “Henri Lefebvre” who emphasized on the “production of space and the subsequent production of culture” that are produced and reproduced through “global space, historical awareness of communities and dimensions of human existence in a land”. Data gathering and evaluation of variables affecting on production of culture-led space in Shiraz city was carried on After recognizing variables according to theoretical framework and discourse analysis. Actually to study the effect of urban spaces on citizen’s culture, research variables was evaluated in the neighborhood of Shiraz city. Results showed that, in Shiraz city, urban spaces were distributed in favor of rentiers Specially, in the distribution of housing areas, cause of the lack of appropriate urban policies in urban planning. According to factor analysis for the production of culture-led urban spaces in Shiraz city, economic structure, social structure, environmental quality, resource and city branding are four main factors in prior, finally the research conceptual framework was proposed.

Today social scholars acknowledge that environmental issues are profoundly social and cultural. The purpose of this paper is to do a meta-analysis method through analyzing the results of some studies on the relationships between social factors and environmental protection. To carry out the present meta-analysis, 20 relevant researches were selected. These studies are conducted during 2011-2012 aiming at investigating the relationship between social factors and environmental protection and they are published in scientific journals. The surveys have been carried out using surveying tools in different statistical societies and on the basis of reliable metrics. First the validity of selected studies, homogeneity assumptions, and propagation errors were evaluated. The findings indicated heterogeneity of the effect size and the lack of bias in the studies. Then, the effect size, coefficient and the moderating role of the geographic variable were evaluated using the second version of the CMA software. Findings showed that the magnitude of the effect or coefficient of the influence of social factors on environmental protection was 0.338 which, according to Cohen's interpretive system, t is moderately upward. Also considering the geographical area as a moderating variable, this coefficient for the geographic area of the center of the effect size in the random model is 0.489, In Tehran geographical area 0.337, southern geographic area 0.222, northern geographic area 0.356, East geographic area it is 0.760 and for the west geographic area it is 201.0 which is significant at 0.001 level for all six geographical areas. Also, the overall effect size for all of the six geographical areas is 0.301.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of green structural capital in industrial waste management with the mediating role of Green Organizational Culture. The research population consists of 190 managers and supervisors of Mobarakeh Steel Company who have relevant information and records to the research topic. To determine the sample size, Krejcie and Morgan tables were exploited and sample size of 123 persons was provided. In order to measure the variables of research, Chang-Fan structural capital inventory (2011), Indian Industrial Waste Management (2002), and Harris & Crane's Green Organizational Culture (2002) have been used. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability. Data analysis has been provided by structural equation modeling and PLS software. Research findings at 95% confidence level indicate that green structural capital on industrial waste management with a coefficient of 0.556 (significant level of 0/000), Green structural capital on organizational culture with a coefficient of 0/450(significant level of0/000), Green corporate culture on industrial waste management with a coefficient of 0.351(significant level of 0/000) and finally, green capital through organizational culture on industrial waste management with a coefficient of 0.216 (significant level of 0/000) have a positive and significant effect.

The present study was carried out to determine the pollution status of Badavar River in Norabad city of Lorestan by measuring the heavy metals (Zn, Pb and Cu) concentrations in the two seasons of spring and autumn. The sediment samples were prepared in a digestive tract by a combination of Nitric acid, Perchloric acid and Chloride acid in a ratio of 6: 2: 2. Then, the concentration of metals was measured by an atomic absorption device. The results showed that Lead, Zinc and Copper levels in autumn sediment samples were 15.55, 51.072 and 17.762 mg/Kg, in spring samples, respectively, were 20.811, 49.638, and 61.641 mg/Kg. Measurement of sediment quality indexes (pollution load, enrichment, geo accumulation Index, ecological risk and degree of contamination) in two seasons, the contamination of heavy metals (lead, zinc and copper) were at the lower level. In this study, the pH, TOC and EC values of sediment samples were also measured. According to the results of autumn sediments, there was a positive and significant relationship between the concentration of heavy metals and total organic carbon. Finally, the need to monitor and control the pollution of the river is emphasized.

Despite the large and numerous sources of pollution in Isfahan province, there is a presumption of soil contamination in this area which can cause the entry and accumulation of heavy metals in the food chain. By paying attention to the important of vegetables in food quality and daily consummation, this study was conducted in three local areas with different environment pollutions such as first region (Isfahan) second region (Falavarjan) third region (Natanz, Feridan and Golpayegan). In order to measure and evaluate the heavy metals contamination (Pb, Cu, Co, Cd and Cr) samples of soil and six kind of vegetables were collected. The results showed that the highest contamination of Pb with a rate of 127.37 and 112.65 mg/kg and Cr with a rate of 6.94 and 4.61 mg/kg, respectively in soil fields of first region (Isfahan) and second region (Falavarjan) was above the recommended value by the environmental protection agency of Iran. The highest contamination of Pb was observed in basil and tomato with rates of 0.78 and 0.75 mg/kg respectively, the highest contamination of Cu with rate of 2.69 mg/kg were observed in cucumber and the highest contamination of Cd with rate of 0.50 mg/kg and Cr with rate of 1.41 mg/kg were observed in onion. Principal component analysis indicated that contamination of heavy metals overlaps in Isfahan and Falavarjan, and in both regions the possibility of heavy metals contamination was observed in vegetables. It is recommended that agricultural production and quality standards be the focus of information to the community for food security.
 

The purpose of this study was to determine heavy metals contamination in the street dusts of Ahvaz. Ahvaz city contains geogenic pollutants, heavy traffic, industries, oil and gas combustion and oil activities, which make it important from the viewpoint of environmental impact assessment. To determine the possible source of the heavy metals, multivariate analysis such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were used. Also, factors such as the Index of Enrichment Factor (EF), Pollution Index (PI), Integration Pollution Index (IPI) and Geo-accumulation (Igeo) were assessed to determine the degree of heavy metals pollution in street dust of the Ahvaz city. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, As, Ni and V in the street dust samples were 59, 220, 78, 0.3, 3.3, 40 and 46 mg/kg, respectively. The results of PCA and CA indicated that the region is mostly affected by heavy traffic, oil pollution and industrial activities. The average values of EF and Igeo in the samples decreased as V˂Ni˂Cd˂As˂Cu˂Zn˂Pb. PI revealed high levels of Pb, Zn and Cu pollution in samples and the moderate to low level of As, Ni, Cd and V pollution in other samples.Based on the obtained results, it seems the high concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni and to a lesser extent Cd and As concentrations in the street dust samples was derived from anthropogenic activities; whereas the concentration of V and Ti has been mostly affected by natural sources. The classification of pollution in street dust in Ahvaz is as follows: IPI>EF> Igeo ≈ PI.

Awareness on spatial dispersion of heavy metals allows for planning of appropriate environmental policies. This study aims to monitor the pollution of heavy metals in Anzali International Wetland using GIS and spatial statistics. Sampling of water was done at 10 stations in 2014. The spatial distribution, density, zoning and distribution pattern were used in GIS for interpolation method, kernel function, Moron test, and hot spots index. The zoning maps derived from the density estimates indicated an increase in lead and nickel concentrations from west to east of Anzali Wetland. Based on the moron test and the GI* index, spatial correlation and spherical distribution pattern of heavy metals cluster indicate the accumulation and proximity of high density contaminated areas adjacent to each other. Accordingly, the highest hot spot of cadmium and nickel belongs to the northern parts of the wetland (under the bridge of Anzali port), zinc and lead were in the eastern part, and form the high cluster pattern, it could conclude that in these regions, heavy metal have been shown the positive self-correlation pattern.