فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 117 (پاییز 1400)

There have been numerous and varied studies of public land distribution, spatial distribution of urban services, and overall urban spatial justice in cities across the country. But due to the lack of spatial integrity and the lack of procedural and content integration in the way they have been done, no accurate and credible picture of the status of spatial justice in the delivery of municipal services at national level has been achieved so far.The main purpose of this article is to present a clear and relatively comprehensive picture of the resultant of spatial justice research results by examining the content and method of writing research in this field in the country. In the other words, this article seeks to find an answer to the question of what is the status of spatial justice in public services in Iran, based on the analysis of a series of internal researches published in scientific-research journals. This article intends to explain the answer to this question through the analysis of framework, theoretical approaches, methodology, statistical community, variables, indices, tools used and the results obtained in the mentioned research, in framework of meta-analysis methodology.

This article is a developmental one and is generally conducted in the framework of meta-analysis method using quantitative content analysis technique in decomposition research samples. For this purpose, 31 journals were considered as the statistical population of the journals after the census of journals related to the fields of geography and urban development with the scientific-research degree indexed in the ISC. Then, using the opinion of experts and academics related to the subject, 13 journals were selected as sample volumes. The same process was undertaken in the selecting and studying papers in selected journals and among the 28 papers in the field of spatial justice published between 2006 and 2016, then using the opinion of experts 16 papers were selected as the final samples for the review. Then, 16 selected papers were analyzed and coded with using the article analysis framework. Also, in order to guarantee the validity of content analysis, the data obtained were used in the context of another method called meta-analysis. The test-retest technique was also used to ensure the reliability of the content analysis. The selected papers were coded once according to the considered decomposition pattern and coding structure, and in the second time after 2 week, the same papers were coded again based on the same decomposition pattern and coding structure.

all papers, 2 and more than 2 researchers and in more than two-thirds of the papers, 3 researchers have done the research. The summary of the year of publication of papers also shows an increase in the number of articles in the field of spatial justice from 2010 onwards.Although half of the papers did not specify the type of research in the methodology, but, the majority of the papers were of the applied type and all of which aim to provide a simultaneous description and analysis of spatial justice in a particular spatial region.81% of the papers did not have a clear question, and about two-thirds of them lacked a clear hypothesis and just mentioned the purpose of the paper. In the Index of Framework for Analysis, less than one-third of the papers stated the existence of a framework and structure for their analysis.Although the target population in spatial justice surveys is a designated territorial unit of the specified spatial range, however, 56% of the papers did not mention the target population.Half of the making indexes lack a clear basis, and a quarter of them are land use based. Also, nearly 70% of the papers did not use a specific component to compile the index.Correlation of 6 variables with urban services variables was evaluated, in which half of the papers evaluated the relationship between population distribution and service distribution. Also, the independence or dependence of the variable distribution of utilities in 56% of the papers was unclear.In the 2 elements of population distribution and per capita services in the 12 cities surveyed, 5 were unbalanced and 1 was balanced. Six cities have not commented on the status of this element.

response to the main research question that is based on the analysis of the resultant of the published internal research set, what is the status of spatial justice in urban services in Iran, all the findings of the research show that the Iranian cities with obvious spatial imbalance encountered, cannot be cited.Lack of comprehensiveness in measuring all elements of spatial justice, lack of up-to-date elements study in this field, lack of qualitative research methods, lack of unique creativity and unique operation in the preparation and setting of papers, and a constant imitation framework of most of them, and ultimately lack of comparative studies on the comparison of urban spatial justice in Iranian cities and other cities around the world, have mattress on the results of urban spatial justice research in Iran.Therefore, in order to improve the prosperity of future researches in the field of urban spatial justice in the country, firstly, it is suggested to structure the dimensions, components, criteria and indicators of spatial justice measurement in both quantitative and qualitative areas as the basis of the research, to be studied in depth and lead to new models being presented by researchers interested in the field of spatial justice. In the second place, it is suggested that comparative studies with other cities around the world on the measurement of spatial justice be particularly emphasized by researchers in the methodological and way of analyzing and combining data and information.Keywords: Spatial Justice, Urban, Content Analysis, Meta-Analysis, Iran

Geopolitical relations are relationships between states and countries based on geographical contexts. In fact, the difference between geopolitical relations and political relations is the geographical background of geopolitical relations. In geopolitical relations, contexts are relationships based on geographical components and contexts. The purpose of this study is to model the most important geopolitical contexts. The research method in this study is based on theoretical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature. The most important geopolitical contexts were identified based on the study of nineteen theories and approaches presented by theorists and scholars of political geography, geopolitics, political science, international relations, and the environment. Then, the most important contexts and areas of geopolitical relations are presented in five dimensions of "interaction, opposition, competition, influence and domination" and finally a model is proposed for the contexts and fields of geopolitical relations.IntroductionThe results show that the most important geopolitical contexts and fields include geo-cultural contexts (ethnic groups in neighboring countries, religious affiliation with peripheral countries, historical and civilization factor, ideological factor), contexts and fields of Geopolitics (territorial issues, geographic location, regional hegemony, security approach, geopolitical weight, alliances, regional geopolitical structure, geopolitical codes, neighborhoods and the number of neighbors), geo-economic contexts (Underground and fossil resources, international straits),fields and contexts of hydro-politics ( International rivers, common maritime boundaries and environmental factors).One of the most important issues in geopolitics is "geopolitical relations". A geopolitical relation is the study and analysis of the effects of geographical components on the relations between states and international relations. Geopolitical relations are relationships between states and countries based on geographical contexts. In fact, the difference between geopolitical relations and political relations is the geographical background of geopolitical relations. In geopolitical relations, contexts are relationships based on geographical components and contexts.In general, geopolitical relations are those that are established between states and governments and political actors based on a combination of factors of politics, power and geography. Therefore, in order to understand the specific phenomena that occur in geopolitical relations between countries, geographical factors need to be taken into account. Geography plays a pivotal role in geopolitical relations and provides the impetus for shaping the political will of the relationship as well as influencing the level of actor power (Hafez Nia, 2006, 362). On the other hand, dominant ways of behavior between states, because of various types of relationships, vary in the range of patterns including 'interaction', 'domination', 'influence' and 'competition' and 'confrontation'. Today, geopolitics, geopolitical relations and their analysis are mostly done at the transnational scale.Therefore, the study of the pattern of geopolitical relations on three international, regional and global scales can be discussed. But what matters most is the context and of geopolitical relations. In this research, the most important contexts of geopolitical relations are studied based on the study of theories and approaches and finally the contexts for the dimensions of geopolitical relations as well as the proposed model for the fields of geopolitical relations between countries are presented.MethodologyThis research seeks to theoretically explain the contexts and fields of geopolitical relations between countries. From Newman's point of view, by referring to more general ideas and abstract principles in terms of cause and effect, theoretical explanations describe why a particular event occurs.The purpose of this study is to model the most important geopolitical contexts. The research method in this study is based on theoretical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature.In terms of the purpose, this research is basic. In basic research, the purpose is to discover the facts and to understand the phenomena that lead to the increasing human knowledge. In this research, identifying the components and areas that influence its geopolitical relations is known as a basic research. The components and contexts were identified based on the review of nineteen theories and approaches presented by theorists and scholars of political geography, geopolitics, political science, international relations, and the environment. Research method was descriptive-analytic and the data were collected through library resources. The data were also analyzed qualitatively. Qualitative research is introspective, political, subjective - reflective - interpretive, theory generating and human-centered. The main objective of the study is to explore the conceptual factors (backgrounds and contexts) that influence the formation of geopolitical relationships.Results and discussion On one hand, some theories and approaches have emphasized on one component in geopolitical formation and relationships, such as Huntington's Clash of Civilizations , Geo-economy's (Edward Lutwac's) theory, Muhammad Khatami's Civilization's Dialogue, and the theory of Louise Richardson. Some theories and approaches included several components, such as: Mackinder's Heartland Theory, Spykman's Rimland Theory, ‎Alfred Thayer Mahan's Maritime Power, Wallerstein's World System Theory, " Theory of Power Systems (Brzezinski), Kaplan's theory of the Chaos of the Future, Peter Hagget's Theory, Thomas Homer Dixon's Theory, Regional Conflict Theory (Jeffrey Camp and David Harvey), Theory of Conflict (John Robert Prescott), and the Approach to Geopolitical Conflict (John Collins).The study of theories and approaches shows that each of the theories emphasizes on one or more of the geopolitical, geo-economic, hydro-politics, and geo-cultural components, and no theory encompasses all four components together.Relations between countries took different forms along the temporal dimensions and geographical characteristics of countries. The dimensions of geopolitical relations between countries vary in terms of interaction, competition, domination, influence and opposition.ConclusionThe results show that the most important geopolitical contexts and fields include geo-cultural contexts (ethnic groups in neighboring countries, religious affiliation with peripheral countries, historical and civilization factor, ideological factor), contexts and fields of Geopolitics (territorial issues, geographic location, regional hegemony, security approach, geopolitical weight, alliances, regional geopolitical structure, geopolitical codes, neighborhoods and the number of neighbors), geo-economic contexts (Underground and fossil resources, international straits),fields and contexts of hydro-politics ( International rivers, common maritime boundaries and environmental factors).

