نشریه مطالعات سیاسی - اجتماعی تاریخ و فرهنگ ایران
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 7، پاییز 1402)

Water energy resources, besides being considered the most vital element for the continuation of human life, are also at the heart of the sustainable development process of various contemporary societies, including Iran. They are regarded as fundamental pillars of social, economic, and environmental development, serving as the most important and key element in human life necessities and playing a crucial role in political, economic, and cultural interactions, as well as in the sustainability of the development process. The research method of the present study is based on library-analytical studies and is applied in terms of its purpose. Management of urban and rural runoff includes the control of wasted and excessive water flow and the improvement of water supply and drainage networks; systems for collecting and controlling surface waters resulting from rainfall are important components of planning and development in urban and non-urban areas, and any negligence in their proper design can cause problems for urban communities. Lack of attention to this can lead to some significant challenges in the path of the country's sustainable development. The research results indicate that the control and management of surface runoff through the expansion of dam industries and downstream dam industries, as well as the creation of green spaces and forest and plant coverings, and the implementation of a set of measures in watershed management, such as the construction of barriers like levees, have a significant impact on enhancing the country's sustainable development.

Theoretical divides, acting as mental barriers in understanding and accepting each other, have led to the inability to achieve and agree on a unified and comprehensive direction for Iran. Since a desirable and effective consensus on a development model has not been formed in Iran, more than two centuries of effort and planning for transformation and development have also not reached a satisfactory result. Development, advancement, Westernization, good governance, supreme governance, etc., are concepts that development authorities have proposed to overcome backwardness. The difference in these terms has its roots in theoretical divides (identity conflicts, intellectual and attitude conflicts), divides that are themselves influenced by the multiple identity foundations of Iranians. The questions of this article are: 1- What is the most significant barrier to achieving desired development in the Islamic Republic of Iran? 2- What impact do theoretical divides have on development in the Islamic Republic of Iran? Based on the hypotheses of this research, 1- The most significant harm and barrier to the realization of development in the Islamic Republic of Iran are the theoretical divides among the development authorities. 2- Theoretical divides based on multiple Iranian identity foundations (Islamic, national, and Western) have led to a consensus crisis in selecting development models in the country and have resulted in the inefficiency of development models.

Poverty is a multi-dimensional social phenomenon that various factors are involved in its increase and decrease. On the other hand, poverty has different meanings and types, each of which has different effects, and they cannot all be reduced with one solution. Due to the multidimensional nature of poverty and the fact that various factors are involved in it, international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund recommend that a national Poverty Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers be developed to deal with it. Although in the Islamic Republic of Iran system, in the light of Islamic teachings and the requirements of the constitution, several measures have been taken in the field of poverty reduction, and even a document called the National Document on Poverty Reduction and Targeting of Subsidies has been approved by the Council of Ministers in 2014. Because of the problems that exist in this field, we still need to compile a national document by the Islamic Council. This research has been done with an analytical method based on comparative data and document study.

The objective of the Constitutional Movement was to fundamentally transform the political system of Iran and to shift from an autocratic government to one based on law. However, with Reza Khan's coup in 1920 (Gregorian Calendar), the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty contrary to the constitutional law, the transformation of constitutional monarchy into modern dictatorship, and the revival of autocracy from the outset, he established the foundation of this dynasty on a legitimacy crisis. The question of this article is what strategies did the propaganda apparatus (especially the official historians) of the Pahlavi government adopt to legitimize Reza Khan's tripartite actions in undermining the constitution? Based on the method of critical rationality, the findings of this article indicate that the official historians, in justifying Reza Shah's actions which were contrary to the constitutional law, without considering the logic of historical developments and understanding civilizational relations, attempted to portray the Constitutional Revolution as a failure. Through the vilification of the Qajar period and depicting the Constitutional Revolution as unsuccessful, they produced a narrative that presented a salvific image of Reza Shah and legitimized his actions.

