نشریه مطالعات بین رشته ای در تعالی معماری و شهرسازی
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار و تابستان 1403)

Explanation of Islamic ethics in the process of architectural design and production Abstract Architects consciously occupy and develop the human habitat in the natural environment with their creations. Therefore, ignoring ethics and moral values in architecture can have extensive human and environmental consequences. Ethics studies human actions from the perspective of their rightness or wrongness in achieving ultimate human happiness. Islamic ethical principles invite humans to build and inhabit the earth while rejecting any human and environmental harm. Accordingly, this research seeks to explain the do's and don'ts of Islamic ethics governing the activities of architects in the process of architectural design and production, considering the key role of Islamic ethical teachings in the progress and promotion of architects' ethical behavior. The research method is based on logical reasoning and library and document research has been used to gather information. Ethical data has been extracted from Islamic scriptures, narrations, and the books of Islamic scholars for research purposes, and analysis and explanation of this data has been carried out in the process of architectural design and production. The main activity of architects in Iran is carried out within the framework of the engineering system structure and in the areas of design, supervision, and implementation. Reviewing research literature in the field of professional ethics in contemporary architecture in Iran indicates a disregard for ethical values among all those involved in the design and production process of architecture. Therefore, ethical action in architecture and adherence to ethical principles in construction is contingent upon the ethical behavior of all participants in the design and construction process, including architects, clients, consultants, and contractors. According to the findings of this study, the most important ethical principles related to the actions of architects are seven principles (humility, commitment and responsibility, honesty, cooperation, contentment, respect for the general public, and respect for nature) extracted from relevant sources. The application of these principles in the design and production process of architecture can be a step towards negating various human and environmental harms. Proper and principled development of nature is essential due to various environmental hazards and the artificial development of the environment due to human occupation and its relationship with human life. A look at the extracted principles shows that these principles can be categorized into three levels of responsibility: a) towards clients and users, b) towards society, and c) towards nature. The application of Islamic ethical principles in personal and collective life and professional environments can pave the way for the happiness and perfection of the architectural profession, and adherence to these principles in the design and production process of architecture can ensure the responsibility of architects towards clients and users, the general public, and nature. Key words: Islamic ethics, professional ethics, architect, architectural profession. -- ---- ---- - -- -- --- Key words: Islamic ethics, professional ethics, architect, architectural profession. Key words: Islamic ethics, professional ethics, architect, architectural profession. Key words: Islamic ethics, professional ethics, architect, architectural profession. Key words: Islamic ethics, professional ethics, architect, architectural profession.

The method of evaluating and selecting the best works in the judging process of architecture competitions is of great importance and sensitivity, and judges are the main decision makers of architecture competitions. This research was carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the role of judging the components of architectural competitions in the promotion of contemporary architecture in Iran, and it is practical in terms of the type of research. Its research method is exploratory and quantitative-qualitative in nature. Based on the research approach, real data was collected through in-depth interviews with 30 experts and professionals in the field of architecture. And when the topic reached theoretical saturation, the qualitative data collection process ended. These specialists and experts were selected from among the university professors and judges of the country's architectural competitions who played a role in the process of holding national architectural competitions and also had specialized work experience in the field of architecture. The quantitative part of the research was conducted in the form of a survey according to the obtained indicators, and then a preliminary questionnaire was designed. Face validity was used for the validity of the questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire. Finally, the questionnaire created by the researcher was provided to 100 specialists, participants and judges of architectural competitions and related experts. The data analysis method is based on coding, descriptive (mean, standard deviation, etc.) and inferential methods (Kolmogorov Smirnov test, Friedman test and regression). After examining the interviews and statements of the national architectural competitions during the years 2011-2018, the present research has introduced 4 main components and 33 sub-components as the influencing factors of the judging of the national architectural competitions on the promotion of contemporary architecture in Iran in the 2010s. It is worth mentioning that, in this regard, more than 180 invitations from Iran's architectural competitions have been reviewed in the "Architect News", "Archline" and "Iranian Architecture and Urban Planning Competitions" databases. Based on the results obtained, the individual characteristics of the judges, the display of the selected works of the national architectural competitions. And the distribution of the judging points, the jury and the judging are the four main components in the judging process of the Iranian architecture competitions. Since, in most cases, architectural competitions are the competition field of architectural teams, Showing the selected works at the end of the competition, as well as examining the opinions of the judges in the final statement, is an opportunity for architects to gain experience. The judges' mastery of theoretical topics and their experience at the professional levels of design and implementation can gradually lead the flow of architectural competitions and bring fruitful and increasing results in the development of Iranian architectural models and the identification of contemporary architecture in the country. Also, the results of the research, while confirming the role of judging architectural competitions in improving the quality of contemporary architecture, show the importance of the performance of the judges of architectural competitions in considering the social benefit, increasing public participation and creating a belonging sense.