The effect of Tamarchin frontier market on physical development of Piranshahr over 2006-2014IntroductionCommon frontier markets are considered as the major factors that transform frontier cities and are booming the economy of these regions. Therefore, frontier markets play an essential role in developing the economy, promoting peace and stability, increasing security, and improving infrastructure and services in these regions. Activation of these markets leads to greater economic growth for frontier cities, i.e. a trend that results in economic development and urban growth. There is no doubt that development of economic activities leads to an increase in employment and to a large extent causes population and urbanization growth. On the other hand, there is a direct correlation between increasing growth of urbanization and physical development of cities. In other words, indiscriminate and unsustainable development of cities leads to growth of suburbs, destruction of urban green areas, and rising demand for urban land. Therefore, it can be stated that the economy of a city is an effective factor in growth of urban lands and physical development.Activation of Tamarchin frontier market resulted in a fundamental change in the economy of Piranshahr. And employment and the revenues from Tamarchin boundary and domestic market transformed the economy of the town. Therefore, in recent years high level of employment in Piranshahr has made it one of the population absorbers in the area, a fact indicated by population changes. Due to increasing need of the immigrants to accommodation and shelter and disorganized constructions along with real estate activities, urban development has been pushed toward Northeast, East, South, and Southeast where there is no physical development limit. This physical development has swallowed up the agricultural lands and "Shin Abad" village has been affected by this development and integrated into the town. On the other hand, due to this physical development of the town toward flat and fertile plains, land cover has been changed and agricultural lands have been destroyed.In this regard, the present study is aimed at investigating the effect of Tamarchin frontier market growth on immigration to Piranshahr and its physical development whereby the main hypothesis of the study – development of Tamarching frontier market has caused immigration to Piranshahr and its physical development to increase – can be answered.MethodIn terms the aim, the present study is an applied one and in terms of the method and nature it is descriptive-analytical. According to the title of the study, required data have been collected through library and documentation procedures, survey techniques, and satellite images and were analyzed through bi-variate logistic regression and Holden models and SPSS. The procedures are as follow:Survey techniques are utilized in order to evaluate opinion of Piranshahr residents on the effect of Tamarchin frontier market on physical development of the town. The sample size has been determined through Cochran formula to be 384 individuals. Collected data have been analyzed through bi-variate logistic regression and Holdern models using SPSS. Moreover, in order to identify the pattern of physical development of the town, periodical land cover maps retrieved from Landsat satellite, satellite images of ETM+TM (2006 and 2014) were analyzed using IDRISI software. In addition, Holdern model has been used in order to explain the issue more and identify this issue that development of Piranshahr has been due to population increase or its density pattern.DiscussionDiscussion of the study findings begins with a short review of population changes of Piranshahr and the performance of Tamarchin frontier market so that an overview of the market is achieved. Then, in order to determine the effects of the development of Tamarchin frontier market on population absorption of the town, collected data retrieved from Piranshahr residents have been utilized to see whether the market development has affected the population absorption and physical development of the town or not. In so doing, bi-variate logistic regression model in SPSS has been applied.In the next phase, the pattern of physical development of the town has been identified through satellite images and Holdern urban development model. This model has also been utilized to determine the proportion of the town development and its population.ConclusionBy developing the economy of frontier cities, frontier markets create a high level of employment in these regions, which results in a large population to be absorbed in order to find appropriate jobs and gain higher income. It is vivid that as population absorption increases, demand for urban land rises. Therefore, increasing growth of urbanization is directly correlated with physical development of cities. In other words, indiscriminate and unsustainable development of cities leads to growth of suburbs, encroachment on the lands around the city, destruction of urban green areas, and rising demand for urban land. Therefore, it can be stated that the economy of a city and its growth are effective factors in land and physical development of the city.In this regard, the present study is aimed at investigating the effect of Tamarchin frontier market growth on immigration to Piranshahr and its physical development. The results of integrating data collected from surveying and logistic regression model in SPSS have presented important information on the pattern and trend of land cover change and proved the fact that Tamarchin frontier market and the resulted economic growth in recent years have created a high level of employment which is an essential factor in immigration to Piranshahr and in fact "its physical development". This rapid urban development has cause Shin Abad village to get integrated in Piranshahr. Moreover, the results gained from Holdern model, further explaining the issue, have indicated that development of Piranshahr is mostly caused by population increase (- 0.997) rather than by the patterns of urban development. Although Shin Abad has integrated into Piranshahr and 190 Acres has been added to the town during 2005-2014, 118 Acres of this area (62% of the total area added to the town) have been unofficial settlement. However, the town's development has not been comprehensive and the town has not experienced spiral development.Keywords: Physical Development, Tamarchin Border Market, Piranshahr city.

Over recent decades, citizens' participation in modern society has attracted a great deal ofattention. Participation in urbanization is also proposed at different stages such as planning,design preparation, design implementation, and urban management and administration, and invarious forms such as participation in decision making, participation in financing, paying thecost of designs implementation, participation in provision of human resources, and involvementin design benefits. Various models have been presented in the modern urban management systemto eradicate the urban problems and challenges. Today, one of these models is considered as thedominant model of urban management and is the urban governance model. In this model, theresponsibility for public administration has been divided among three institutions: government,civil society, and private sector.

Considering research nature, the current research is an applied study. It wasconducted using descriptive-analytical method. The required data were collected through libraryresources, including taking note and using Internet, and via field study, including questionnaireand interview. The research statistical population consisted of citizens who are living in Yasujcity, managers, and urban affairs staffs. According to the modified Cochran formula, the requiredsample size for citizens and managers was calculated to be 383 and 20 persons, respectively.Additionally, in order to determine the rate of people participation in urban management, as wellas to determine the rate of urban managers' adherence to the principles of good governance, one-sample t-test was used.

Results obtained from describing the characteristics of individuals in the statistical populationshow that most of the respondents among citizens were in the age range of 25-35 years andamong managers were in the age range of 35-45years. Of the whole respondent sample forcitizens, 81.1% were male and 18.9% were female, and of the whole respondent sample formanagers, 96% were male and 4% were female. The average dimension of these individuals'household is 3.4 and 2.9 for citizens and managers, respectively.

The results of the research show that the rate of citizens' participation in the city's managementaffairs is at a very good level such that of the 16 investigated components, the citizens andmanagers have only estimated the citizens' participation in the urban management affairs to be atmoderate level in five components. They estimated other components to be at strong level.Results show that of the 22 investigated components, 2 components were evaluated to be at weaklevel, 9 components were evaluated to be at moderate level, and 11 components were evaluatedto be at strong level.Several models have been proposed in urban modern management tosolve city problems and challenges. One of these patterns, which today isthe dominant model in urban management, is the urban governance model.Considering the importance of consistent urban management and alsocitizen cooperation in urban affairs, this study aims at analyzing the effectsof citizen cooperation on urban management in the city of Yasuj.The research method is descriptive- analytic in which the data has beenelicited using survey method. The populations of the study are themanagers and employers of the urban management domain and thecitizens of Yasuj. Using Kukran formula, a sample of 383 for citizens anda sample of 20 for managers have been selected randomly. To analyze thedata, inferential statistics including (one-sample t-test, cluster analysis,contingency table, k-2 test, Pearson correlation index) have been utilized.The findings from one-sample t-test showed that the amount ofcooperation and consideration of ruling principles and standards is at agood level in the population of citizens and managers. Moreover, theresults of K-2 and Pearson tests indicate that there is a direct andmeaningful relationship (at 99% level) between the two variables ofcooperation and good ruling in the city of Yasuj.Several models have been proposed in urban modern management tosolve city problems and challenges. One of these patterns, which today isthe dominant model in urban management, is the urban governance model.Considering the importance of consistent urban management and alsocitizen cooperation in urban affairs, this study aims at analyzing the effectsof citizen cooperation on urban management in the city of Yasuj.The research method is descriptive- analytic in which the data has beenelicited using survey method. The populations of the study are themanagers and employers of the urban management domain and thecitizens of Yasuj. Using Kukran formula, a sample of 383 for citizens anda sample of 20 for managers have been selected randomly. To analyze thedata, inferential statistics including (one-sample t-test, cluster analysis,contingency table, k-2 test, Pearson correlation index) have been utilized.The findings from one-sample t-test showed that the amount ofcooperation and consideration of ruling principles and standards is at agood level in the population of citizens and managers. Moreover, theresults of K-2 and Pearson tests indicate that there is a direct andmeaningful relationship (at 99% level) between the two variables ofcooperation and good ruling in the city of Yasuj.Several models have been proposed in urban modern management tosolve city problems and challenges. One of these patterns, which today isthe dominant model in urban management, is the urban governance model.Considering the importance of consistent urban management and alsocitizen cooperation in urban affairs, this study aims at analyzing the effectsof citizen cooperation on urban management in the city of Yasuj.The research method is descriptive- analytic in which the data has beenelicited using survey method. The populations of the study are themanagers and employers of the urban management domain and thecitizens of Yasuj. Using Kukran formula, a sample of 383 for citizens anda sample of 20 for managers have been selected randomly. To analyze thedata, inferential statistics including (one-sample t-test, cluster analysis,contingency table, k-2 test, Pearson correlation index) have been utilized.The findings from one-sample t-test showed that the amount ofcooperation and consideration of ruling principles and standards is at agood level in the population of citizens and managers.

In most developing countries, rural women have limited resources and jobs. Therefore, development strategies to create multiple opportunities for them by participating in various activities aimed at rural development can empower women. Self-help groups, as one of the most important empowerment strategies for women, are of great importance in employment, income generation, poverty reduction, export promotion and foreign exchange earnings in developing countries. The concept of SHGs is small informal associations created to create members' ability to make a profit through mutual assistance, solidarity, and shared responsibility. Their benefits include the use of savings and credit facilities and the pursuit of group activities (Anand, 2002). A group-based approach that not only enables the poor to raise capital through small savings, but also helps them access official credit facilities (Shylandra, 2004). Under shared responsibility, these groups enable the poor to overcome the problem of collateral, thereby freeing them from the clutches of the rich (Stiglitz, 2000). In addition, some of the basic characteristics of SHGs, such as membership size and homogeneity of composition, create solidarity and effective participation of members in group performance. The creation of these groups can be influenced by different geographical, political, social, cultural and economic factors. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups in BazinehRood.

