مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1402)

The process of producing agricultural products has a certain complexity and finesse and is affected by various factors. These factors, in turn, pose numerous challenges in the field of global agricultural production. Therefore, in order to reduce these problems and improve the activities resulting from production, in the first place, it must pay attention to how management operations. This requires monitoring all stages leading to production through documentation. Documenting the production flow (collect all the steps and operations of the production line from preparing the seedbed to harvest) is one of the first effective steps in improving management processes in agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the details of the production process and all agronomic operations and in order to reduce the challenges related to farm management and ultimately improve the yield of rice in the Ghaemshahr region.

Due to the importance of documenting the production process, in this study there were three groups of information related to agronomic management, soil and crop during the crop years 2019 and 2020 in the field and with continuous monitoring of the studied farms during the growing season and during the stages of planting, holding and harvesting were recorded and collected. In these studies, it was determined the range of changes and the manner of performing each management operation and the proportion of farmers who used different management methods, with absolute and cumulative frequency distribution.

The results of this project showed that the date of transplanting in the region is between 29 April to 9 June. Transplantation is often traditional (by labor). The amount of seed used varies between 30 to 144 kg.ha-1 depending on the type and quality of seed, type of nursery and transplanting method, soil texture, local and experimental knowledge of the farmer. About 54% of farms still use self-consuming seeds. Despite the variety of figures, Tarom Hashemi is more welcomed. Urea, triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate are the dominant fertilizers to meet the nutritional needs of the rice plant. Most of the installments are allocated to urea fertilizer. Depending on the weather conditions and the type of cultivar, harvesting is usually done between July 19 and September 20 and 95% with rice combine. Due to the variety of cultivars and management methods, the yield of paddy varied between 2269 to 11052 kg.ha-1.

By documenting the production process while being aware of the current situation of farms in the region, it is possible to solve the existing problems in production systems and reach the ideal situation. Also, in doing similar projects, rework and spending a lot of time and interruptions in work are avoided.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a major cereal crop and staple food for more than half of the world's population. About 90% of the world's rice is produced and consumed in Asia. Iran is one of the arid and semi-arid regions and due to the lack of water in many parts of the country, the area under rice cultivation decreases. Direct rice cultivation is a good way to save water. The most important challenge in this cultivation system is weed control. The traditional methods of weed control in rice include hand-weeding by hoe or hand pulling, but this is becoming less common because of labour scarcity at critical time of weeding and increasing labour costs. Herbicides play a key role in weed control and are used extensively today. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different weed management practices for direct seeded rice at varying row spacing. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of planting distance on rows and herbicides on weed suppression and direct rice cultivation performance in the research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019. Distance between plants at two levels of 3 and 5 cm and chemical management of weeds in five levels of weed-free (control), weed-infested (control), application of trifamone + ethoxysulfuron herbicide 30% (council active) at the rate of 150 g ha-1 in stage of 2 up to 6 leaves of weeds, application of bisopiribac sodium herbicide OF10% (nomini) at the rate of 250 ml ha-1 in stage of 2 to 6 leaves of weeds and application of a mixture of two herbicides halofop butyl OD 20% with 2.5 liters ha-1 with basagran (bentazone) were 3 liters ha-1 in the 2 to 6 leaves stage of the weeds. Results showed that although planting row spacing had no effect on the desired traits; however, weed management had a significant effect on the studied traits. Visual evaluation of weed damage in two evaluation stages (15 and 30 days after spraying) showed that among the chemical control treatments, trifamone + ethoxysulfuron herbicide was superior to other herbicides with 75 and 83.33% weed control, respectively. The lowest weeds biomass was observed in 6 weeks after spraying (20.50 g m-2) and 10 weeks after spraying (20.83 g m-2) in trifamone + ethoxysulfuron herbicide treatment, which was not significantly different with weed free (control). The highest height of rice plants (103.17 and 98.41 cm) was observed in the complete weed control and trifamone + ethoxy-sulfurone herbicide treatments, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the maximum biological yield of rice (6244.4 and 5808.4 kg ha-1) and grain yield (2391.218 and 2290.27 kg ha-1, respectively) was observed in weed-free (control) and application of triafamone + ethoxysulfuron herbicide. According to the results of this experiment, the use of trifamone + ethoxysulfuron herbicide at the rate of 150 g ha-1 is recommended for proper control of weeds in direct rice cultivation. The highest and lowest height, number of tillers and spike length were observed in weed-free control treatment and weed-infected control treatment. Among the herbicides used in this experiment, in the treatment of triafamone + ethoxysulfuron with better weed control, In plant height, tiller number, spike length and number of seeds per spike were superior to other herbicides. According to the results of the experiment, the application of the herbicide triafamone + ethoxysulfuron, while better control of weeds, can increase grain yield.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors that reduce the yield of crops in arid and semi-arid regions, including the climatic conditions of Iran. In the conditions of drought stress, one of the solutions to reduce the negative effects caused by drought stress and as a result increase water absorption is the development of roots through the use of biological fertilizers. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress and the application of nitrogen and phosphorus biofertilizers on the yield and some physiological characteristics as well as the content of photosynthetic pigments of cotton.