In encountering the environment, sensory perception is an innate precursor in constructing meaning, with climatic parameters being among its most crucial elements. Iranian traditional architecture, especially bazaar architecture, embodies a visual and sensory type of architecture that engages all human sensory stimuli through a process of sensory awareness and understanding, remarkably influencing the audience under the environment's impact. Typically, historical bazaar architecture in Iran is designed and constructed considering the regulation of environmental conditions. Particularly, incorporating compatible designs and utilizing indigenous materials against local climatic indicators can enhance sensory perception as a vital element in human-environment interaction and a prominent characteristic of this vernacular architecture. Iranian historical bazaar architecture draws inspiration from its people's history and culture and now serves as a multidimensional representation of this culture. This research aims to investigate the relationship between sensory perception and climatic parameters as a human experience of the environment in Iranian historical bazaar architecture, aiming to evaluate the connection between environmental features and individuals' sensory experience in these spaces, providing a better understanding of the impact of location's climatic conditions on users' experience in Iranian historical bazaar architecture. The current study employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, with the main research framework being descriptive-analytical. Moreover, data collection is conducted through documentary studies from library sources and fieldwork using questionnaire surveys and analysis using a combined model of "DEMATEL" and "ANP", along with software such as "SPSS", and "SUPER DECISIONS." The research findings indicate that variables such as "creating connections," "forms", "creating diversity in customer experience" and "access routes", are among the most prominent variables interacting with interpretations in Iranian historical bazaar architecture. The final research result also suggests four variables: "access routes," "ease of movement", "interactive spaces", and "navigable architecture (Iranian)", in presenting variables of "paths and ways", focusing on interaction with interpretations of Iranian historical bazaar architecture due to sensory perception and climatic parameters. Thus, sensory perception in Iranian historical bazaar architecture is the result of the mutual influence and interaction between climatic parameters, shaping the psychological experience of the environment.

Daylight plays an essential role in human perception, and various studies consistently support its positive effects on our overall well-being, encompassing physical health, mental satisfaction, and productivity.In Iran, with its wealth of sunlight and remarkable architectural legacy, attention to light and lighting has always been a paramount aspect of traditional architecture. This research aims to shed light on the impact of sunlight hours and light transmission within traditional buildings in Hamedan, located in Iran's cold climate region, by addressing the following questions:1) Are the solar hours within the spaces of local buildings in Hamedan sufficient throughout the year?2) Is there a discernible relationship between the components of light-transmitting surfaces and spaces that achieve the optimal amount of solar hours?By addressing these questions, this research endeavors to uncover valuable insights into the importance of daylight in Hamedan's traditional houses, enriching our understanding and appreciation of Iranian architectural heritage.

In total, the physical elements of 33 rooms and 9 yards were collected and analyzed in this research. Using the obtained information, the volume drawing of the buildings was done in AutoCAD and 3dMax software. The Ladybug plugin in the Grasshopper and Rhino software, which utilizes advanced daylight analysis engines, was employed to determine the percentage of shading in the yard throughout the year. Ecotect software was also used to analyze the brightness of daylight and the number of sunlight hours on the windows of selected spaces.In this research, to reach a more suitable answer, in addition to the regulations and standards of Iran, the regulations related to daylight and the number of sunlight hours in 11 other countries with cold climate regions were also examined. Optimal spaces in terms of daylight were identified in four main sections: 1) amount of brightness, 2) uniformity of daylight, 3) amount of sun hours, and 4) visibility to the outside, and they were graded and identified.