The study was a consecutive exploratory study. The present study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the attitudes of rural women towards creating self-help groups were collected through interview using available sampling method. Eight villages were interviewed for this purpose by using the opinions of administrative experts (Khodabandeh Governorate staff) and village managers in order to identify them as self-help groups of rural women in the area. At this stage, before each interview, the interview protocol form was presented to the interviewee in person and a time was set for the interview. The available sampling strategy was used to select the interviewees; That is, at the end of each interview, it was attempted to identify, through the interviewee, other persons eligible for the interview. Interviews continued until the researcher felt the data had been duplicated and saturated. Accordingly, in this study, 30 rural women were interviewed and the relevant codes were extracted. In the second step, after summarizing the results of the first stage and classifying them, the researcher-made questionnaire will be used to survey and collect quantitative data through exploratory factor analysis and one-sample t-test to generalize the results of the first stage. In fact, in the second stage, the researcher seeks to prioritize the factors of attitude of rural women to self-help groups and to investigate the importance of these factors. The second statistical population of this study is rural women over 15 years old in BazinehRood District of Khodabandeh Township. In this section, 8 selected villages were selected as sample. Thirty rural women were selected as the pilot sample after the self-made questionnaire was approved by the experts. A questionnaire was distributed among them. The sampling method used is random sampling. The reliability obtained for the baseline sample using SPSS software was 0.932; therefore, the sample required to complete the researcher-made questionnaire was 290 rural women who were purposively selected.

The factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups were classified into five factors. And the factors are 'technology acceptance and participation', 'education', 'socio-economic factors', 'marketing and entrepreneurship' and 'banking / credit' respectively. Also, the results of numerical analysis of socioeconomic dimensions, technology and partnership acceptance, marketing and entrepreneurship, education, banking / credit, respectively, indicated that the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups were high. One-sample t-test was used to analyze the most influential factors on the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups. The results of exploratory factor analysis were used to perform this test. Based on One-sample t-test these factors were significant at 99% level and their difference from numerical utility was evaluated positively. The results show that rural women will create self-help groups to reduce poverty, which in turn will increase rural women employment. Rural women believe that when self-help groups are set up, for some reasons, such as the use of collective capital and low manpower to carry out activities and the common use of production tools, they will generally save on the factors of production. Ultimately, these factors empower women in self-help groups. On the other hand, collective efforts in the field of self-help groups and flexibility in laws and regulations increase the efficiency of women members. Therefore, the results indicate that socio-economic factors are the most important factor in establishing self-help groups for rural women. Technology adoption and participation is the second most influential factor in creating self-help groups for rural women. The lack of in-person training and the lack of training courses for rural women has made the mass media such as television and radio more effective in transferring information and technology. Rural women also tend to engage in participatory activities with a spirit of collectivism.

According to the results of the research, it can be said that women self-help groups as a small informal association are very important in employment, income generation and credit facilities and follow up group activities. In this regard, different attitudes of women can have a direct impact on their participation and performance in the activities of self-help groups. Rural women may have multiple attitudes about self-help groups, As such, attitude and behavior play an important role in the field of economic investment. Although people's attitudes toward a subject cannot be directly observed, but these attitudes are relatively stable and can have a positive long-term impact on communities; therefore, it is inevitable to understand the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards creating self-help groups. Therefore, the results of this study are effective in the theoretical development of the relationship between rural women's attitudes and the creation of self-help groups and provide tangible guidelines for understanding the attitude of rural women to policy makers and managers.

In geographic sciences, production of geographical space by political decision maker has different interpretation in different philosophical schools. Phenomenology school as one of the trans - positivism school has significant role in geographic studies, especially in studying the relationship between politics and space. Phenomenology is one of the modernism critics and it denies any distinction between mentality and space. In phenomenology, the question of "being in the world" is raised through attention to human agency and one's ability to experience and cognize. In phenomenology, man understands the meaning of things, not only with connection to things, but also in relation to subjective perception of things. In this regard, production of space in Phenomenology of Hermeneutics school could be affects from mentality of the political decision maker. Taking consider this approach is effective for understanding the relationship between politics and geographical space. Because the decision maker's mindset model plays an important role in prioritizing and regulating relationships and activities in geographic space. In this research has presented a new approach to explain the political actor’s performance for making the geographical space in the framework of phenomenology of Hermeneutics school.

This research has fundamental approaches in the philosophy of political geography and for compilation of information has been referred to valid document and bibliography. In this research has been used the descriptive and analytical approaches. in first step, was defined the Phenomenology cognition school. Then, the relationship between political decision- maker mentality and its effects on space has been accorded with characteristics of this school.

The most important phenomenological functions for cognition the function of political decision - maker over geographical space are as follows: 1- Decision makers’ priorities in a distinct area, including in one country have very effective role for production of geographical space. because, the spatial processes will be created in accordance with the political decision-maker perceptions and mentality, especially in centralized state. So, common destiny will be produced in accordance with the cognitive patterns of decision maker's mindset in a territory and part of the spatial processes arising from their mental contexts, cultures and imagination. In other word, the meaning of geographical space cannot be realized without the creation of perceptual sharing and the origin the mental sharing production is formed by the power elite and political decision makers. therefore, it is impossible to separate human perceptions from their life world, which primarily has political-historical nature. Each political system is shaped by the power elite subjective priorities, which rewards the individual’s behavior for preservation that value and punish the opposing behaviors. In hermeneutic phenomenology, the ontological nature of the phenomenon that can be influenced by external constitutive forces. In this regard, society are associated and have historical dependence on them. these systems of rewards and penalties deriving from the mentality of political elites leads the harmonious behaviors in individuals and the preservation of social order. Therefore, the realization of the human existence depends on the conditions that part of it created by decision maker’s states and mental patterns. 2- The mental image and behavioral context of each person about geographical space depends on education, learning and memories of that person. in other word, the formation of mental image and personal geography, influences from suffering, hope, age, sex, and life experience of a person. In this regard, political decision-making priorities who play a significant role in changing geographical space, are fully influenced by their intuitive background. Even geopolitical interactions are formed on the basis of the "inter-religiousness" of the political priorities of the decision-makers. So that, the priorities of politicians, especially in the individualized centralized apparatus, will have a significant impact on space and settlement changing. Because political elites in many cases, have a trans structural position and with control of social system, they Follow up their mental goals. On the other hand, the political decision makers’ interpretations also are not inconsistent. The task of hermeneutic interpretation must be to critically examine this "foresight" of the world and the phenomena faced by political actors.3- Methodologically, in the hermeneutic phenomenology the positivism general principles were rejected and space is considered in contrast of abstract and absolute phenomenon. Thus, the geographical space cognition is related to political decision- maker’s mentality. Because the political elite have the ability to manage the part of perception and excitement process in individuals. In addition, ruling politicians are not only as economic factor, but also they seek to represent their identity and mind with effecting on the geographical space construction. So, in phenomenology framework, for studying the relation between politics and geographical space quantitative measurements is not suitable method.

Space organization will arise by the allocation and distribution of spatial phenomena, such as population, activity, resources, etc., which be done by the sovereignty to establish spatial justice. Obviously, the ruling actors may or may not represent the majority of the population in the community, but their mental recognition is one of the sources of spatial structures change. Obviously, part of this process is based on the emotional and perceptual logic of political decision maker with the control of spatial processes, conduct the structures of process. political geography interpretation in the context of hermeneutic phenomenology leads the researcher to understand the behavior of political decision makers in different eras. It can be concluded the cultures and cognitive frameworks of the ruling politicians lead the recognition of spatial phenomena for them and at the same time, put the individuals function into a specific section of time and destiny. Therefore, the ruling political actors’ subjective cognition is very determinative in explaining space and in creating spatial processes. therefore, Phenomenology seeks to gain the subjective meanings of individuals and societies through the methods of observation, interview and referral to social and psychological monographs.

