نشریه ادبیات دفاع مقدس
پیاپی 9 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The collection of stories from War City, which was discussed in this research, won the title of the best book of the year of Holy Defense (2003) and the first place for the best book in 20 years of writing stories of Holy Defense. In this research, the short stories in this collection, which reflect the events of the war days and to some extent the conditions of the warriors, have been discussed from a narrative perspective and analyzed for content. With a narratological view emphasizing the structure of the narrative, he tries to delve beneath the surface and structure of the text to reach its inner layers. The narratological analysis of the collection of stories in War City shows that Ahmadzadeh, in this work, uses techniques and makes intelligent choices of point of view to expose the reader to the challenges of war from a new perspective each time. In fact, Ahmadzadeh has demonstrated his skill and success by opting to rarely use the second person point of view in narrating three stories from this collection. The analysis of the content of this work also revealed that the author occasionally incorporated unique and diverse themes from resistance literature, including showing empathy towards the enemy's families and discussing war tactics in the short story. This research is based on library research and descriptive analytical methods.

Symbols and symbolism play a significant role in creating images and conveying meanings. Color is one of the important components of imagination and the most prominent element in the realm of sensations. It forms an important part of the symbolic language of poets and literary writers. Iranshah Ibn Abi al-Khair is one of the epic poets who incorporated the element of color in the Kushnameh poem. The essay utilizes a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research indicate that the most frequent colors are black, yellow, white, green, red, purple, blue, azure, and violet. Black color symbolizes thickness, darkness, the beauty of the beloved. Yellow color represents death, weakness, incapacity, betrayal, power, jasmine.White color signifies brightness, purity, holiness, contrast fight, raising awareness, science,  knowledge, growth of plants. Purple  color symbolizes the flag, cover  in war scenes. Blue is a symbol of purity, clarity, preparation for war. Azure symbolizes the sky, describes the sun, religion. Purple represents joy, happiness.

ars are violent, cruel, deadly, and destructive. They have a bloody and destructive nature. If it is the only poetry of war, it has little to do with mystical mysticism. Mysticism does not align well with the violent and cruel nature of war. The emergence of each of them is related to a specific spirit - and also different - mysticism is more suited to a soft and calm temperament, while war is associated with violent and oppressive behavior. In the poetry of war, a blessed and useful connection is formed between the two realms of mysticism and war, which, ironically, also influences the outcome of war. Studies show that war poets express the emotions and experiences of warriors, martyrs, freedmen, missing, wounded, and martyrs. They also depict their status and position as they navigate through the seven valleys of their journey. By doing so, they guide warriors to adopt the roles of seekers and mystics. Mystics and seekers have unique states and authorities that differ from those of their predecessors. Their mystical method is very efficient, intensive, and dynamic.

Resistance, in its literal meaning, refers to the opposition of powers. In terminology, it signifies steadfastness, fighting against the tyranny of oppressors, and preventing displacement from one's land. Literature of resistance or sustainability is a collection of poetic and prose works that address the ugliness of internal atrocities or external invasions and adhere to a specific semantic structure. Among the works that fall under this extensive literary genre are the poems and lyrics of the February 14 uprising in Bahrain. In these works, poets fully adhere to the unique structure of sustainability poetry while also discussing their literary expression of domestic and foreign political and social issues, encompassing all the main concepts of sustainability literature. These concepts include calling for struggle, depicting the face of tyranny, praising freedom and liberty, representing bright horizons of victory, reflecting the desperation of the people, and commemorating the martyrs of freedom. The language of the poems is simple, fluent, and free from complexity, symbolism, and cryptic language. This research aims to analyze and explore the fundamental themes and hidden meanings of words and sustainability concepts in the collection of poems by Al-Sayyed Zaki Al-Yasri using a descriptive-analytical method.

