نشریه مطالعات سیاسی - اجتماعی تاریخ معاصر ایران
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 7، پاییز 1402)

Today, social harm is considered one of the important issues of human societies. For this reason, thinkers are trying to find solutions for these problems. Social harm is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, regulated, controllable and preventable. Scientific study in this field can be of great help in planning the three stages of pathology, prevention and treatment. Islam, as the most complete religion of the divine religions, emphasizes the prevention of social harms. One of the most important harms Social is deliberate murder. Murder is the biggest attack on the physical integrity of people. The most important property of a person is his being and his life. The issue of saving life is important because life is the circle of human duty and happiness. God has mentioned this issue in several verses in the Holy Quran. The purpose of this research is to identify the most important causes of intentional homicide in Iran as well as jurisprudential solutions to prevent this social harm with a descriptive and analytical method. The findings indicate that the most important causes of intentional homicide in Iran are respectively From: quarrels and conflicts, family disputes, illicit relationships, financial disputes, theft, revenge and extortion. The results of the present study show that by looking into the rich source of dynamic Islamic jurisprudence, solutions can be provided to prevent the occurrence of intentional murder. To a large extent, they will have a significant role and impact in reducing this damage. Dynamic Shia jurisprudence has provided solutions to prevent the social damage of intentional murder. Solutions such as: maintaining composure and controlling anger and anger, encouraging the increase of literacy and learning, avoiding greed, greed and envy, avoiding suspicion, removing grudges and complexes and the sense of revenge, paying attention to piety and piety, chastity and chastity, importance To the issue of work and employment and avoiding unemployment and increasing the threshold of tolerance in people.

In this regard, international non-governmental organizations, whose main purpose and focus is to provide public benefit, were able to reach international authorities to achieve this goal after many ups and downs they went through. This wayfinding took place in the form of a legal entity called "friend of the court", which in this sense, a court assistant is a real or legal person who is not considered a party to the lawsuit and who, on his own initiative or at the request of the court, gives his statements regarding the events and rules governing the lawsuit. He submits a written or oral form to the court. Jurisprudence review shows that the main actors in this field are international non-governmental organizations, whose participation in the dispute resolution process has been accompanied by many obstacles and challenges. This research seeks to explain the role of international non-governmental organizations and examine the consequences of this presence, including the effective approach of this establishment, the fight against money impunity, the achievement of judicial transparency, the democratization of international law and the realization of fair proceedings.

Water energy resources, besides being considered the most vital element for the continuation of human life, are also at the heart of the sustainable development process of various contemporary societies, including Iran. They are regarded as fundamental pillars of social, economic, and environmental development, serving as the most important and key element in human life necessities and playing a crucial role in political, economic, and cultural interactions, as well as in the sustainability of the development process. The research method of the present study is based on library-analytical studies and is applied in terms of its purpose. Management of urban and rural runoff includes the control of wasted and excessive water flow and the improvement of water supply and drainage networks; systems for collecting and controlling surface waters resulting from rainfall are important components of planning and development in urban and non-urban areas, and any negligence in their proper design can cause problems for urban communities. Lack of attention to this can lead to some significant challenges in the path of the country's sustainable development. The research results indicate that the control and management of surface runoff through the expansion of dam industries and downstream dam industries, as well as the creation of green spaces and forest and plant coverings, and the implementation of a set of measures in watershed management, such as the construction of barriers like levees, have a significant impact on enhancing the country's sustainable development.