Analyzing information from the selected rooms using relevant software and daylighting standards, it was found that among the 33 examined rooms, 7 did not meet the minimum requirements for quality daylight and the required number of sunny hours, while the remaining 26 rooms met the standards for proper daylight quality.Upon analyzing the 26 rooms studied within the historical monuments of Hamedan city with minimum daylight quality, it was observed that 18 rooms face south, 4 face north, 2 face east, and 2 face west. All rooms, except for the 2 east-facing rooms, have the potential toreceive direct sunlight and meet the minimum sunlight hour requirement. By utilizing correlation graphs between space elements, a linear relationship between space elements, daylight quality, and appropriate sunlight hour exposure was determined. The identified relationships exhibited a high correlation coefficient, and a correlation equation was introduced to describe the relationship between these elements.

By examining the physical elements in all 26 selected rooms with sufficient daylight in Hamedan houses, the suggested design patterns with the highest value were identified. These suggested patterns act as effective solutions for room and window design in buildings located in Hamedan and other regions with similar cold and dry climates in Iran.

Tourism is a key economic sector all over the world that creates a great lever for local economic development, but at the same time, it also imposes significant environmental pressures on local natural resources. Meanwhile, ecotourism (nature-oriented tourism) can be a suitable alternative to traditional tourism to minimize the effects on the ecosystem. On the other hand, the concept of capacity or power is born from ecological knowledge and is based on the principle that there is always a limit to the growth of biological populations. One of the most important sources of attracting tourists is the natural potential in each region, which has the highest demand in the tourism industry. In this regard, recognizing each region's capabilities is introduced as a necessity to create sustainable tourism. It is said that the sustainable tourism approach provides higher-quality tourist services and can improve the quality of life for residents. Therefore, sustainable ecotourism development criteria and indicators in each region are known and recommended as an important tool for tourism management. Therefore, attracting tourists and managing them based on the principles of sustainable development requires the adoption of correct management strategies in each region. Therefore, sustainable ecotourism development criteria and indicators in each region are known and recommended as an important tool for tourism management. Therefore, the development of sustainable ecotourism requires special attention to the ecological capacity of the regions and the identification of criteria, detailed planning and finally monitoring tools. The main question of the present research is, what are the most important sustainability criteria of ecotourism with emphasis on the power of ecology according to their degree of importance? In this regard, the most important factors are extracted using the meta-analysis of the available sources and then prioritized using the fuzzy Delphi method. In the first stage, the existing opinions are based and analyzed using the seven-step technique of Sandlowski and Barroso (2007), which is a structured model for qualitative text analysis and extracting concepts, and the tables of the Critical Assessment Skills Program (CASP). to be In the second stage, the most important ranking of the factors is determined by using the experts' questionnaire and the fuzzy Delphi method. The results show that the environmental criterion with a weight of 0.01499800 is in the first place, the economic and indicative-management (institutional) criterion with a weight of 0.01487002 is in the second place, and the socio-cultural criterion is in the third place with a weight of 0.01398003, and finally, the technology criterion is with a weight of 0.013482002. The criteria are ranked fourth. Also, 10 of the most important sustainability indicators of ecotourism with emphasis on ecological power in the Anzali Free Trade Zone are weather conditions, economic power, natural landscapes, natural potentials, sustainable water supply, economic growth, environmental quality, green tourism, tourism capacity and safety (environmental and human crises). Finally, some suggestions are presented regarding the research topic, including that ecotourism can be established in various areas and not only in protected natural areas. In addition to preserving the ecology of the regions, this issue can also use the maximum ecological capacity of diverse regions and reduce the concentration of tourists in one region.