The experiment was conducted as a split plot with a randomized complete block design in three replications. In this research, irrigation levels include normal irrigation during the growth period as a control (60 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan), medium drought stress during the growth period (90 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan) and severe drought stress during the period. growth (120 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan) as the main factor and 4 biofertilizer treatments, including no use of biofertilizer (control), Aztobacter biofertilizer, biophosphorus biofertilizer, and the combination of Aztobacter biofertilizers and biophosphorus as secondary factors.

The results showed that the yield, physiological characteristics and content of photosynthetic pigments were affected by the experimental treatments. Drought stress led to a decrease in plant height, yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid. Drought stress increased the content of soluble sugars and proline, and although it reduced the relative content of leaf water and cell membrane stability, the application of biofertilizers improved them. The highest proline content of 3.63 mg/g fresh weight of leaves was obtained in the treatment of simultaneous application of biofertilizers Aztobacter and biophosphorus and at the level of drought stress treatment. The highest total chlorophyll content was obtained in the control treatment and the combined use of biophosphorus and azotobacter fertilizers at the rate of 3.75 mg/kg. The results showed the negative effect of drought stress on rice yield, so that in the control treatment, rice yield was 3536 kg per hectare, while in medium and severe drought stress treatments, rice yield was 2550 and 1495 kg per hectare, respectively. Also, the simultaneous application of biophosphorus and azotobacter fertilizers with their synergistic effect led to a further increase in rice yield up to 2722 kg/ha.

In general, the results showed that drought stress led to a decrease in cotton photosynthetic pigments, relative

The seed vigor, which shows influence of parents on the life cycle and survival of plants, is also very important in for creating food security for human society. The most important objectives of the present study were to evaluate the general compatibility of parents and the specific combining of crosses, determining the nature and degree of gene action, and finally estimate the heritability of quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet hybrids through line-tester analysis.

Eleven pollinator lines of sugar beet were crossed with three male sterile single crosses using controlled pollination in the form of line-tester. A total of 33 obtained hybrids were investigated in terms of different traits related to seed germination in both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The existence of diversity among the crosses was confirmed, and the calculation of the combining ability of the parents and their genetic effects was done by line-tester analysis.

The results under laboratory conditions showed that there is a significant difference between the crosses in terms of of different germination traits, non-germinated filled cluster, empty cluster and 1000 seed weight. The line had a significant effect on the characteristics of germination capacity, germination uniformity, empty cluster and 1000 seed weight. Tester mean square for germination rate, mean germination time, empty cluster and 1000 seed weight showed a significant difference. Line-tester interaction resulted in a significant difference for the mean germination time, empty cluster and 1000 seed weight. The results of analysis of variance of different traits in greenhouse conditions indicated significant differences between the crosses in terms of the traits of seedling emergence and mean shoot dry weight of a single seedling. The effect of line was significant only on the seedling emergence capacity. The tester factor had a significant effect on all studied traits. Line-tester interaction was significant only for seedling emergence capacity. The general combinability of lines 970023 and 970100 for germination capacity, lines 970038 and 970100 and all three experimental testers for germination rate and 970097 for germination uniformity was significant in positive direction. Line 970097 and tester 474*7112-36-6 decreased the mean germination time and Lines 970038, 970023, 970014, 970100 and tester MS KWS and 7112*SB36 caused a decrease in empty cluster. Testers MS KWS and 7112*SB36 caused the reduction of empty cluster with their negative effect. Regarding the 1000 seed weight, lines 970094, 970014 and 970031 and testers 7112*SB36 and MS KWS had positive and significant general combining ability. In the greenhouse experiment, in relation to the seedling emergence capacity, lines 970100, 970023 and 970038 and MS KWS tester and for seedling emergence rate, lines 970038, 970100 and three testers showed positive and significant general combining ability. For the mean shoot dry weight, line 970098 and tester 7112-36-6*474 had positive significant general combining ability, but tester SB36*7112 caused a decrease in mean shoot dry weight.