With the expansion of urbanization and urban and rural development along with the acceleration of population growth and the development of industrial, service, agricultural and transportation activities, ... the demand for energy consumption from different types of energy carriers has increased and in pursuit of these demands (increasing energy demand) has caused environmental pollution, the consequences of which are related to carbon dioxide emissions in space. Considering the fact that the metropolis of Tabriz has a large population and over time, it has been developed and developed in all aspects of development and is beyond reasonable limits in the capacity of the city, which directly and indirectly causes the biggest environmental problem in Tabriz city The problem of air pollution has been that natural conditions (the city's surroundings by mountains and the absence of persistent winds with the appropriate speed) also exacerbate this state. Therefore, knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting air pollution and environmental problems, as well as the way these factors behave in the length of time and the causes of the occurrence or exacerbation of these important factors.The problems caused by unsustainable use of resources and energy are a very dangerous and threatening landscape in developing countries. The present study tries to study urban and rural development on energy consumption in Tabriz city between 1994 and 2014. Data collection was carried out through library studies, documents and related organizations. For the analysis of data, the STIRPAT model and econometric methods are proportional to the static number of research variables. For estimation of relations, it have been used by the methods of extended distributions and the Berush Godfrey (LM) and Jark-Bra (JB) method. The results indicate that the value added of the industrial sector in the long term has been (0/504). In other words, a one percent increase in the value added of the per capita sector will increase the per capita energy consumption has been 0/504 in the long term. The effect of real per capita income on per capita energy consumption has been (1/99). The impact of the urbanization rate is (3/225) in the long term and the per capita impact of motor vehicle per capita on energy consumption is (0/134). The present research is descriptive-analytic in nature and in terms of research type, is applicable. In this study, the effect of variables on energy consumption in Tabriz city has been calculated using STIRPAT model and ARDL method. In order to study the static variables, the Dickey-Fuller statistic and Phillips-Peron statistical methods were used and for data analysis, econometric methods were used proportional to the static number of research variables. The research variables included the variables related to the STIRPAT model (per capita value added of the industry sector, real income per capita, urbanization rate, per capita motor vehicles and time), and the relationship of each of these variables with the amount of energy consumed as a dependent variable in this research. Is. The data gathering tool is library and documentary studies. For evaluation of its reliability, the Dickey Fuller test has been generalized and Phillips-Peron has been used, which has been used to obtain relevant data from the National Portal of Statistics and related statistics of the study area, and organizations and institutions have been used. In this study, the STIRPAT model was used. This model is an interdisciplinary model that expresses the connection between the natural sciences and the social sciences. Each ecosystem consists of four components of equilibrium, environment, social organization and technology. This pattern insists on examining the combination of physical, biological and social variables. The goal is to systematically develop an environmental impact assessment. The STIRPAT model can be used to examine the interactions between components to understand how to create and solve environmental problems.The basic model is as follows:1) Ii = aPibAicTideiIn the model, the variables A, T and P are among the determinants of environmental change (I).The impact of the value added of the industrial sector on the per capita energy consumption in the long run is positive and its level (0.504) is significant at 5% level. In other words, a one percent increase in the value added of the per capita sector will increase the per capita energy consumption by 504% in the long run. The reason for this relationship can be the accumulation of most industrial workshops of 10 employees and more, as well as heavy and energy industries in the province of Tabriz and lack of proper productivity in machinery and industry. The effect of real per capita income on per capita energy consumption (1.99) and at 1% is significant, which is consistent with theoretical and theoretical foundations. The significant point in the long-term relationship between independent variables and dependent variable (per capita energy consumption) is the impact of urbanization rate (3.225) and is significant at 10% level. The reason for such a relationship can be attributed to this factor, as the expansion of urbanization is common By increasing the diversity of the use of energy products and personal and other public transportation systems, changing lifestyles of individuals, the tendency to use luxury goods quickly to meet consumer needs and increase revenue and increase purchasing power, abundant advertising in cities and role The media is there, so the positive relationship between these two variables is possible Wages. Cited. The impact of motor vehicle per capita on per capita energy consumption (0.134) and at 5% is significant. Due to the increasing number of private vehicles and the lack of proper use of public transport, Failure to comply with international standards in the automotive industry. As the technology progresses along with it, among the independent variables, the most influences are on the dependent variable (per capita energy), through the urbanization rate, real per capita income, the value added of the industrial sector, the number of motor vehicles Theoretically theoretical and theoretical foundations seem logical.

The development processes of an inclusive city should include all citizens, their social needs, and their activities. Inclusive spaces are those that provide the necessary basis for the presence of different people with different characteristics. They provide all the facilities needed for different groups of society, especially the elderly, the disabled, women, and children.The World Bank defines inclusiveness with an operational framework covering 20 dimensions (such as access to basic services, slum upgrading, spatial access to jobs, etc.) in three broad categories, i.e., spatial, social, and economic inclusion. Given the broadness of the concept of inclusive growth/development/cities, extant studies often specify two fundamental questions for operationalization, i.e., inclusive of what and inclusive of whom. Thereby, despite using the similar concept of an inclusive city, its underlying meaning and the theoretical grounds in each study can be quite different. For measuring equality and inclusive development of cities, some researches focus on the women safeties or designing cities for disabled while others define safety as the main indicator. Among different attitudes about the inclusive city, many researchers highlighted the role of different indicators like economic factors, housing, immigrants, races, aging, women's safety, and disabled people. We emphasize on the importance of the formation of equal social interactions for all city dwellers as a major indicator for measuring the inclusiveness of the urban space.The effective factors affecting the equal social interactions of urban spaces include the physical properties of the environment (objective and subjective). Physical factors include elements such as lighting, symbols, parking spaces, urban furniture, texture, and geographic differences. Internal relations include parameters such as security, accessibility, readability, awareness, maintenance, performance, and flexibility. By studying the existing theories of urban space quality which are presented in Table 1 the following components have been extracted with respect to semantic similarities between the proposed parameters. The extracted components are classified into the physical and qualitative categories:1-Qualitative components: security and comfort, sense of belonging, social interactions, nightlife, urban readability, aesthetics, vitality, human scale, and place identity.2-Physical components: usage diversity, access to services and facilities, climatic comfort, urban congestion, urban furniture, and walkability.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences between life quality indicators in an inclusive city. The life quality indices including 15 different components were assessed for different groups living in the fourteen districts of Ilam city including children, women, the elderly, and the disabled. The special geographical features of Ilam city such as rugged topography, sloping urban lands, existence of various canals and valleys, and historical factors such as low antiquity, socio-economic conditions, multiplicity of informal settlements, worn and old textures are the main factors impacting the quality of urban public spaces of Ilam city. Therefore, the space quality is unpleasant for all different urban groups such as the elderly, the disabled, children and women, and from this perspective, citizens should face many problems and difficulties.Therefore, while reviewing the literature of the subject and paying attention to the main and important points in the theories about the quality of urban environment, we analyze the difference between the situations of urban spaces in terms of observing the criteria of universality of the city. We consider all indicators together and individually in the fourteen districts of Ilam city. The main questions of this research are: 1- What is the quality of the public spaces of different districts of Ilam city in terms of the components of an inclusive city? 2- What is the rank of the fourteen districts of Ilam city in terms of all indicators and individual indicators of an inclusive city? What are the most appropriate and inappropriate urban areas in this regard?The research method in this study is descriptive-analytic and data gathering is done through the survey and questionnaire tools. The statistical population is residents of Ilam with a population of 194,000. Using the Cochran's formula, a statistical sample of 383 people was randomly selected and questionnaires were distributed among the residents according to population. In this questionnaire, using 38 metrics in the form of 15 components, the city of Ilam was studied and analyzed from the perspective of observing the criteria of the inclusive city. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using one-sample t-test, f-test, and ANOVA analysis.

There were significant differences between the studied life quality indices in fourteen districts of Ilam except for place identity. The difference in the overall indicators was also significant. Informal settlements of Banbarz, SabzieAbad, Ostandari, and Hanivan suffer from a poor life quality due to the inclined topography, inadequate urban lands, and urban-rural texture. In contrast, modern areas such as old airport, Sad-Dastgah, Seda-Sima, and Janbazan enjoy better life quality due to adequate land, flat land, modernization, and higher income of citizens.

Rugged and mountainous topography of Ilam, the gradient of urban lands, the formation of suburbs in inappropriate and inclined urban landscapes, presence of old textures in Banbarz, SabzieAbad, Ostandari, and Hanivan, adverse effects of rural migration, and the existence of different valleys and watercourse are effective factors in degrading the life quality components of the inclusive city in the fourteen districts of Ilam. To improve the quality of life in the fourteen districts of Ilam from the perspective of the resident requirements of an inclusive city, special attention must be paid to Banbarz, SabzieAbad, Ostandari, and Hanivan in urban development planning, policymaking, and development projects of the inclusive city. 

the Recreational Value of Gahar Lake Using Zonal Travel Cost MethodExtended Abstract1-IntroductionNatural resorts are not only intrinsically valuable as part of nature, but also for the recreational economic value. It is important for policymakers in every country to know the recreational economic value of society's natural recreational habitats. Including the attention and priority of budget allocation to those natural resorts. Gahar Lake is a mountainous lake located in the middle of the mountainous mountain range of Lorestan province with an altitude of 2350 meters above sea level and is about 1700 meters long and 400 to 800 meters wide and 4 to 28 meters deep. The lake is located in the protected area of Oshtrankooh, Dorud city, which is known as Negin Oshtrankooh, and due to the lack of roads, it is a pristine area and has largely survived the human bite. About 70,000 tourists visit the area every year. The main route of the lake starts from Dorud city and after a distance of about 18 km, it reaches the asphalted end of the road. From this point, it takes about five hours to reach Gahar Lake.This study has estimated the recreational economic value of Gahar Lake, one of the natural recreation areas of Lorestan province and one of the tourist attractions of Iran, with Zonal travel cost approach. This study intended to estimate travel cost function of this lake to assign the importance of paying attention to this matter. For this purpose, using travel cost method, the demand function and then recreational value of Gahar Lake was estimated.2-Theoretical basesThe underlying assumption of Travel Cost Method is that the value of a recreational place is proportionate to the costs incurred by respondents to visit that place. Estimating recreational economic value of natural resorts with a Zonal travel cost approach is based on the map of that natural promenade and the views and characteristics of the visitors of that natural promenade and the cost and distance of access to that natural promenade This method is based more on real data than on hypothetical data and is therefore able to provide real values. Travel cost method is based on the simple premise that the entertainment value of a location is directly associated with that travel costs incurred by a person for departure to that place. In the individual travel cost method, the dependent variable is the number of trips each visitor has made to a particular natural resort in the past year or the past season. However, in the Zonal travel cost method, the dependent variable determines the number of population trips of each region or specific area to that natural resort. Individual travel cost method is suitable for estimating the recreational economic value of natural recreation centers that are frequently visited by local people, and the regional recreational cost method is suitable for estimating the recreational economic value of natural recreation centers that most people are around where They visit (Fleming et al, 2008: 1199). In this study, due to the fact that the visitors of Gahar Lake are from different parts of the country and they only travel to this place for recreation, the regional economic cost method of Gahar Lake has been used to determine the recreational economic value. The research data with the statistical sample of 161 visitors of this natural promenade was collected in the summer of 20193-DiscussionConsidering the importance of the valuation of promenades, this study has estimated the recreational value of Gahar Lake and the function of demand for travel to the lake using Zonal Travel Cost Method. The number of visitors was considered as a function of visitor's income, education, age and so travel costs and travel distance. The Log- Lin Model was chosen among the different functional forms. The results show that the relationship between the number of visitors from the rural areas to Lake Gahar with the distance and cost of travel has been negative and significant, and with the level of education of visitors, has been positive and significant as the level Visiting education has played an important role in attracting tourists to this natural resort.Using the data at average level, the demand for travel for Gahar Lake was estimated as: Ln y=3.63 - 0.000133TCWhere lny natural logarithm is the number of visitors to Lake Gahar and tc the cost of travel to Lake Gahar.4-ConclusionThe results showed that the relationship between the number of visitors from the ten regions and the distance and cost of travel was negative and significant. The results of this study also showed that the level of education has played an important role in attracting tourists to this natural lake. The recreational economic value of Gahar Lake was estimated at 283550 Rials for each visitor in the summer of 1398 and 19 billion and 848 million Rials for the total number of visitors. It is comparable to similar research in other areas of Iran's natural resorts that have used the regional travel cost method. It shows the economic and recreational economic value of Gahar Lake among the natural recreation areas of Iran and the need for more attention of policy makers and more budget allocation to it and the development of a comprehensive tourism plan for this natural lake.5-Suggestions-Supporting the private sector to invest in tourism industry and creating services to facilitate accessing to Gahar Lake,- Establishing information centers to familiarize the high-educated and high-income people with the attractions and recreational values of Gahar Lake, and making it possible for low income people to travel to this place. -Due to lake of access roads, women rarely go to this place. Therefore it is necessary to facilitate women's access to Gahar Lake- Results show that recreational value of this lake is at least 19.8 billion Rials for visitors. Then any investment about 19.8 billion Rials is economically feasible.