The Safavid period can be considered one of the important cultural and social periods of Iran and one of the turning points in the architectural history of this land. Iran's privileged geopolitical position and economic attractions in the Safavid era caused many travelers to come to Iran, and most of them wrote travel diaries after returning. The travelogues of European travelers in the 10th to 12th centuries AH, which is approximately the same time as the Safavid period, are considered one of the most important documents of Iranian architectural history, regardless of the purpose of the trip or the shortcomings of the text and sometimes misunderstandings.The lack of documents and written sources about the history of architecture and how buildings are built show the necessity of studying and reflecting on travelogues from this point of view. On the other hand, bathhouses, as a special type in Iranian architecture, are one of the most vulnerable types of architecture, and unfortunately, their destruction has increased in recent decades.Therefore, any source that helps to know and better understand this complex phenomenon in Iranian architecture is valuable. Iranian bathhouses have attracted the attention of tourists from two perspectives, first and more popular culture and second and less, bath architecture. This research seeks to show the image presented by European tourists of the 10th to 12th centuries AH of the Iranian bathhouses by studying a few sources. The research questions are:1. What aspects of the bathhouses have been noticed by the tourists in their travelogues of the 10th to 12th centuries AH?2. by emphasizing the architecture of the bathhouses, what are the differences between the image presented by the travel writers and what we know about the baths today?

The method in this research has a qualitative paradigm and was done in an interpretative-historical way. Data collection has been done through documentary studies and field observations of the bathhouses. Among the many travelogues written in the research period, 26 travelogues were selected and studied. Among the aforementioned travelogues, only six travelogues have mentioned the bathhouses. In chronological order, these travelogues are Figueroa's travelogue, Pietro Della Valle’s travelogue, Adam Olearius's travelogue, Chardin's travelogue, Kaempfer's travelogue, and travel observations from Bengal to Iran by William Francklin.

From a quantitative point of view, Architecture has been the most important topic. The Second topic of the travellers’ attention is the Anthropological aspects of bathhouses. Travel writers have also mentioned the Medical and Religious aspects.From a qualitative point of view, with an emphasis on the architecture of bathhouses, the cases mentioned by travelers were very few and incomplete in most cases. The image presented by travelers has many differences from what we know about the architecture of bathhouses today.

In general, it can be concluded that the Safavid period was brilliant in the architecture of baths. Most travelers are not familiar with the unique phenomenon called the bathhouse, and that is why few travel books have mentioned the bathhouses and also the few topics of the architecture of the baths. Although the travelogues of the 10th to 12th centuries AH are very important and valuable sources for knowing the history and culture of the Safavid period, they cannot be considered reliable sources regarding the architecture of the bathhouses.

One of the most important factors determining the effectiveness of curriculum and educational programs is the appropriate learning environment in terms of physical environment, educational content and process, and educational organization. In this regard, examining the quality of the learning environment can be effective in identifying the effectiveness of educational programs and eliminating the shortcomings of the educational system in order to empower students personally and professionally. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to evaluate the quality of the explanatory components of the learning environment in the teaching of architecture in Istanbul Technical University and Tabriz Islamic Art University. The research method in the current study is mixed and using the MMR approach (combination of quantitative-qualitative methods) with an applied purpose and descriptive-analytical nature, which is used in order to analyze information in the quantitative part of structural equation modeling in Amos software. The statistical population of the research also includes the architecture students of Istanbul Technical University and Tabriz Islamic Art University, in order to determine the sample size, Cochran's method was used and the sample size for each of the universities was determined to be 384 people. The findings of the research show that the degree of realization of the variables of the quality of the learning environment in the field of architecture, in other words, the variables of the physical environment, content and educational process and educational organization in Istanbul Technical University is 0.52, 0.59 and 0.63 and in Tabriz Islamic Art University is 0.65. 0, 0.47 and 0.41. Also, based on the critical value of the structural model, the physical environment has been evaluated as favorable in both universities, and the content and educational process and organization in Istanbul Technical University have been evaluated as favorable and in Tabriz Islamic Art University as unfavorable. The results also show that in the physical dimension, vitality and good quality can be seen in the internal and external spaces of both universities, and architecture students are also satisfied with the quality of this space. However, the educational content and process as well as the educational organization in Istanbul Technical University are favorable and in Tabriz Islamic Art University are unfavorable. For this purpose, Tabriz Islamic Art University should make fundamental changes in these dimensions and while improving the learning environment of architecture, it should bring about the arrangement of professional architects. Teaching practical skills for entering the labor market, developing courses related to the needs of society, benefiting from the natural and experimental environment for education, emphasizing new models and technologies in architectural education, innovating in teaching methods for their effectiveness, developing the individual capabilities of students in values and Professional ethics, critical and strategic thinking, and finally benefiting from professional professors are the necessities of the architectural education system. Regarding the capacity of the professors, it can be mentioned that most of the professors do not present the content properly according to the existing procedure in the educational system, and there is no evaluation of the professors' qualifications in specific intervals.