Obviously, although empowerment is effective in changing the way of life of rural residents, but due to various reasons, the role of empowering rural residents has not been taken into consideration in the planning and policies of the country. The current research, in a survey way, deals with the impact of the type of planning in empowering the villagers and finally its effect in the sustainable socio-cultural development of the rural settlements. The statistical population of this research is a rural settlement with residents in the central part of Hamedan city. From all 107 inhabited villages of Hamedan city, 50 settlements were randomly selected. Selection of rural settlements using random composite sampling includes relative or stratified sampling. Cochran's sampling method was used to generalize the obtained information to the entire statistical population. The selected sample size is equal to 382 households randomly. Descriptive and inferential techniques were used to analyze the data. The obtained results show that the current planning approach has not been successful in promoting empowerment indicators in the socio-cultural development of rural settlements. Therefore, the present study suggests the participation and accompaniment of villagers in the process of rural development programs.

Social values are created and perpetuated within the social life context of community members and therefore, studying them helps in gaining a deeper understanding of society. Accordingly, this research aims to explore and comprehend the social values during the Qajar era. Utilizing a qualitative methodology based on a phenomenological approach, structured interviews were conducted with 15 sociologists, historians, and historical sociologists. The interviewees were selected through purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods. The collected findings were analyzed using the Colaizzi (1973) method and the Glaser and Strauss (1967) theoretical coding technique. The findings of this study are organized into two themes: "Pre-modern Qajar Social Values" with ten categories including "Chivalry/Generosity," "Belief in Divine Destiny," "Nobility and Freedom," "Spatial/Social/Ethnic/Religious Segregation," "Luxury and Attention to Appearances," "Purity and Modesty in Women," "Hospitality and Observance of Decorum and Respect," "Kinship and Helping Others," "Religiosity and Performance of Religious Rituals," and "Justice-oriented and Fairness"; and "Modern Qajar Social Values" with six categories "Patriotism," "Nobility and Freedom-seeking," "Advancement in Technology, Economics, Social, etc.," "Growth in Thought and Enlightenment," "Emphasis on Science and Education," and "Justice-oriented and Fairness." The analysis of the data extracted from the interviews indicates that the Qajar era represents a period of transition and fundamental transformation in the cultural fabric of society.

Central bank sanctions are one of the types of economic sanctions. Various forms of economic sanctions in the strict sense of the word, including blocking and confiscating the assets of the sanctioned country, prohibiting export and import and buying and selling goods, blocking assets, (such as the blocking of Iranian assets by the United States following the occupation of the American embassy in Iran) ), currency and monetary restrictions such as increasing international tariffs and not granting loans or reducing credits and inappropriate exchange rate changes. Today, economic sanctions can be mentioned as a tool to achieve foreign policy goals from other countries. The goal of the sanctioning country is to distort the economic relations of the sanctioned country and weaken the system of the target country, through the quantitative and qualitative reduction of the international trade level of that country. At present, the countries that have more economic and military power in the international arena and mainly include Western countries, have a share in controlling the international economy by using economic tools and various related sanctions, including bank sanctions. They act to weaken or expose the economy of the country targeted by sanctions in order to secure their political interests and dominate other countries. For this reason, some Western analysts consider sanctions as a tool that also weakens diplomacy. Therefore, in this article, the legitimacy of banking sanctions in the international arena has been investigated, with an emphasis on banking sanctions against Iran. Also, in this topic, the content of various opinions and decisions resulting from the sanctions of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been examined.