The social, biological, and economic impacts of droughts depend to a large extent on the readiness of farmers to respond to them, and farmers' actions in turn influence how they perceive drought. Farmers' perceptions are one of the prerequisites for facing the drought crisis, so that integration of people's perceptions of drought into the policies and planning of water resources management is essential. Therefore, this qualitative study aimed to analyze farmers' perceptions of drainage basin of Urmia Lake (Miandoab County) and its effects and consequences. The study population consisted of farmers in Zarrineh Rood and Simineh Rood catchments. The purposeful sampling was done by snowball method. Required information was collected through in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions with farmers and data analysis was performed using directional content analysis and MaxiKoda software. The results showed that most farmers consider drought to be a climate phenomenon, although some also attribute it to the wrath of God, the destructive behaviors of some farmers, and the mismanagement of officials. Farmers expect anxieties about the future, aggravation of drought and drought, and an increase in the devastating effects of drought and cost savings, the use of advanced irrigation systems, drought-adapted crop cultivation, storage and optimization of consumption. Water, giving up, relying on God and getting help from religious institutions, and migrating to the city are some of the things that work to combat drought or reduce the effects of drought. The results of this study can help implement appropriate interventions to increase farmers' resilience to drought.The effects of drought vary from region to region, and these impacts can be addressed in water, agriculture, food security, and adaptive measures. Droughts lead to a series of social and economic impacts that increase vulnerability by decreasing crop yields, unemployment, asset erosion, reduced income, inadequate nutrition and reduced risk-taking capacity. However, the social, biological, and economic impacts of future droughts on area agriculture largely depend on how farmers in the region prepare for it and how they respond to droughts. Farmers' actions, in turn, are influenced by how they interpret drought. Therefore, understanding the effects of drought requires understanding human understanding. Perception refers to a range of beliefs, judgments, and attitudes. And people's perceptions of climate change and its effects can be very different. Farmers' perceptions are one of the basic prerequisites to facing a drought crisis, so that people's perceptions of water and drought are integrated into policymaking. The results show that farmers' perceptions of the effects of drought include reduced crop yields, migration, malnutrition, declining health and education, education, desperation and destruction of rangelands and forests. The study of drought perception in the Ugalala aquifer studied experiences, memory, definitions, and expectations as explanatory factors for farmers' perceptions of drought. It affects the environment as well as human responses to environmental conditions that affect people. The study of environmental perception is based on the assumption that behaviors are influenced by subjective images of the environment, attitudes, goals, feelings, and beliefs. Experience is an important factor that shapes people's perceptions, and previous experiences of poor chapters are recalled by memories.Drought is one of the most dangerous natural disasters and is a priority in frequency of occurrence over other natural disasters and needs more attention in decision making. Consequently, in the last few decades, developing and even industrialized countries have been attacked by drought. Iran is located in one of the driest regions of the world and water scarcity is one of the most important obstacles in the process of its agricultural development. Iran is responsible for one third of global average rainfall due to being located in the global dry belt. According to research conducted in the country, the direct effect of the damage caused by the reduction of every 1 millimeter of rainfall is 98 billion rials, so that many of the damage caused by this phenomenon is still irreparable. Remains and severe damage to the body of rural communities. This has sounded the alarm for the rural community, and given the scarcity of water resources and uncertainty about the future, there is increasing pressure on farmers to make decisions about how to manage resources and address challenges and challenges. The future of their business makes them. The drought crisis has left important rivers at risk of drying up completely. In addition to reducing rivers, the water resources of many lakes and wetlands have been either drained or drastically reduced. Lake Urmia is one of those. Changes in Lake Urmia's ecosystem in recent decades have had adverse effects on its surrounding areas. Increased rainfall, threat to wildlife, health and health problems, loss of tourist and tourism values, endangered agricultural lands and gardens, loss of rural livestock, degraded soil quality, severe drop in groundwater table, Evacuation of villages and migration to urban areas and social anomalies are among the effects that have imposed enormous economic, social and environmental costs on rural residents around Lake Urmia. Therefore, Lake Urmia faces the serious threat of shifting to irreversible conditions whose impacts are gradually expanding from biodiversity issues to socioeconomic issues and their impacts on the livelihoods and health of communities are visible. One of the major challenges identified is the significant share of the agricultural sector of Miandoab with 214,000 hectares of water resources in the Zarrinehrood and Siminehrood catchments, which in the past accounted for more than 5% of the water resources of the Urmia Lake catchment. But now it is facing the risk of drought. English Drying of two rivers of Zarinehrood and Siminehrood, which is one of the most important rivers in the Urmia Lake Basin, has severe environmental, social and economic impacts in terms of lowering the level of income from activity Agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, reduced employment opportunities, reduced levels of participation, social trust and cohesion, reduced job diversity, reduced economic diversity, land salinization, increased economic cost of production, reduced production, rural migration and increased unemployment.

Providing accommodation based on the economic capacity and social level of tourists is one of the most important issues in tourism management. In Iran, the duties of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts. The main topic of research is the study and typology of cheap accommodation in Mashhad, operational and executive processes of construction and presentation of management strategies for the challenges arising from their construction, as a destructive innovation in the official market environment of tourist accommodation, it is related to a critical approach and a look at scientific theories. This innovation has created a new market and network value and is upsetting the balance of companies in the market. In expressing the necessity and importance of the subject of this research, Evidence shows that the construction of pilgrimage sites in the city of Mashhad, without considering the rules of urban development plans, in areas with urban residential use and without considering the characteristics of the population entering these areas, disregarding urban and citizenship laws and rights. , Has caused dissatisfaction of many citizens of Mashhad. The main objectives of the research are: investigating the types of cheap accommodation in Mashhad as a new element in Mashhad accommodation services Investigating the current situation and operational and executive processes of construction of new pilgrimages in Mashhad Provide management strategies for the challenges caused by the construction of new low-cost pilgrimages and control of this innovation, in the business environment of Mashhad's official residence area.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical research and is an applied research in the field of tourism studies. The information was collected through both documentary and field methods. The database of pilgrims 'houses in Mashhad was formed in GIS software environment and the distribution map of pilgrims' houses in Mashhad metropolis was drawn. According to the critical approach of this article to the situation of management and planning of cheap pilgrims' houses in Mashhad, the analysis and explanation of the issue was done with a look at the theory of destructive innovation and urban critical theory.

The subject of this research deals with the policy-making and implementation processes of building cheap pilgrims' houses, the entry of religious institutions, economic organizations of public nature (such as Astan Quds Razavi and Mashhad Municipality) and government organizations in the field of investment and management of tourist accommodation. The research findings show that these institutions have entered the field of tourism management and investment in a very wide and sudden way, outside the legal and regulatory scope of tourism management, and regardless of the official sector, disrupt the long-term strategic and economic plans of the tourism industry in Mashhad. In the city of Mashhad, there are enough places and various facilities to meet the accommodation needs of travelers, and the private sector provides services to travelers much cheaper, better and more specialized in the field of accommodation. If the support provided for the construction of low-cost pilgrims' houses, such as the transfer of land and the issuance of free construction permits, were provided to the private sector, more desirable units with a more satisfactory level of living and much lower costs would be built. Therefore, the rapid development of pilgrims' houses can be explained in terms of the principles of destructive innovation theory. Because on the one hand, while generating income for a part of the population living in the destination, it is also known as a new and attractive phenomenon for tourists, and on the other hand, it has detrimental effects on the official sector of accommodation services in the tourism sector. Also, due to their activities outside the long-term plans of the tourism management structure in the public sector, they have many effects and consequences on tourist destinations.

Therefore, managers and officials of tourist destinations, in the face of the activity of emerging tourist accommodation, face a paradoxical phenomenon that has both positive and negative effects; it is so important for some residents in terms of job creation and income generation, and it is also a good option for many tourists to stay. However, their activity is not officially and completely controlled. In a situation where the traditional market is involved in the previously defined templates and standards, and in terms of marketing technology, it lags behind innovative innovators, or the target audience is able to pay the huge costs of standard and quality accommodation due to low income. It does not create a new market and provides the services needed by these contacts. In order to improve the current situation, the business environment of the residence in Mashhad is recommended:1. In order to optimally manage and legally supervise this project, pilgrimages should be included in the regulatory circle of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism and provide services to tourists in accordance with international and national standards so as not to monitor the tourism market in Mashhad. Furthermore, it does not inflict economic or social damage on the industry.2. In order to create a healthy competitive business environment among all activists in the field of residence, the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism should follow up and provide the fields of financing and economic investment in a fair manner for all applicants.3. Integrated management of residential centers in Mashhad, under the supervision of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism.4. Participate in the efforts of public, private and public institutions in national, regional and local policy and planning, with the aim of maintaining and balancing the economic interests of all stakeholders in the market of Mashhad. This issue should be grounded and managed by the institutions in charge of tourism management.

Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0.964 and urban management questionnaire as 0.957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0.88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management.Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city.Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0.964 and urban management questionnaire as 0.957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0.88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management.Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city.Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0.964 and urban management questionnaire as 0.957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0.88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management.Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city.Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0.964 and urban management questionnaire as 0.957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0.88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management.Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city.Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd.

As a subset of health tourism, medical tourism has become one of the most popular and fastest-growing trends in the healthcare and tourism industry, annually has about 20% increase in income. Nowadays, it represents one of the flourishing sectors in the tourism markets. Perceiving its great potential and opportunities, dozens of developing nations have joined this contest and are seriously pursuing the policies effective for increasing their attractiveness for this lucrative/profitable segment of the global tourism industry. During the recent years, there has been a remarkable growth in the development trend of this sector of tourism industry in moving towards service integration of medical and tourism domains. This in turn can act as an effective policy for increasing Iran’s attractiveness as a medical tourism destination and create new competitive advantage.

Applied in nature, this study was conducted by using qualitative-quantitative research method. To do so, in the first stage, content analysis was selected as the research strategy. The data were sorted through open and axial coding and finally were put into MAXQDA-18 software to be analyzed. Sorted through questionnaire and interview, the obtained data were submitted to the professors and respective authorities in the field of health tourism. In this way, the indexes/indicators and sub-indexes/sub-indicators were finalized through expert panel. In the second stage, quantitative evaluation of indexes was done by taking a quantitative approach by using FUZZY DEMATEL technique to illustrate the way in which the identified indexes affect and are affected by each other. Finally, the relative weight and rank of each of the indexes and sub-indexes were calculated by using AHP technique.

In this research, the indexes and sub-indexes for the development of health villages in moving towards the expansion of medical tourism were coded, sorted and determined in terms of 19 indexes and 105 sub-indexes. Based on the findings of research, from among the indexes in question, the most effective indexes were advertising and marketing, quality and facilities of hospital and medical centers, service quality of physicians, specialists and nursing staff while the most effective indexes were the environmental status and policy making. From expert panel’s perspective, the indexes of medical treatments, service quality of physician, specialists and nurses, quality and facilities of hospital and medical centers, natural treatments, advertising and marketing and access to medical information were of higher significance compared to other involved factors in moving towards the development of medical tourism in Iran. In this study, medical factors included natural, traditional and medical indexes. From among the sub-indexes, infertility treatments, organ transplantation, orthopedic services (rehabilitation and Arthroplasty/joint replacement), cosmetic surgeries, alimentary and cardiovascular services, dentistry, Ophthalmology, different types of hydrotherapy and plant therapy ranked higher in order of priority. From type of treatment perspective, the most important theories supporting the index of natural treatments included heat regulation theory, energy sources recovery theory, body energy conservation theory and Niels Finnsen’s theory (1903). As far as traditional treatments are concerned, holistic approach to patient (Holistic nursing care) (holistic philosophy) and Humorisme (blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile), local theories and experiences in different cultures, compliance theory in Chinese culture and Ying-Yang balance theory (Hung, 2009) can be considered as the theories and models supporting this index. Furthermore, biomedical theories (Schaffner, 1993; Thagard, 1996, 1999) can also be of high significance for medical treatments. Regarding the factors related to the quality of medical and tourism services and facilities as one of the most important factors involved in the development of medical tourism, the present research has focused on three major indexes, namely quality and facilities of hospitals, services quality of physicians, specialists and nurses, quality of tourism services and attractions with 17 sub-indexes. From among these sub-indexes, tourism safety, care quality of physicians and nurses, advanced equipment and physician specialty occupied the highest ranks, respectively. Communications and marketing factors included 2 indexes, namely language and communications and advertising and marketing and 9 sub-indexes from which branding, inter-organizational and inter-departmental cooperation and tourism package obtained the highest ranks in terms of priority. The theories and models supporting this index were as follows: marketing mix model, promotion dimension (promotional marketing mix model) (Ricafort, 2011), push-pull theory, supply dimension (Fetscherin & Stephano,2016), Pike’s model of competitive advantages sources (2004), dimensions of communication resources, development resources and implementation resources (Pike, 2004), Crouch & Ritchie’s model, dimension of destination management (Crouch, 2007). Considering the high significance of information and communications technology in expansion of health villages and consequently, the medical tourism, from among the sub-indexes, electronic access to treatment follow-up, access of authorities to health tourists’ statistics for planning in this section of tourism, access to information relating to medical costs were found to be of the highest importance, respectively. In the same vein, the theories supporting this index were Poon’s model, dimension of information technology (Poon, 1993) and World Economic Forum, dimension of electronic infrastructures (Schwab, 2017).

To increase Iran’s attractiveness as a medical tourism destination, this research attempted to identify, sort and prioritize the factors relating to the expansion of medical tourism considering the capabilities, relative advantages and service provision facilities available in Iran. This was done for the purpose of capacity building based on global competition criteria in the medical tourism domain and by taking the approach of service integration to satisfy the tourist's welfare and identify active and successful private centers. Considering all the involved factors as integrated, the respective authorities are required to pay particular attention to the indexes and sub-indexes of high priority so as to compile, design and implement short- and long-term strategies. These strategies should be determined proportionate to the identified indexes in order to realize all the healthcare capacities and meet the main objectives of Iran’s vision plan.

With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans.In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied. In this paper, the impact of sustainability of Semnan municipality's sources of income on urban viability has been studied. The authors put forward two basic hypotheses to explain the sustainability impact of municipal revenue sources on urban viability. The first hypothesis is that the sustainability of the municipality's financial resources and revenues appear to have an impact on the livelihoods of Semnan; the second hypothesis is that it currently seems to have the largest share of Semnan municipality financing through unstable financial resources and income. The findings of the study show that both hypotheses have been substantiated.With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans.In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied. In this paper, the impact of sustainability of Semnan municipality's sources of income on urban viability has been studied. The authors put forward two basic hypotheses to explain the sustainability impact of municipal revenue sources on urban viability. The first hypothesis is that the sustainability of the municipality's financial resources and revenues appear to have an impact on the livelihoods of Semnan; the second hypothesis is that it currently seems to have the largest share of Semnan municipality financing through unstable financial resources and income. The findings of the study show that both hypotheses have been substantiated.With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans.In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied. In this paper, the impact of sustainability of Semnan municipality's sources of income on urban viability has been studied. The authors put forward two basic hypotheses to explain the sustainability impact of municipal revenue sources on urban viability. The first hypothesis is that the sustainability of the municipality's financial resources and revenues appear to have an impact on the livelihoods of Semnan; the second hypothesis is that it currently seems to have the largest share of Semnan municipality financing through unstable financial resources and income. The findings of the study show that both hypotheses have been substantiated.With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans.In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied.

Measuring the degree of satisfaction of Quality of Life in city or neighborhood is difficult and it depends on a lot of factors. Also, understanding the level of satisfaction from each person and in different personal, social, economic, cultural and physical conditions is different. Actually, Adding personal attributes to analyzes will increase predictive power. Some of the individual variables that affect satisfaction include: demographic factors, personality, values, expectations, comparisons with other settlements, and some personal and household characteristics (such as age, gender, education level, occupation, and even ownership).The purpose of the research is Assessment of quality of life in Ardabil City Central Neighborhoods and is to show the effects of individual variables of urban residents on citizens' perception of quality of life (In four dimensions: social, physical, economic and environmental) is in the form of the geographical school of spatial behavior. Therefore, it has investigated the status of residents' satisfaction with the quality of life in the central neighborhoods of Ardabil City (the Aliqapu or Darvazeh, Sarcheshmeh, Tav, Gazaran, Ochidukan and Pirabd ol-Malek).The main questions of this research are:1. How are Satisfaction of residents the quality of life in each dimension?2. How is the quality of life of the residents in the central neighborhoods of Ardebil city?3. How are the individual variables of the residents relate to the degree of satisfaction with the quality of life urban or neighborhood in different aspects of research?

The method of this research is descriptive and analytical based on the field study method. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire prepared. Validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by experts and its reliability was also measured by Cronbach's alpha, with a credit rating of 0.726. The statistical society of our research is all residents over the age of 12 who are in the six Central neighborhoods of Ardabil (Urban neighborhoods of the Aliqapu or Darvazeh, Sarcheshmeh, Tova, Gazaran, Ochdukan and Pir Abdol-Malek). The sample size is calculated using the Cochran formula and With a confidence level of 95% and with regard to the maximum heterogeneity hypothesis as (p=q=0.5) 384 participants. Each sample was randomly selected and interviewed. The results were analyzed by SPSS software. To analyze the relationship between the variables and the answers to the research questions, different tests (ANOVA and t-test) were used. Research indicators include1. Indicators of physical-spatial sustainability: housing, neighborhood vitality, quality of neighborhood form and texture, accessibility and aesthetics;2. Indicators of Social Sustainability: Individual Areas, Public and Social Areas, Neighborhood Units;3. Indicators of environmental sustainability: efficiency, cleanliness of neighborhoods, quality of litter and natural environment of the neighborhood;4. Indicators of Economic Sustainability: Neighborhood Sustainable Active Economy, Neighborhood Financial Costs;