One of the problems and dilemmas of the present age is the rapid and uncontrolled growth and development of cities due to the rapid increase in population, which causes instability and insecurity in the field of urban services. Earning money in municipalities is one of the things that mainly involves providing city services to citizens. If the municipalities cannot have sufficient and stable income, they will not want to create and manage the necessary facilities in the city. Financially important point in the discussion of providing and improving the resources of municipalities is the stability of income sources. So that these revenues should not be a threat to sustainable urban development in order to be reliable and sustainable. The purpose of this research is to explain the components of the sustainable revenue mechanism of the municipalities in the city of Medesh with the case study of Zanjan municipality. Based on the findings, in order for Zanjan municipality to achieve sustainable incomes and sustainable urban development, the components of "ways to continue to earn sustainable incomes and sources of income of Zanjan Municipality" are at a relatively favorable level with a total average of 3.32 and 3.17, respectively. which are acceptable as effective factors and resources in Zanjan municipality achieving sustainable urban development. Also, the components of "ways to gain relative independence from the government and prospective resources in achieving sustainable urban development" are at an unfavorable level in terms of average desirability. In the second part of the answer to the main question of the research, a simple linear regression test was used to identify and predict the effects of each of the studied components in predicting their effects in achieving healthy and stable incomes and then achieving sustainable development. A city in the city of Zanjan has been discussed. Therefore, the value of the multiple correlation coefficient is equal to 0.605 and this indicates a very strong correlation between the investigated factors (independent variables and dependent variables) and since the direction of this correlation is positive and direct, it indicates the existence of a strong relationship between The independent and dependent factors and variables (four research components) are the stability of Zanjan Municipality's revenues. Also, in the continuation of the analysis of this regression equation and in the summary of the regression model, the results of the coefficient of determination obtained for this index revealed that the predictor variable of the effective factors in the stability of municipal revenues for Zanjan municipality to achieve sustainable urban development was equal to 0.431. It shows that 0.43% of the changes related to Zanjan municipality's achievement of stable and healthy incomes and also predicts the achievement of sustainable urban development, and these factors and components investigated to the extent of 43% explain the regression model of the research. have a very high amount. Based on the value of this coefficient for the main question of the research, it can be admitted with high statistical confidence that the components identified and examined in this research have the ability to predict the future changes in Zanjan municipality's achievement of stable and healthy urban incomes to a very large extent.