Theoretical divides, acting as mental barriers in understanding and accepting each other, have led to the inability to achieve and agree on a unified and comprehensive direction for Iran. Since a desirable and effective consensus on a development model has not been formed in Iran, more than two centuries of effort and planning for transformation and development have also not reached a satisfactory result. Development, advancement, Westernization, good governance, supreme governance, etc., are concepts that development authorities have proposed to overcome backwardness. The difference in these terms has its roots in theoretical divides (identity conflicts, intellectual and attitude conflicts), divides that are themselves influenced by the multiple identity foundations of Iranians. The questions of this article are: 1- What is the most significant barrier to achieving desired development in the Islamic Republic of Iran? 2- What impact do theoretical divides have on development in the Islamic Republic of Iran? Based on the hypotheses of this research, 1- The most significant harm and barrier to the realization of development in the Islamic Republic of Iran are the theoretical divides among the development authorities. 2- Theoretical divides based on multiple Iranian identity foundations (Islamic, national, and Western) have led to a consensus crisis in selecting development models in the country and have resulted in the inefficiency of development models.

Poverty is a multi-dimensional social phenomenon that various factors are involved in its increase and decrease. On the other hand, poverty has different meanings and types, each of which has different effects, and they cannot all be reduced with one solution. Due to the multidimensional nature of poverty and the fact that various factors are involved in it, international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund recommend that a national Poverty Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers be developed to deal with it. Although in the Islamic Republic of Iran system, in the light of Islamic teachings and the requirements of the constitution, several measures have been taken in the field of poverty reduction, and even a document called the National Document on Poverty Reduction and Targeting of Subsidies has been approved by the Council of Ministers in 2014. Because of the problems that exist in this field, we still need to compile a national document by the Islamic Council. This research has been done with an analytical method based on comparative data and document study.

The objective of the Constitutional Movement was to fundamentally transform the political system of Iran and to shift from an autocratic government to one based on law. However, with Reza Khan's coup in 1920 (Gregorian Calendar), the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty contrary to the constitutional law, the transformation of constitutional monarchy into modern dictatorship, and the revival of autocracy from the outset, he established the foundation of this dynasty on a legitimacy crisis. The question of this article is what strategies did the propaganda apparatus (especially the official historians) of the Pahlavi government adopt to legitimize Reza Khan's tripartite actions in undermining the constitution? Based on the method of critical rationality, the findings of this article indicate that the official historians, in justifying Reza Shah's actions which were contrary to the constitutional law, without considering the logic of historical developments and understanding civilizational relations, attempted to portray the Constitutional Revolution as a failure. Through the vilification of the Qajar period and depicting the Constitutional Revolution as unsuccessful, they produced a narrative that presented a salvific image of Reza Shah and legitimized his actions.

Obviously, although empowerment is effective in changing the way of life of rural residents, but due to various reasons, the role of empowering rural residents has not been taken into consideration in the planning and policies of the country. The current research, in a survey way, deals with the impact of the type of planning in empowering the villagers and finally its effect in the sustainable socio-cultural development of the rural settlements. The statistical population of this research is a rural settlement with residents in the central part of Hamedan city. From all 107 inhabited villages of Hamedan city, 50 settlements were randomly selected. Selection of rural settlements using random composite sampling includes relative or stratified sampling. Cochran's sampling method was used to generalize the obtained information to the entire statistical population. The selected sample size is equal to 382 households randomly. Descriptive and inferential techniques were used to analyze the data. The obtained results show that the current planning approach has not been successful in promoting empowerment indicators in the socio-cultural development of rural settlements. Therefore, the present study suggests the participation and accompaniment of villagers in the process of rural development programs.

Social values are created and perpetuated within the social life context of community members and therefore, studying them helps in gaining a deeper understanding of society. Accordingly, this research aims to explore and comprehend the social values during the Qajar era. Utilizing a qualitative methodology based on a phenomenological approach, structured interviews were conducted with 15 sociologists, historians, and historical sociologists. The interviewees were selected through purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods. The collected findings were analyzed using the Colaizzi (1973) method and the Glaser and Strauss (1967) theoretical coding technique. The findings of this study are organized into two themes: "Pre-modern Qajar Social Values" with ten categories including "Chivalry/Generosity," "Belief in Divine Destiny," "Nobility and Freedom," "Spatial/Social/Ethnic/Religious Segregation," "Luxury and Attention to Appearances," "Purity and Modesty in Women," "Hospitality and Observance of Decorum and Respect," "Kinship and Helping Others," "Religiosity and Performance of Religious Rituals," and "Justice-oriented and Fairness"; and "Modern Qajar Social Values" with six categories "Patriotism," "Nobility and Freedom-seeking," "Advancement in Technology, Economics, Social, etc.," "Growth in Thought and Enlightenment," "Emphasis on Science and Education," and "Justice-oriented and Fairness." The analysis of the data extracted from the interviews indicates that the Qajar era represents a period of transition and fundamental transformation in the cultural fabric of society.