Some principles have been and are in the universe from eternity; and since they are fixed and unchangeable, you should try to make them appear. One of these principles, which is considered part of this world, is the subject of "intermediateness". The current research was conducted with the aim of rereading the concept of connection in the architecture of the interspaces of (Shia) mosques built in the Safavid period of Isfahan city with a qualitative-quantitative (mixed) method. The results showed that in this research, in order to achieve true knowledge, the interspace has been considered from two perspectives; One as the quality and state of "in between", being similar in worlds such as "Purgatory" and "Imagination" or experiencing times such as "dawn and sunset" which are an introduction to the next places and an end to their previous places. An "ambiguous" experience of the boundary between visible and hidden, visible and invisible, known and unknown, as if it carries some of the properties of before and after and is considered a place to transform into its before and after situations. From another point of view, what the mystics in "Sir Vesluk" refer to as "approach" with the motive of "joiner ". According to the mystics, "abandoned man" is incomplete and his completion depends on "joiner". As Ibn Arabi "considers becoming a human being to be connected" and closeness is the same as servitude. Therefore, man is inherently a creature "on the way" and the condition of his perfection is "on the way of being" with the goal of reaching the goal; This road has an origin, a home, a direction and a destination, which can be read in architecture as well.

Today, social harms are considered major issues in human societies. Consequently, scholars are striving to find solutions to these problems. Social harms are multi-dimensional, lawful, controllable, and preventable phenomena. Scientific study in this area can greatly assist in planning the three stages of harm identification, prevention, and treatment. Islam, as the most comprehensive of the divine religions, places significant emphasis on the prevention of social harms. One of the most important social harms is intentional murder. Murder is the greatest violation of a person’s bodily integrity. The most important asset of an individual is their existence and life. The importance of preserving life lies in the fact that life is central to human duty and happiness. God has mentioned this topic in multiple verses of the Holy Quran. The aim of this research is to identify the main causes of intentional murder in Iran and to propose jurisprudential strategies for preventing this social harm using descriptive and analytical methods. The findings indicate that the main causes of intentional murders in Iran, in order, are: disputes and altercations, family conflicts, illicit relationships, financial disputes, theft, revenge, and extortion. The results of this research show that by scrutinizing the rich source of dynamic Islamic jurisprudence, strategies can be presented to prevent the occurrence of intentional murder, which will significantly reduce this harm. Dynamic Shiite jurisprudence offers strategies for preventing the social harm of intentional murder, such as: maintaining composure and controlling anger and rage, encouraging education and learning, avoiding greed, covetousness, and envy, refraining from suspicion, eliminating grudges and feelings of revenge, committing to piety and virtue, promoting chastity and modesty, emphasizing the importance of work and employment, avoiding unemployment, and increasing individuals’ tolerance thresholds.

In the past decade, the occurrence of various small and large-scale challenges and crises in the West Asia region has compelled regional and extra-regional actors to strive for strengthening the political order in the area in accordance with their national interests. Among these, the foreign policy strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a regional power, and Russia, as an extra-regional country, is based on a new realistic viewpoint focused on achieving success and implementing policies in line with their national interests. The research question of this study is: How can the foreign policy strategies of Iran and Russia in relation to the political order in the West Asia region be explained? The hypothesis posited is that Iran's strategy in the region is centered on garnering support from Russia to counter the influence of countries opposed to Iran, while Russia's strategy is security-focused and seeks to exert influence as an extra-regional power. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the information was gathered from bibliographic sources. The most important findings of the research indicated that Iran's foreign policy strategy concerning Russia in the region should be based on a realistic perspective, grounded in international and regional cooperation through the identification of common objectives. It should also align with Russia in shared opposition and avoid engaging in conflicts between the two countries.

Non-governmental international organizations, whose primary function and goal is to serve the public interest, have managed to gain access to international forums to achieve this important objective after overcoming numerous ups and downs. This access has taken the form of a legal institution known as "amicus curiae," where an amicus curiae is a natural or legal person who is not a party to the dispute but submits written or oral statements regarding the facts and rules governing the dispute at their own initiative or at the court's request. A review of judicial practice shows that the major players in this field are international non-governmental organizations, although their participation in the dispute resolution process has faced many obstacles and challenges. This research aims to explain the role of international non-governmental organizations and examine the consequences of their presence, including significant impacts such as combating impunity, achieving judicial transparency, democratizing international law, and ensuring fair trials.