Considering that general combining ability shows the additive effects of genes, therefore, parents with high general combining ability also have a high additive effect that can be used in the production of synthetic cultivars. On the other hand, these parents can be used through recurrent selection in the development of inbred lines and also as testers to evaluate new inbred lines. According to the obtained results, the selection of useful compounds for the production of suitable hybrids is determined by the breeding goals. Therefore, by considering the positive or negative specific combining ability value of parental compounds for a trait, it is possible to increase genes with non-additive effect to produce hybrids.

Ajowan is one of the important medicinal plants of the Apiaceae family, whose essential oil is used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Soil salinity is considered one of the most important factors limiting the growth of agricultural plants due to the prevention of the absorption of water and nutrients into the plant. Using biofertilizers with plant-growth-promoting bacteria is one of the most effective ways to reduce the toxic effects caused by high salinity in plant growth. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different planting dates and biofertilizers on seed yield and agronomic indicators of Ajowan medicinal plant under salt stress.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on seed yield and vegetative parameters of Ajowan medicinal plant in the climatic conditions of Kashmar, two separate experiments were conducted in the field and greenhouse conditions of Kashmar Research Center. A field experiment in the form of a split plot design using two factors, the first factor included planting date in two levels (March 26, April 27), the second factor included biological fertilizer in 8 levels (1) Control 2) Azetobarvar1 3) Phosphate barvar2 4) Petabarvar2 5) Azetobarvar1 + Phosphatebarvar2 6) Azetobarvar1 + Petabarvar2 7) Phosphatebarvar2 + Petabarvar2 8) Azetobarvar1 + Phosphatebarvar2 + Petabarvar2). The second experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse. The investigated factors included biofertilizer at 8 levels (1) Control 2) Azetobarvar1 3) Phosphate barvar2 4) Petabarvar2 5) Azetobarvar1 + Phosphatebarvar2 6) Azetobarvar1 + Petabarvar2 7) Phosphatebarvar2 + Petabarvar2 8) Azetobarvar1 + Phosphatebarvar2 + Petabarvar2), and salinity stress at 3 levels (zero, 4 and 8 dS/m).

The results indicated that salinity stress significantly reduced the traits of germination percentage, root length, seedling length. The use of biological fertilizers in combination had the best effect on these traits compared to the control. Also, in the treatment of no application of biofertilizer and in the condition of salinity stress of 8 dS/m, the above traits had the lowest values. Also, the combined treatment of Azetobarvar1 + Phosphatebarvar2 + Petabarvar2 could significantly improve the crop yield and plant height. The studies showed that the best planting date for plant height, number of sub-branches, number of flowers, Thousand grain weight and Grain yields was obtained on the planting date of March 26 compared to April 27.

In general, it can be stated that the use of combined biological fertilizers in can reduce the destructive effect of salinity stress on the Ajowan medicinal plant and also significantly increase the seed yield in field conditions.