The mean satisfaction of all indicators (economic, environmental, social and physical) was 2.90, indicating a relative satisfaction with the overall quality of life of the residents in the neighborhoods. See the table below:Table 1. Average residents' satisfaction with the status of each of the survey indicators by neighborhoodAverage Neighborhood Economic Environmental Social Physical Urban Neighborhoods3.29 2.79 3.66 3.49 3.2 Ochdukan2.47 2.14 2.4 3.01 2.31 Tova2.82 2.63 2.96 2.89 2.8 Gazaran3.05 2.4 3.15 3.44 3.22 Aliqapu or Darvazeh2.9 3.01 2.77 3.15 2.65 Sarcheshmeh2.89 2.58 3.01 3.31 2.67 Pir Abdol-Malek2.9 2.59 2.99 3.22 2.81 Average IndexOut of all indicators of quality of life, social sustainability index of residents is better than other indicators of quality of life, which is mainly due to the religious background of the studied neighborhoods. Investigating the relationship between total quality of life and its relationship with independent individual variables of residents, as shown in the table below, given the sig value obtained from T-test for independent variables of gender, age, education level, and resident status, Place of birth and residence time of residents is less than 0.05, so it can be said that the relationship between these variables and total quality of life is significant. Relationship mode for individual variables is marital status, and occupation of residents with quality of life vice versa.Table 2. Relationship Level and Relationship Type of Individual Variables of Respondents with Residents' Quality of LifeDescribe the relationship sig T-test AS SS DF Variablesmeaningful relationship 0.026 0.797 0.583 2.915 383 Gendermeaningful relationship 0.018 3.598 2.536 10.144 383 Agemeaningful relationship 0.003 5.211 3.178 12.71 383 EducationNo meaningful relationship 0.272 1.358 0.524 2.017 383 Marital Statusmeaningful relationship 0.002 13.111 0.814 2.438 383 Residential Statusmeaningful relationship 0.003 3.004 1.244 3.733 383 Place of Birthmeaningful relationship 0.021 3.463 1.433 7.167 383 Duration of ResidenceNo meaningful relationship 0.318 1.234 0.446 2.676 383 Workplace.

Ardebil city is in the process of transition to modernity and is influenced by the current and future changes of modern urbanization. Therefore, the quality of life in the central neighborhoods of Ardabil city is not satisfactory and due to being in transition phase this satisfaction can be improved with proper management. On the one hand, changes in urban areas in its various dimensions (economic, environmental, social, and physical) have been unquestionable in the light of community growth and the newly formed needs of residents, and on the other hand, the results of any field study in Behavioral geography, including the consideration of subjective indicators of citizens' quality of life, may be influenced by one another, depending on factors. In addition, individual variables of residents are among the important factors affecting the level of resident satisfaction in different areas of behavioral geography.Therefore, considering the impact of individual variables of residents on their perception of the environment and the needs and expectations of urban plans, consider and measure the effects that urban plans can have on different groups of residents. Developing and reviewing their components is the major strategy that can be suggested to improve the satisfaction of subjective indicators of quality of life in the residents of each neighborhood and especially in central Ardabil.

In this research, we tried to compare the environmental impacts of the suburbs and the official neighborhoods of Urmia city using the ecological footprint method. In order to implement the ecological footprint method, a questionnaire was designed with 35 questions that measured the amount of waste consumption and waste generation in all three neighborhoods in 6 main ecological aspects including: "Property, Food Consumption, Clothing, Water, Evaluates energy and transportation. Then ecological footprint and its six dimensions were calculated for the study areas through questionnaire data. The results showed that the ecological footprint of the residents of the informal Kui Laleh neighborhood was in almost all dimensions lower than the Saheli neighborhood and even the Samadzadeh neighborhood of Urmia, so that the ecological footprint of the Saheli residents was approximately 1.505 fold. The subordinate Kui Laleh is also 1.216 times the suburb of Samadzadeh. This means that the inhabitants of the suburbs are more sustainable and optimized in terms of the ecological footprint.

UN estimates show that about 65% of the world's population will be urbanized by the year 2050, reflecting the rapid growth of urbanization (UN, 2017). One of the main causes of the uneven growth of cities is the phenomenon of marginalization, which is caused by the constant migration from the countryside to the cities, which is reflected in various forms such as slum settlement, slum settlement, slum settlement, etc. Social and physical in cities (Bazi et al., 1895: 18). On the other hand, the growth rate of urbanization in developing countries is more than in developed countries. Therefore, the rapid growth of urbanization in developing countries and their poor management and facilities have made marginalization or inferior suburbia one of the major problems in the world (Gholami et al., 2013: 168; Naghdi and Sadeghi, 2006: 213). According to UN estimates, Iran, as one of the developing countries, will be urbanized about 90% of its total population by the year 2050 (UN, 2017). This leads to many problems, including suburbs and informal settlements for many cities in Iran. Unofficial resettlement forms a distinct component of the social and geographical structure of the city. As rural poor migrate to urban centers, the number of people living in informal settlements around the world is expected to reach 1.4 billion by 2020 (Cohen, 2006). Regional instability is one of the main issues and challenges of the third millennium. One of the most important concerns of the current development process Instability, is the rapid growth of urbanization and its synonymous way of life in the world. The dimensions of urban settlements are becoming more complex day by day and as a result, instability in the urban environment has become apparent (Ziari et al., 2012: 2).

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Most of the required information was collected through library documents and field surveys and social surveys were used to complete the items. The population of the study consisted of residents of three neighborhoods of Urmia, including 31808 people (11056 informal neighborhoods of Kui Laleh, 8335 low-income neighborhoods of Samadzadeh, 12417 formal Saheli neighborhoods). After selecting all three study areas, the sample size for the Kui Laleh neighborhood was 95 people, Samadzadeh 94 people and Saheli area 95 people. In total, the total sample size was estimated to be 284; simple random sampling was performed in each neighborhood.

Comparing the two marginal neighborhoods, we found that the ecological footprint of the Samadzadeh neighborhood was 1.238 times higher than that of the Kui Laleh neighborhood. Considering that the area of the coastal neighborhood is one of the affluent neighborhoods and has a suitable body among the neighborhoods of Urmia city, this result can show the lifestyle of the residents of this neighborhood and the optimal consumption of the residents of the unofficial neighborhood of Kui Laleh (in The use of food, property, assets and transportation relative to the other two neighborhoods should be studied. Finally, it was found that both suburbs of Kui Laleh and Samadzadeh suburbs consume less resources and consequently bring less pollution and waste into the environment, which means that the lower areas and informal settlements in terms of the concept of "place" "Ecological feet" are more stable. This result was obtained while in the science of urban planning, this concept is obvious that: "The growth of informal and marginalized neighborhoods in land that is not intended for urban use is causing the city to become overly sparse and unplanned, resulting in environmental damage." However, since the concept of ecological JAPI is a social approach, the environmental effects of the "inhabitants" of the suburbs have been studied and compared with the official neighborhoods. As a result, residents of these neighborhoods are more environmentally sustainable than other urban neighborhoods, contrary to the marginalization phenomenon that naturally leads to environmental damage.

The results showed that in spite of the suburbia phenomenon which is inherently causing environmental damage, the inhabitants of these neighborhoods are more environmentally sustainable than other urban neighborhoods. It should be noted, however, that this conclusion should not lead to the impression that the lower the neighborhood and the poorer the neighborhood will impose less ecological footprint on the land. Rather, it can be said that the city's official neighborhoods often lead to environmental instability And in this regard, a green and eco-friendly model is needed to improve the pattern of consumption and reduce the ecological footprint of residents, to improve the quality of life, especially for residents of suburban areas. In addition, the ecological footprint of these three completely different neighborhoods (physically and economically) revealed that the impact of urban neighborhoods on the environment is multifaceted and a better understanding of the social and biological characteristics of informal settlements in addition to physical characteristics. (Which often takes into account the physical properties) can be valuable for making decisions in informal and suburban planning.

Achieving development in rural areas has always been of interest to researchers in developing countries. The most important pillar of development can be considered the way society is governed to achieve development. The decisions that are made to achieve these goals are called policies and the process of study, planning, decision making and ultimately implementation in the rural environment is called policy making. The place where these decisions are made has certain conditions and characteristics. In this research, we seek to understand the main challenges of rural policy making and management so that this knowledge can lead to more correct decisions for the rural regions management. The most important role for the implementation of decisions in the village is the management of rural communities.It is in drawing the links between the shifts in the social mode of regulation and the form and practices of new governance that rural studies have been shown particular reluctance – especially in terms of any engagement with theory. The researchers believe that rural management should significantly reduce rural migration, eliminate the socio-economic gap between the towns and villages, promote agricultural development and develop a culture of self-belief in rural areas, and reduce rural poverty. And the term is so broad that it loses its meaning.

In this study by thematic analysis method, Policy themes and challenges for managing Iran's rural areas have been identified. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews and study of sources and documents. By coding these interviews, we proceeded to the analysis of each and to the next sample by purposeful sampling. Content analysis is actually a way of identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns in qualitative data. It is also a process for analyzing contextual data and converts scattered and varied data into rich processed and detailed data. In order to document the discovered concepts and themes, quotes from geography and rural planning experts have been used and interviews and open question design have been conducted according to the existing theoretical literature and studies in the field of rural management, good governance, policy-making and planning. Also, the experience of researchers and previous studies has been done.

The results show that 17 out of 122 open source codes were identified, which can be divided into 6 categories of organizing themes. Finally, by identifying and discovering the basic and organizing themes and finding the relationships between the main themes and challenges, a diagram describing the characteristics and factors influencing the identification of policy themes for the management of Iranian rural areas was drawn. From this model it can be assumed that the theme in which these decisions are made must be taken into consideration. These concepts fall into six categories: Rurality, the historical process, the environment as an effective factor and form of policy, the role of culture in rural policy making and management, the role of culture in rural policy making and management, impact and goals. Economic policies and the place of participation in policymaking and management of rural communities were categorized as organizing themes of the research topic. The study also found new results that could be used in rural policy making and management. Another important issue is the effect of the economy and economic policy objectives. Another theme of the research is the role of culture in rural policy making and management, which emphasizes both the cultural context of Iranian villages (customs, customs, religion, etc.) and the need to recognize and influence its culture. Policies and decisions made for the village. Understanding the characteristics of the rural context for policymaking and understanding each one's relationship to decision-making, considering the environment as an effective factor in policymaking as well as the form of decisions and policies, the need to know the historical course of management and the management of rural areas. And past successful and unsuccessful experiences. The most important contributions of the codes have been the themes of organizing Historicity and participation in the policy-making and management of rural communities, each with 24 codes, which shows the greater emphasis of experts on these topics.