The Azariqah were a faction of the Kharijist who established a government in Sistan and Kerman based on Kharijist beliefs. The distinctive perspective of the Azariqah Kharijist on religion and governance led to the formation of a new style of Islamic government separate from Arab tribalism. This perspective attracted people in the areas under their control. The Azariqah's policy of tolerance towards other religions and Islamic sects, contrary to the harsh policies they had towards supporters of the caliphate's official religion, resulted in the coexistence of religions such as Zoroastrianism and minor Islamic sects with the Kharijist. This article, using a descriptive and analytical method, seeks to identify the social and political consequences of the Azariqah rule in the region of Kerman during the 7th and 8th centuries CE. The Azariqah Kharijist, who were distant from the center of the caliphate, turned Kerman into a center for activism and the propagation of their heterodox views. The discord between the people of Kerman and the caliphate, as well as the favorable geography of Kerman and Sistan for the Kharijist's needs and objectives, led to social and political changes concerning the interactions between Iranians and the caliphate apparatus.

The emergence of Iran's nuclear case at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and subsequently at the United Nations Security Council has been one of the most significant issues in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, particularly since the eighth presidential term. The main objective of this article is to study and scrutinize the reasons behind the prolonged process of addressing Iran's nuclear case at the IAEA. Iran's nuclear dossier has been one of the most important diplomatic and security cases globally in the last two decades, accompanied by many ups and downs, with the Islamic Republic of Iran and Western parties still unable to reach a comprehensive and long-term agreement. Despite significant efforts from both sides, there is no clear prospect for a swift resolution in the near future. Therefore, as a scientific issue, the main question of this article is: What reasons contribute to the prolonged process of addressing Iran's nuclear case at the IAEA? It appears that hostile policies against Iran, considering Iran as an international threat in the region, changes in behavior and structure in Iran's political system, structural weaknesses in the international system, and other factors contribute to the prolonged process of addressing Iran's nuclear case at the IAEA. The present research method is analytical-descriptive of an applied type, utilizing laws, regulations, and library resources. Thus, this article attempts to study the disputes and motivations of the parties involved.

In this study, the researcher aims to examine and evaluate the factors influencing economic weakness in its absolute or relative sense, which lead to the increase or decrease of delinquency rates, particularly crimes against chastity. The researcher posits that economic problems, varying in quantity and quality within each society, and the methods for measuring them, have different impacts on individuals in the community due to their diverse material and psychological characteristics. These material weaknesses not only drive underprivileged individuals toward establishing illicit relationships but also pave the way for violent crimes. Moreover, they inflict severe psychological and emotional harm on the victims, predominantly women who are unsupported or poorly supported. The researcher seeks to elucidate and enumerate how financial problems affect material and unethical behaviors, specifically crimes against chastity below adultery, thereby raising awareness of the overlooked psychological damages in social relationships.

Karim Amiri Firuzkuhi, a prominent poet and thinker of contemporary Iran, known as Amiri and titled as Sayyid al-Shu'ara, undoubtedly stands among the peaks of modern knowledge and literature, and is considered one of the outstanding figures of our time. Understanding and introducing him in passing is an impossible task. Perhaps the best testament to Amiri's scholarly and literary identity is his aforementioned works, which necessitate extensive research and deep investigation. His poetry was exceptionally powerful and poetic, characterized by creativity, thematic innovation, and vivid imagery. One of Amiri's achievements is being recognized by the esteemed leader of the revolution, Ayatollah Khamenei, as one of the finest contemporary poets, hence bestowed with the title Sayyid al-Shu'ara. Professor Amiri has also been consistently praised for his eloquence in the discourse of poetry and literature. Especially in ghazal poetry, his refined language places him among the distinguished poets of our time, even regarded as a reviver of the Indian style in contemporary era. Coming from a renowned family lineage, Amiri is acknowledged among contemporary orators as a prominent figure possessing all the qualities of a first-rate poet.