Due to the globalization trend, countries are increasingly engaging in the context of a new problem in the study of curriculum as a way to complete tomorrow's education with the knowledge, skills and capabilities required. The similarity, as well as the differentiation of curriculum reform between different countries, reflects broader complexity about curriculum reform process, which relates to the interplay of global, indigenous influences and their educational impacts. Because the importance of the role of a specific educational program on the efficiency of students' graduation results has been recognized by educational planners. In this regard, the importance of curriculum reform implementation is discussed from the viewpoint of administrators of education. This is why the question of how to reform the curriculum policy becomes a reality in the sector and layers of higher education, has become the focus of higher education administrators. Teaching reference based on the nature of architecture and urbanization is a theoretical and multifaceted concept that can be paid in different aspects. The present framework has attempted to select the most comprehensive platform that, in reality, has played the most role in shaping this nature, the namely “educational program” or “curriculum”. The educational program is a multi-scale and multistandard concept that includes a wide range of headquarters planning at the level of the Ministry, to micro-level planning in the management of architecture and urban planning departments of faculties. Accordingly, the present theory-making research has been formed with the aim of presenting a framework that is consistent with and proportional to the "importance, relevance and application" of various educational-research factors in architecture and urbanism.The solution of this research is to provide a suitable answer to this type of complexity arising from the spread of effective factors and implementation areas, using the problem solving method and strategies for breaking the macro problem, into the micro problems separated from each other. The necessity of such a thing is to promote the education- based generation (the first academic generation) to the research- based generation (the second academic generation). The application of such a reference contributes to an integrated understanding and management of the goals and capabilities of architecture and urbanism in the "socio-artistic-economic" levels. The present study, by means of grounded theory and qualitative approach, and by examining the ideas and frameworks of thought in the higher education system, has added some cases to the realization of and compatible with the research objectives in accordance with upstream laws, as well as sections. The findings of this theory can be defined and be referred to as the “teaching pattern” by summing up different levels of content and methods of the lessons for each pedagogical goal, that have considered a framework corresponding to their nature. The use of appropriate teaching patterns can play a significant role in reducing education disability, inefficiencies and will pave the way for increasing the satisfaction of those involved in education. It also, in the long run, it will also enhance coordination between the university education and the needs of the professional community. IN such a way as to promise the formation of a healthy competition environment among higher education institutions in the field of quality improvement, specialized orientation and recruitment of skilled personnel for the implementation of educational planning.

In the last few decades, we have been faced with the collapse and inefficiency of commercial centers, and one of the causes of the stagnation of these spaces is the lack of attention to the relationship between humans and the environment, which causes the creation of a stable and lively place. Ecological science", investigating the complex interactions of the behavioral environment has become one of the important topics of postmodern currents in architecture and urban planning. This interdisciplinary field considers the environment as a container for collective actions and behaviors in order to deal with the domination of quantitative and metric view in evaluating the human-made environment. According to Roger Barker's ecological psychology, the human-made environment has separate physical and behavioral structures that form a unit in connection with each other and is called "field" or "behavioral headquarters". Therefore, the study of environmental behaviors can be the basis for analyzing and predicting how the environment works. The stronger the compatibility of the behavior environment, which he called "synomorphy", the space will have higher capabilities and efficiency. Among the various collective behavioral centers, markets and shopping centers are rich and attractive for the study of environmental behaviors due to the fact that they form an important territory of daily life. Dealing with the functional decline of local-historical markets as a collective location that is deeply connected with daily behavioral patterns, requires adopting an ecological approach and investigating the links between environment and behavior. The market is one of the most important parts of the structure of the Iranian city in cultural and historical cities, which, in addition to influencing the overall structure of the city and the formation of neighborhoods, is one of the important manifestations of valuable and public identity architecture, and throughout history, it has always been one of It is considered to be one of the most important areas of common interactions in civil life. Due to the existing values in the social and cultural structure, the markets have been less affected during the modernist movements in architecture and urban planning, and their continued activity as the main pole of the city's trade shows its important position in public belief. The purpose of this research is to investigate the mutual influence of the body on the behavior of users, which causes the creation of a stable behavioral environment, and in order to achieve this goal, the historical market of Kerman, which has maintained its vitality after several centuries and is still It is known as a dynamic behavioral site. The current research is a descriptive and analytical type that the researcher uses a qualitative research method to explain the body component through library studies and systematic observation and episodic interview and finally entering the data into the Atlas t software with the help of the grounded theory method. The research results show that the body supports the current events in the market of Kerman, which means that the co-construction of the body and behavior (cynomorph) is established in the historical market of Kerman, and as a result, it is one of its physical components. Power is used as the design principles of new commercial centers in Kerman.

Every space and body that is considered for human habitation needs the formation of safe, private, secure and peaceful areas. In such an environment, all material and spiritual conditions must be provided for consumers in order to achieve privacy in all dimensions. Since the housing is a bed of peace and comfort for the residents, categories such as the hierarchy of entrances, privacy, security, etc. should be considered in its design. The present study was carried out with the aim of identifying physical elements effective in creating solitude and privacy and social interactions in the design and manner of construction in Gol Narges, Emerald Tower, Aftab Valiasr, Shahid Chamran, Golestan, Fajr Eel Goli complexes in Tabriz.