Glycyrrhiza glabra L., commonly known as licorice is a perennial medicinal plant, which possesses multiple health benefits. Licorice root extract can be used for traditional medicine and food and pharmaceutical industries since it contains bioactive compounds and main ingredients, glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, and glabridin. The utilization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers is increasingly being suggested as a way to reduce the application rate of chemical fertilizers in agricultural systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of Azotobacter as one of the plant growth-promoting bacteria alone and in combination with a reduced application rate of chemical fertilizer on photosynthesis, gas exchange, and biomass production of licorice plants propagated through seeds and rhizomes. A field experiment was conducted by inoculating the seeds and rhizomes of licorice plants with Azotobacter chroococcum (Ac; strain 1087) alone or in combination with reduced level of chemical fertilizer. The five treatments for the experiment were (i) control (no inoculation and fertilization) (ii) Ac inoculation; (iii) 100% recommended N (100% N) (iv) 50% recommended N (50% N); and (v) Ac inoculation + 50% N which were evaluated in both propagation methods (seeds and rhizomes). Net photosynthesis rate, leaf transpiration rate, intracellular CO2, photosynthetic water use efficiency, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), plant height, leaf area, and shoot, root, and rhizome dry weight, and total biomass production (root + rhizome) were measured. The observed results revealed that the licorice plants produced from the rhizomes showed an increase in plant height by 75%, a four-fold increase in the leaf area, a nine-fold increase in the shoot dry weight, a 6.6-fold increase in each rhizome weight, and increase of 23-fold, 7.3-fold, and 11.1-fold in production of the rhizome, root, and total biomass respectively, compared with the plants produced from seeds. The findings also showed that Ac inoculation further influenced root and rhizome biomass production more than vegetative growth-related parameters and shoot biomass production. Integrated inoculation of Ac with 50% N applied, interestingly, improved the plant shoot dry weight by 134 and 147% and total biomass production by 149 and 94% through improving the leaf area by 180 and 114%, SPAD value by 13 and 9%, net photosynthesis rate by 119 and 15%, and water use efficiency by 43 and 42% in plants resulted from rhizomes and seeds, respectively. Moreover, results demonstrated that simultaneous inoculation of Ac and the application of 50% N showed similar results compared with the application of 100% N. These findings suggest that inoculation of A. chroococcum integrated with a reduced dose of urea can reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilization up to 50% without significantly reducing the yield of licorice produced through seeds and rhizomes. The results of this study also showed that the licorice produced from the rhizomes showed a multifold increase in various growth and yield traits compared to the licorice obtained from the seed during the first growing year. This can be considered in the production of licorice plants in different conditions, based on different production aspects.

Like many other sesame-producing countries, Iran has numerous local sesame populations adapted to their respective production regions' climatic and soil conditions. However, these populations are not suitable for large-scale cultivation and mechanized farming. In 2016, a sesame genotype resistant to seed shattering was imported into the Iran suggesting its potential contribution to sesame cultivation programs in the country. Due to the lack of information regarding the appropriate planting arrangements and densities for this imported shatter-resistant genotype, especially in Golestan province, this research was conducted.

The experiment was carried out in 2020 and 2021 in the research fields of the Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Gorgan), located at 54° 24' longitude and 36° 53' latitude, with an elevation of 5.5 meters above sea level and temperate climate with hot and dry summers. The experiment was set up as a split-plot design in an RCBD with three replications. The main plots consisted of three-row spacings (30, 45, and 60 cm), and the sub-plots included four plant spacings (5, 8, 11, and 14 cm). The morphological traits, yield components, seed yield, seed oil percentage, and oil yield of the imported shatter-resistant genotype were evaluated. The data were analyzed using a mixed model approach assuming the random effect of year, and the analysis was performed using SAS software version 9.4. Mean comparisons of main effects were conducted using the LSD test at a significance level of 5%, and in the case of significant interaction effects, mean separation and comparison were performed using the LS-means test.

The results showed that in the first year, the tallest plants were obtained from the 60×8 cm planting arrangement (193 cm), while in the second year; the tallest plants were obtained from the 30×11 cm planting arrangement (211 cm). Increasing the planting density from 10 to 35 plants per square meter increased the plant height by 22 cm, but further increases in density due to increased competition decreased plant height. Furthermore, the highest number of capsules per plant (201 capsules) in the first year was obtained from the 60×14 cm planting arrangement, and in the second year (169 capsules), it was obtained from the 60×11 cm planting arrangement. Decreasing the distance between rows and plants, which corresponds to increased planting density, reduced the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule, and the thousand-seed weight. The results indicated a significant interaction effect of row spacing and plant spacing on seed yield. The highest seed yield of 3025 kg.ha-1 was achieved with the 30×11 cm planting arrangement. Although increasing the planting density decreased the number of branches and yield components, this decrease was compensated for by increasing the number of plants per unit area, and the highest seed yield was obtained at a density of 30 plants per square meter. Additionally, the results showed that increasing the planting density beyond 30 plants per square meter led to a decrease in seed oil percentage.

The results of this study revealed that the average and maximum seed yield of the shatter-resistant genotype were approximately 3 and 4 times higher, respectively, compared to the average sesame yield in the Gorgan region. Therefore, considering the mechanized harvesting potential of this genotype and its high seed yield, it is recommended to cultivate this genotype using the 30×11cm planting arrangement and a density of 30 plants per square meter in the Gorgan region.