The present study aimed to analyze crimes related to government transactions with an emphasis on good governance theory and social capital in Iran. The research method was analytical-library-based and applied in terms of purpose. Government transactions in any country can be considered one of the significant tools for committing administrative-economic corruption. Corruption arising from government transactions falls into a category of corruption where the use of transaction coverage can give the issue a legal and legitimate appearance, making the detection of crimes related to such transactions a challenging issue. Therefore, to detect such crimes, crimes related to government transactions can be divided into two major sections: first, financial abuse or the acquisition of illegal benefits through the realization of government transactions, which constitutes the largest crimes related to government transactions and includes collusion in government transactions, fraud in transactions, and taking commissions in government transactions, such as bribery; and second, other crimes related to government transactions where the acquisition of benefits is not directly realized and includes the involvement and interference of government employees or their relatives in government transactions. The findings showed that considering the extent of economic crimes in various government sectors, examples of economic crimes in the realm of government transactions and related laws can be utilized. Therefore, preventing these crimes highlights and emphasizes the indicators of good governance. Furthermore, the indicators of good governance and social capital, due to their capacity for civil participation and holding individuals accountable, can significantly prevent the formation of corruption in government transactions.

Hitler's expansionism during World War II resulted in the occupation of Poland. Germany and the Soviet Union agreed on the division of Poland, leading to the forced relocation of a portion of the Polish population under inhumane conditions to the Soviet Union. After the Allied occupation of Iran, the settlement of Poles in Iran was imposed. This study aims to examine the consequences of the Polish influx on Iran's health and hygiene between 1941 and 1945. This article has been reviewed using a descriptive-analytical method and library research. The results indicate that Iran, during that period, faced unfavorable political and economic conditions, famine, poverty, and insecurity. The Poles arrived in Iran in poor physical condition and suffering from various diseases, affecting the overall health and hygiene levels in Iran.

In the present study, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to examine the registration of easement rights and their exercise in the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to Article 93 of the Civil Code: easement is a right for a person in the property of another. In fact, the right of easement is one of the issues addressed in the Iranian Civil Code, which is a real right and has its roots in Imamiyah jurisprudence. It should be explained that population growth in urban areas and the limitation of space and the provision of urban infrastructure have led to the vertical development of apartments and infrastructure above and below ground level. Organizations related to land management and the registration of property rights in the international system see the solution to this issue in three-dimensional cadastre. Currently, in most relevant organizations, two-dimensional cadastre is used in the registration and display of properties. However, this system cannot fully present the rights, responsibilities, and limitations related to them. This includes the limitation in the analysis and display of easement rights. Regarding the method of registering easement rights, it should be said: after the preliminary registration operations and the division of the registration area into several districts and the publication of the general registration notice, the turn comes to the publication of the general registration notice and notification to the endowment office, and then by publishing the preliminary notice and numbering properties and plaque installation, they proceed to investigate the informants and distribute the declaration and publish the periodic notice

This article examines the role of institutions and political parties in nuclear enrichment during Ahmadinejad's presidency, utilizing an analysis based on David Easton's systems theory. Iran's nuclear programs during Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's presidency were influenced by the complex interactions of various institutions and diverse processes. According to systems theory, these programs encountered inputs such as the support of political parties, the enactment of legislation in the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament), and the formulation of security policies by the Supreme National Security Council and the Ministry of Defense. These institutions played a pivotal role in advancing nuclear technologies by providing financial and security resources. Key processes included the research and development of nuclear technologies by the Atomic Energy Organization and the protection of nuclear facilities by the Ministry of Defense, which led to an increase in uranium enrichment capacity and the fulfillment of domestic energy needs. The outputs of these programs contributed to strengthening national security and reducing dependency on foreign resources. Domestic and international feedback, through continuous performance evaluation and responses to global pressures, resulted in policy improvements and the adaptation of processes to new conditions. This feedback not only identified the strengths and weaknesses of the system but also contributed to the continuous improvement of nuclear programs and the enhancement of international interactions. Overall, the analysis of these processes and feedback highlights the importance of continuous interaction and adaptation in the success of nuclear programs.