The research method in the present study was descriptive, analytical and data collection was done by observing the spaces of residential complexes and surveying the residents of residential complexes. The investigated components included the level of confidentiality and privacy and satisfaction with social interactions, which was confirmed using the pre-test and Cronbach's alpha test, the reliability of the tool was confirmed with a coefficient higher than 0.7 To track significant differences in multigroup analyses, LSD post hoc test was used. The research data was tested and analyzed using SPSS software.

According to the studies and findings of the two residential complexes of Gol Narges and Shahid Chamran, which have the largest average difference in terms of criticism and dissatisfaction with the amount and quality of social interactions with other investigated complexes, it can be seen that each of the mentioned complexes has structural patterns. and physically are different and the level of criticism of the residents on the amount and quality of social interactions in each model is also different. The comparison of the above two models shows that the model of the tower in the park in an enclosed form (Gol Narges complex) has been able to respond to most of the residents' expectations regarding social interactions in residential complexes.

Privacy, as a basic human relationship in all cultures, is a place that has limits and should not be invaded without reason. Every space and body that is considered for human habitation needs the formation of safe, private, secure and peaceful areas. Aristocracy, noise pollution, behavioral abuse, lack of personal space and enough privacy in residential communities have caused residents' dissatisfaction. The answers indicate that if there is no selective monitoring of the borders, people will have a mental feeling of crowding and tension, and sometimes they will show reactions of dissatisfaction, anger, boredom and leaving the environment. In the conditions when people achieve the desired amount of solitude, they open their borders to communicate with others and increase the amount of their social interactions. By observing the principles of design, it is possible to provide physical privacy to some extent. Of course, the way to provide privacy will be different for different cultures. Controlling external sounds as well as arranging internal spaces in such a way that they have the least visual, auditory and olfactory noises are among the best solutions.

In aspect of psychology, man is a social being and by building a house, he objectifies his existence. Therefore, in addition to its physical and climatic dimensions, the human house is influenced by cultural and social components. The purpose of this research is to review the impact of changing the level of social interactions in giving meaning to "home" and creating a sense of belonging to it in the films of Dariush Mehrjoui, a director and author of socialization that represents the lived life of the people of the society. For this purpose, three films "Ejare neshinha", "Mehman e Maman" and "Tehran Tehran" which have collective protagonists with different attitudes towards "home" have been analyzed by Roland Barthes semiotics. Therefore, the five concepts of hermeneutic, semantic, symbolic, action, referential codes in the above semiotics have been analyzed in selected sequences of the mentioned films based on the confirmation strategy of three research colleagues in the field of sociology. From the perspective of qualitative insight, it is not possible to know reality except by understanding it as a single and interconnected whole. Also, it will be possible to understand the hidden meanings in the messages only by going through the surface and penetrating the hidden meanings that are behind the components of the text. Therefore, in this research, at first, the whole narratives were analyzed from the point of view of the place of social interactions in the narrative, and the meaning-making components for "home" in the lives of the characters of the films were questioned and extracted (discovered and described). Then, the scene which is the result of the residents' collective activity is selected as the unit of analysis and in all three films, it has been analyzed inductively as a part of the whole. The results show that neighborhood relations are the most important factor in creating the spirit of a place in the studied films. Also, in the semiotic analysis of layers of meaning according to Roland Barthes method in the mentioned films, based on hermeneutic codes, the body and material (physical) characteristics of the living place are shown as an important and influential factor in shaping the social interactions of the residents. The implicit and symbolic meanings found in the films indicate that intimate neighborly relations are the most important factors in creating the spirit of a place, especially the sense of identity, vitality and psycho-social security in residents. According to action and referential codes, the traditional houses and the traditional structure of neighborhoods provide more capabilities for the emergence of human-emotional relationships among neighbors compared to modern urban structures due to their cultural-spatial structure. And in the linear course of Dariush Mehrjoui's films, as the society moves toward becoming more modern and producing housing instead of homes, which causes social relations between citizens to fade, the necessity to rethink contemporary architecture and urban planning in order to provide the possibility of constructive human interaction with the place of life and sustainable urban development (socio-cultural) is emphasized.