Because of morphology similarity and the same growth needs of Phalaris with wheat, this weed imposes the highest yield loss in wheat production to farmer. Phalaris is one of the important weeds in autumn wheat cultivation in Khuzestan, Fars, Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, especially. The results of the research indicate that exhibit different behavior by different species of the same genus of plant in the same conditions, irrespective of crop or weed. Therefore, this present study was carried out to appraise yield losses in wheat caused by the interference of three space of the phalaris in different weed density.

An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with split plot arrangement of treatments with three replications at Golestan east during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing season. The treatments were three Phalaris spp. (P. brachystachys, P. minor and P. paradoxa) (as main plot) and five weed densities (0 (control), 10, 30, 50 and 100 plant. m-2) (as subplot).

Based on the results, in the first and second growing season, the lowest dry weight of wheat in competition with density of 100 plants per m2 of the P.‬brachystachys was estimated at 589.61 and 758.77 g/m2, respectively. Also, in the growing seasons, the minimum leaf area index was estimated in competition with P. brachystachis, by 2.87 and 2.77, respectively. The maximum wheat yield was estimated at 4679 and 5102 kg ha-1, respectively, under weed-free condition, in the first and second growing season. On the other hand, in both experimental years, the estimated grain yield loss due to the presence of the first weed, was not significant difference in competition with different Phalaris species. Therefore, according to the results wheat grain production in competition with Phalaris has an inverse relationship with increase in weed density. Also, maximum yield loss due to the presence of Phalaris, regardless of the type of space, will occur at a density of more than 100 plants per m2. Too, there was no significant difference between harvest index (37-40%) in experimental plots.

Generally, more affected the growth and yield of wheat compared to Phalaris by the competition intensity and weed density. Thus, increasing weed densities and subsequently increasing the competitiveness of the studied Phalaris species, was imposes significant changes on growth characteristics, some yield components and wheat yield. According to regression analysis, there was a significant decrease in wheat yield with increasing the weed density. Estimation showed that maximum crop yield loss will occur in competition with densities above 100 plants per m2 of Phalaris.

Energy is a limiting factor for agricultural sustainability due to costs and supply security. Agriculture section as one of the world's major food suppliers, has faced challenges in recent times due to increased energy consumption trends. This rise in energy consumption has led to increased production costs, negative impacts on food security, and environmental concerns. Therefore, achieving a balance between energy demand and supply in agricultural systems and assessing their economic performance is essential. With the recognition that soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] plays a crucial role in ensuring food security; a study was conducted in 2019 to analyze the energy flow and economic costs of soybean production at the provincial level in Mazandaran, Iran.

To assess the economic efficiency and energy consumption pattern in soybean farms, data were collected through direct interviews with 301 soybean farmers. The inputs used for estimating energy efficiency per hectare of soybean cultivation included fossil fuels, machinery, human labor, seeds, irrigation water, electricity, fertilizers, and chemical pesticides. The produced soybean grain was also considered as an output energy source. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) methodology was employed to evaluate the economic efficiency of soybean production; for this purpose, the farm gate was defined as the system boundary, and one hectare of soybean farm was taken as the base unit for all analyses. The social costs of emissions, in addition to the fixed and variable production costs that are addressed in most studies, were evaluated and analyzed. In the current study, the social costs of pollutant emissions in soybean production agroecosystems were considered from two aspects: (1) emissions on the farm and (2) pollutants generated from electricity generation. These costs were estimated using the standard coefficients established in previous researches.

Based on the results, diesel fuel, nitrogen chemical fertilizers, and consumed seeds had the highest shares of total input energy in soybean production with 47.90%, 19.61%, and 13.53% respectively. The average energy productivity for soybean production in Mazandaran province was calculated to be 0.16 kg MJ-1. From this point of view, Galugah county was the best with 0.25 kg MJ-1, while Amol was the worst with 0.11 kg MJ-1 compared to other scrutinized counties. In terms of the type of consumed energy, the results indicated that the current soybean production in Mazandaran province is not sustainable due to heavy reliance on non-renewable energy resources such as diesel fuel and nitrogen chemical fertilizers. The LCC of soybean production in Mazandaran province, including variable, fixed, and social costs resulting from emissions, was estimated to be an average of $327.90 per hectare. Among these costs, variable costs accounted for the highest share in soybean production in the region with $299.52 per hectare (approximately 91%).The average wage paid to owners of agricultural machinery and equipment was $141.85 per hectare (equivalent to 47.36%), and the average wage for human labor was $85.77 per hectare (equivalent to 28.64%). These two factors were the first and second most significant contributors to production costs for the soybean crop, respectively. Together, they accounted for approximately 69% of the total production cost (LCC). Carbon dioxide emissions, accounting for 41.16% (mainly due to diesel fuel combustion and urea fertilizer consumption on the farm), constituted a significant portion of the social cost resulting from emissions (at $7.38 per ton).