The element of time is one of the essential components of any narrative. Without it, the creation of a fictional world would be unimaginable. The use of this element has different effects on the production of meaning, the awareness of the audience, and the dynamics of reading the text. Achieving the method of using the element of time in narrative texts can be effective in enhancing the reading experience and understanding the true intention of the work and its creator. To ascertain the true position of literary works and their authors, it is essential to consider the narratives of sustainable literature. This research aims to analyze two stories, "Didgah" by Majid Qaysari and "Par Oqab" by Habib Ahmadzadeh, using the temporal model of "Genet" in a descriptive-analytical manner and address specific questions. - What method did the writers use to incorporate the element of time in these stories? - What instrumental or conceptual functions does this element serve?The result of this study reveals how authors utilize the element of time in various ways. It was found that each author employed unique methods to enrich the content, reinforce the main theme of the story, and advance the storytelling objectives.

Afghanistan's contemporary literature, to put it bluntly, was formed after the Marxist coup in 1978. The valuable themes of resistance found in the poems of enduring poets who advocate the pride and dignity of the nation have been passed down to Afghanistan. The coup, due to its Marxist nature in Afghanistan, has been the source of all political, economic, social, cultural, and other developments in the last three decades. After the coup, the people of Afghanistan staged a massive jihad and widespread resistance against the illegitimate and occupying Russian government following the entry of the former Soviet Red Army into their country. The companionship of poets and writers with this socio-political movement marked the departure of Afghan poetry from the stalemate of content and the emergence of a steady stream of poetry in support of the popular resistance against the Russians. After this period, some individuals within the country expressed their idealistic ideas through poetry, while others were compelled to emigrate due to their Islamic beliefs. Consequently, the two main dimensions of Afghan poetry, namely the poetry of resistance and the poetry of emigration, began to evolve. The study of the works of Afghan resistance poets explains and interprets the principles and components of sustainability in the poems of Afghan poets. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the concept of resistance and the thematic and semantic highlights of Afghanistan's sustainability poems. The study aims to explore the fundamental principles of resistance by analyzing the poems of prominent poets using a library-based analytical descriptive method. Topics such as fratricide and war, condemnation of leaders and politicians, protests against the situation in the country, descriptions of exile, and expressions of displacement and deportation appear more frequently in the poetry of Afghan poets, especially in the works of two contemporary poets, Abdul Sami Hami and Seyed Aboutaleb Mozaffari. Religion and its manifestations, which are the most important sources of inspiration in the literature of resistance, have enriched the content of Afghan poets' poems.

Critical discourse analysis is one of the newer approaches in discourse analysis that has recently been utilized in the examination of contemporary texts, particularly novels, to elucidate the political, cultural, and social advancements of society. Tahir Wattar's novel "Al-laz" is one of the works that can be studied in the context of critical discourse analysis. It depicts the years of struggle, armed revolution of Algerian revolutionaries, and resistance to the French occupying forces, revealing the inner divisions of the revolution. This research aims to answer the following questions: What are the most important topics in this novel according to the theory of Farkloff? The results show that the novel "Al-laz" aligns with Falklaw's critical discourse analytical model. The author employs simple language with standard vocabulary and provides precise visualizations to enhance the reader's understanding of the novel's theme. The author's ideology criticizes the reactionary and superficial thinking of the people, as evidenced by their perceptions of the story's hero and the killing of revolutionaries by other militants. The dominant theme in this novel is the struggle against colonialism, with the events and adventures of the story revolving around this central idea.

Contemplating death and discussing it are common themes in the literature of every nation. The impossible act of creating something from nothing, akin to the presence of life in death, is the contradiction that serves as the essence of creating a work of art. In the novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine," one of the most prominent works of the holy defense literature, there are two contrasting attitudes portrayed by the negative characters, such as the engineer, and the Basiji character, who serves as the narrator. Each of them views the events through a different lens. For this reason, the author aims to introduce the types of death narration and differentiate them from martyrdom. Additionally, the author seeks to explore how Ahmadzadeh was able to elucidate death and martyrdom in his novel from both materialist and spiritualist perspectives. He paid attention to the narrative ways of addressing profound themes of death and martyrdom in this novel. According to this essay, the culture stemming from the concept of martyrdom has consistently been reflected in the portrayal of the characters Musa, Parviz, and Commander. This culture is founded on the values of endurance, steadfastness, and self-sacrifice to the utmost limit. The plot of the story conveys the message that besides reinforcing one's heartfelt beliefs, one should also exhibit humane behavior in line with the values of holy defense. One should always be prepared for any form of martyrdom and sacrifice to uphold the principles of their religion.