Central bank sanctions are one of the types of economic sanctions. Various forms of economic sanctions in the strict sense of the word, including blocking and confiscating the assets of the sanctioned country, prohibiting export and import and buying and selling goods, blocking assets, (such as the blocking of Iranian assets by the United States following the occupation of the American embassy in Iran) ), currency and monetary restrictions such as increasing international tariffs and not granting loans or reducing credits and inappropriate exchange rate changes. Today, economic sanctions can be mentioned as a tool to achieve foreign policy goals from other countries. The goal of the sanctioning country is to distort the economic relations of the sanctioned country and weaken the system of the target country, through the quantitative and qualitative reduction of the international trade level of that country. At present, the countries that have more economic and military power in the international arena and mainly include Western countries, have a share in controlling the international economy by using economic tools and various related sanctions, including bank sanctions. They act to weaken or expose the economy of the country targeted by sanctions in order to secure their political interests and dominate other countries. For this reason, some Western analysts consider sanctions as a tool that also weakens diplomacy. Therefore, in this article, the legitimacy of banking sanctions in the international arena has been investigated, with an emphasis on banking sanctions against Iran. Also, in this topic, the content of various opinions and decisions resulting from the sanctions of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been examined.

Some principles have been and are in the universe from eternity; and since they are fixed and unchangeable, you should try to make them appear. One of these principles, which is considered part of this world, is the subject of "intermediateness". The current research was conducted with the aim of rereading the concept of connection in the architecture of the interspaces of (Shia) mosques built in the Safavid period of Isfahan city with a qualitative-quantitative (mixed) method. The results showed that in this research, in order to achieve true knowledge, the interspace has been considered from two perspectives; One as the quality and state of "in between", being similar in worlds such as "Purgatory" and "Imagination" or experiencing times such as "dawn and sunset" which are an introduction to the next places and an end to their previous places. An "ambiguous" experience of the boundary between visible and hidden, visible and invisible, known and unknown, as if it carries some of the properties of before and after and is considered a place to transform into its before and after situations. From another point of view, what the mystics in "Sir Vesluk" refer to as "approach" with the motive of "joiner ". According to the mystics, "abandoned man" is incomplete and his completion depends on "joiner". As Ibn Arabi "considers becoming a human being to be connected" and closeness is the same as servitude. Therefore, man is inherently a creature "on the way" and the condition of his perfection is "on the way of being" with the goal of reaching the goal; This road has an origin, a home, a direction and a destination, which can be read in architecture as well.

In the last decade, the occurrence of small and large challenges and crises in the West Asian region has prompted regional and extra-regional actors to try to strengthen the political order in the region in accordance with their national interests. Meanwhile, the foreign policy strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a regional power and Russia as a trans-regional country is based on a new realistic view based on success and its implementation based on national interests. The question of this research is how to explain the foreign policy strategies of Iran and Russia in relation to the political order in the West Asian region? The hypothesis of this question is that Iran's strategy in the region is based on getting Russia's support to counter the influence of countries opposed to Iran, and Russia's strategy is based on security and influence as a trans-regional country. The research method is descriptive-analytical and collecting information from bibliographic sources. The most important results of the research showed that Iran's foreign policy strategy in relation to Russia in the region should be based on a realistic perspective based on international and regional cooperation with the identification of common goals; and be in common conflict with Russia and refrain from entering the conflict zones between the two countries.