The results of the analysis indicate that in policymaking we should pay attention to the culture of the rural community, the independent social, economic and environmental identity of each village and the historical process of management in Iranian villages. Also, in order to better understand the current way of managing the villages, one should know about the historical development of rural management in Iran. He recognized the positive and negative impacts of the policies and decisions that have historically been taken for the management of rural communities and the plans and programs that have been developed to develop these areas as policy themes and challenges. The importance of the environmental context has been emphasized on rural policy-making and management, and attention to the environment has been formed as an influential factor and the basis of policy-making as well as form, and the result of policy implementation is very necessary for experts. If we want rural development and good management of rural communities, we must take into account the culture of rural society in policy making, taking into account the independent social, economic and environmental identity of each village and the environment as an influential factor in the policies and contexts. It was also seen as a form of policy making. Finally, it can be said that the current state of policymaking for the management of Iran's rural areas is irresponsible considering these basic themes. It is necessary to achieve the policy goals and the proper management of the villages to help the people themselves and to participate in all the policy making and implementation processes.

One of the indicators of the modernization of the national economy and social development is the participation of women and their role in economic structures. Simultaneously with the development of women's issues and their role in development, the impact of rural women's employment on development was considered. The present study explores the spatial-temporal processes and patterns of rural women's employment index in Isfahan province in 1996, 2006 and 2011. employment of women status in the Iran has spatial variations, exploring of patterns and spatial behavior of women have a most important to dynamic and family planning in rural area in Isfahan. At this paper we use an exploration spatial data analysis methodology.Theories:The role of women's employment in the dynamics of human life is undeniable, so that it can be considered the center of human and social communication. Women's employment can affect independence, self-esteem, self-reliance, social adjustment and health, academic achievement, continuing education, self-efficacy, and accountability. Theories and hypotheses, such as the theory of the promotion of the role of role development theory, have evaluated the hypothesis of the accumulation of the role of women's employment in the development process as positive and significant. Theories in this field include the theory of welfare, the views of neoclassical economists, the theory of the disintegration of the labor market, and the theory of empowerment.

The purpose of this study is to explore spatial patterns of employment rate of rural women in Isfahan province and to study the trend and rate of spatial-temporal changes during the years 1375-1390. To conduct this research, the data of the rural areas of the Statistics Center census were used in the years 1375, 1385, 1390. The employment rate of rural women has been calculated and extracted. To measure the employment rate, the number of employees is divided by the working age population and then the percentage is presented. In this study, in order to discover spatial patterns of analytical techniques of spatial statistics; G General ord-Geties and Autocorrelation Spatial have been used.Moran's statistic is one of the classic ways to measure spatial autocorrelation. Moran is calculated as follows:Many planners and analysts are interested in studying where the most common occurrences in an event are in demographic analysis or economic activity. Hot spot analysis is one of the most important and best analyzes that can answer these questions. In principle, this statistic is the same as hot spots and cold spots; Which is as follows:Modeling changesData are divided into two categories depending on whether or not they contain the spatial dimension of the tolls: a) Spatial data that includes both feature and spatial information of the toll; For example, the rate of building density for a place in different time periods is non-spatial data, but the rate of building density in different locations is spatial data and the spatial component of the data may be very useful in understanding why building rates change. The difference between spatial and non-spatial data is important because many statistical techniques formed for non-spatial data to analyze spatial data are not reasoned. Spatial data and local analysis have unique properties and problems that require the use of different sets of statistical modeling techniques and methods.In this paper, in order to obtain changes in the employment rate of rural women, the employment rate of all three periods was calculated and the maps of hot spots of each period were obtained. it was prepared. The percentage formula for the values of spatial-temporal changes is as follows:Percentage of Change=(Values of final year-Values of initial)/Values of initial*100Data: Employment data are recorded in the population and housing census. We use the employment data of rural women in Isfahan province in 2006, 1996 and 2011.Procedure of research:1- Calculating the employment rate of women2- Calculating the index of Moran and G3- Preparing a map of hot spots4- Calculate the rate of two-dimensional changes relative to each other5- Preparing a map of spatial-temporal changes and chart of changes6- Cartography7- Data analysis

Major changes between 1996, 2006 and 2011 can be seen in the Hot Spot maps of the employment index. In the maps related to the spatial pattern of women's employment in low values, a large area with a north-south direction has been formed from rural areas of northern cities of Isfahan to rural areas of Semirom city. In 2006, this area was divided into two parts. The western area, which includes the rural areas of Golpayegan, Khansar, Frieden and Fereydunshahr. The larger area still covers the central and southern parts of the province. In 2011, this cold spot in the form of a circle covered the rural areas around Isfahan's Kalatshahr and neighboring cities. Hot spots can still be seen in the eastern part of Isfahan and Khoro Biabank, Ardestan and Natanz. The research findings indicate spatial changes in women's employment over time, around the metropolis of Isfahan and the cities around the low employment zone. More than 60 rural areas of the province have been unchanged in the employment index of women, and the villages of the west and south have had the most positive changes, and some villages of Nain, Ardestan and Isfahan have had negative changes.

What is clear from the spatial model of women's employment is that the central part of Isfahan province with its dominant industrial and service characteristics has affected its surrounding villages and the villages of these areas have mainly taken on an urban function, which has caused women to have less share than men. Have employment opportunities. This is self-evident and confirms the lack of structural changes for the employment of rural women in these areas, which will lead to individual dissatisfaction and ultimately social dissatisfaction with the increase in women's literacy.

Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related.

Security is the most basic need of any society and the most important factor for the sustainability of social life. Geographical injustices and unbalanced development of geographical parts of the country may damage national solidarity and unity. Due to the geopolitical situation, ethnic composition and historical situation in the southeast of Iran, sensitive security conditions have been formed and security policies in these border regions have often hindered the development of these regions. Therefore, the present study intends to examine the ranking of counties in terms of security indicators in the province level and the extent of its interaction with the development of these counties, in order to provide a course of action for planning to promote development at the county level. And it can also play an important role in the government's strategic planning to improve and develop these regions.This study is an applied and scientific research, and considering that the main factor studied in the research is the deprivation of Sistan and Baluchestan province; the research purpose is to explain the relationship between security and development of counties in Sistan and Baluchestan province in order to find the factors that reduce existing tensions and achieve courses of action to establish relative and sustainable development in the region.

The statistical population of this research is the counties of Sistan and Baluchestan province, Zahedan, Zabol, Zahak, Helmand, Khash, Iranshahr, Delgan, Saravan, Sib va Sooran, Sarbaz, Zaboli, Nikshahr, Chabahar and Konarak, which are included in eight groups based on similar features and available information. This study is applied based on the purpose and is of the type of scientific research; based on the nature and method, two descriptive-analytical and correlation methods are used, the nature of the data used is quantitative and these data collected through field and documentary information. First, security and its dimensions are evaluated during library and field studies using AHP technique, then in each county, the development and its dimensions are examined according to the extracted indicators by taxonomy method, and Pearson correlation method is used to determine the relationship between the dimensions of security and development in the province level.

the correlation test between security (including the sum of indicators) and development and its dimensions; Security was significantly correlated with overall development, socio-cultural development and economic development. According to the mentioned results, the correlation between security and all three components is very strong and has the highest correlation with socio-cultural development. This shows that development can be improved in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning to expand and establish security (including the sum of indicators) in the counties of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Then, the correlation test between social security with development and its dimensions were performed; Social security has been significantly correlated with general development, socio-cultural development, and economic development. According to the results, the correlation of social security with all three components is very strong and has the highest correlation with general development. The test results show that it is possible to improve development in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning to expand and establish social security in the counties of Sistan and Balouchestan province.In the correlation test between economic security and development and its dimensions, economic security has a significant correlation with general development, socio-cultural development and economic development. According to the results, the correlation of economic security with all three components is very strong and has been most correlated with general development. This result shows that development can be improved in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning for the expansion and establishment of economic security in the counties of Sistan and Balouchestan province.In the test of the correlation between political security and development and its dimensions; Political security has been significantly correlated with general development, socio-cultural development, and economic development. The correlation between political security and all three components is very strong and has been most correlated with socio-cultural development. This result shows that development can be improved in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning for the expansion and establishment of political security in the counties of the province.According to the test results, none of the security dimensions have significantly correlated with infrastructure development in Sistan and Balouchestan province. And finally, a regression test was performed between security (including total dimensions) and development (including total indicators). According to the results, 91.6% of the development of the counties of the province can be planned and established by strengthening the indicators of security that have a positive impact and weakening the indicators of security that have a negative impact on security in the province level.

According to the results obtained from correlation tests between variables and regression tests, security and its dimensions with development and its dimensions in border regions have a direct and two-way relationship with each other with a high correlation coefficient. In other words, development and security interact in border regions, so that any action in the process of achieving security has a direct impact on the process of achieving development and vice versa. Thus, areas with high security coefficient are more developed than areas with low security coefficient. However, according to the test results, infrastructure development is not correlated with any of the security dimensions, which can be justified due to the special and strategic location of the province. The results show that the present study is in line with the theoretical basis of the research, which is an attitude toward mutual understanding of security and development, and confirms the prevalence of this attitude (except in a few cases) in this region and indicate that security and development in border regions is directly related to national development and security, and any action that affects the security or development of the border regions will have an impact with variable ratios on national development and security.