In general, the results of the survey of 301 farms indicated that soybean production in Mazandaran province, with an average energy efficiency of 2.43, is economically justifiable in terms of energy balance and constitutes a profitable agricultural product in the region, with a profit-to-cost ratio of 1.86.

Weeds are one of the most significant limiting factors for the production of crop plants. Weeds primarily cause damage and reduce crop yield through competition. Weed damage in wheat fields has been reported to range from 25% to 30% in Iran. The herbicide application is the most important method for weed control of wheat until now. Also, the application of pre-mixed herbicides is one of the strategies to broaden weed control spectrum. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the pre-mixed herbicide Florasulam+ MCPA in controlling broadleaf weeds in wheat.

This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and 4 replications at the Hasanabad Agricultural Research Station of Darab (Fars) during 2022-202. Experimental treatments included the application of Florasulam+ MCPA (42% WP) herbicide at dose rates of 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 g ha-1, Florasulam (Florex@ 10% WP) at a rate of 85 g ha-1, 2,4-D+ MCPA (U46 Combi Fluid@ 67.5% SL) at a rate of 2 L ha-1, Bromoxynil+ 2, 4-D (Buctril Universal@ 56% EC) at a rate of 1.5 L ha-1, Bromoxynil+ MCPA (Bromicid MA@ 40% EC) at a rate of 1.5 L ha-1, Bentazone+ Dichlorprop (Basagran DP@ 56.6% SL) at a rate of 2 L ha-1, Prosulfocarb (Boxer@ 80% EC) at a rate of 4 L ha-1, Pendimethalin (Fist Super@ 45.6% CS) 4 L ha-1, control (weed free). Each plot was divided into two subplots. One subplot was sprayed (treatment) and subplot was unsprayed (weedy check). The herbicides pendimethalin and prosulfocarb were applied as pre-emergence treatments, and other herbicide treatments were applied at the tillering stage of wheat (Zadok’s Stage 25(, according to the 3 to 5 leaf stage of the weeds. The plot had dimensions of 10 × 2 m with a plant density of 400 plants m-2 and 8 planting rows. The spraying was done using a fixed-pressure back sprayer equipped with a fan spray nozzle (8002) at a pressure of 2 bar and spray volume of 300 L ha-1. The measured traits included determining density, dry weight, the percentage of control of weed species, and grain yield and yield components. The means were separated using the LSD test at the 5% level of significance.

The results showed that herbicides that were applied significantly decreased weed density and dry weight of Melilotus officinalis, C. oxyacanthus, S. oleraceus, H. incana, Centaurea iberica, as well as a significant increase in grain per spike, the number of spikes per m2, 1000 grains weight and grain yield. Also, weed control efficiency improved with an increase in the application rate of Florasulam+ MCPA herbicide. The best application rate for the Florasulam+ MCPA herbicide was 800 g ha-1. This treatment decreased the weed biomass of M. officinalis, C. oxyacanthus, S. oleraceus, H. incana, C. iberica 91, 95, 92, 100 and 95%, respectively, and increased the grain yield (7.29-ton ha-1) by 29%.

Based on the results of this experiment, the herbicide efficacy of the pre-mix herbicide florasulam+ MCPA in controlling weeds such as M. officinalis, C. oxyacanthus, S. oleraceus, H. incana and C. iberica was significantly higher than the application of florasulam alone. Furthermore, the efficacy of this herbicide in controlling the mentioned weeds was significantly higher than compared to the soil-applied herbicides pendimethalin and prosulfocarb. Additionally, the efficacy of this herbicide in weeds control was higher compared to the post-emergence herbicides in the experiment. Therefore, considering the broad spectrum of weed control and the increase in grain yield, the application of florasulam+ MCPA herbicide is recommended as a suitable herbicide for controlling broadleaf weeds.