مجله پژوهش های کاربردی در گزارشگری مالی
پیاپی 24 (بهار و تابستان 1403)

A strong board can play a key role in increasing firm performance and value and lead to value creation. as a result, properly performing duties and responsibilities can be effective on attracting investment opportunities. on the other hand, under the ethical risk model, managers who are not adequately monitored over their performance may benefit from the information advantage that may be more or more efficient than the optimum level; therefore information asymmetry could affect the effectiveness of firms' investment. the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between board characteristics and investment efficiency in tehran stock exchange and also the effect of information asymmetry on this relationship. This study investigated the financial information of 132 firms accepted in tehran stock exchange during the years 1392-1400. to test the research hypotheses, regression model was used with panel data method and fixed effects. Analysis of the findings indicates that the characteristics of the board have a direct and significant relationship with investment efficiency and asymmetry of information asymmetry moderates the relationship between board characteristics and investment efficiency. The results indicate that the board affects the company's investment efficiency through monitoring and maintaining relationships with shareholders, and the board with improved information environment can help reduce the information asymmetry between the management and the shareholders that lead to optimal investment in the company.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between real earnings management, aggressive real earnings management and audit quality. This study is practical in terms of purpose and type of correlation in terms of method. For this purpose, the number of 72 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (Number of 864 company-year observations) was examined in the period from 2009 to 2021 and the panel data regression model was used to test the hypotheses. The results of the study show that real earnings management has a positive and significant relationship with the second type audit errors. However, when examining aggressive real earnings management with the second type audit errors, no significant association was observed. Furthermore, there is a negative and significant relationship between real earnings management and aggressive real earnings management with the number of paragraphs in the auditor's and the qualified opinion. According to the results obtained, real earnings management leads to a decrease in audit quality, and in order to achieve their goals, managers use methods that are difficult for auditors to detect, and when auditors are unable to increase the audit effort in response, they demand a higher audit fee. The results of the study will lead to an expansion of literature in the area of real earnings management and audit quality.

The purpose of this research is to compare the approach between independent auditors and auditors of regulatory agencies in preventing fraud based on the requirements of knowledge, skills and ethics in auditors. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection method, and the information needed to check the hypotheses was collected by means of a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of two groups of auditors, including independent auditors (auditors working in audit institutions that are members of the Iranian Certified Public Accountants Association and the Audit Organization) and auditors of regulatory bodies (including auditors working in the State Inspection Organization, Audit Court, and Ministry of Economy and Finance) Questionnaires were distributed among them and finally 384 questionnaires were collected and their reliability and validity were checked and they were confirmed. The questionnaires related to the variables are standard and taken from the questionnaire of Lateef et al. (2019) and consist of 64 questions. Also, the hypotheses of this research have been analyzed by structural equation modeling method. The findings of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the views of independent auditors and auditors of regulatory agencies regarding the role of knowledge requirements and ethics requirements in fraud prevention, but there is no significant difference between the views of these two groups in relation to skill requirements.

Comparability is one of the qualitative characteristics of financial information that enables users to examine the similarities and differences between financial statement items and make a more rational assessment of various investment or lending opportunities. On the other hand, based on the firm life cycle theory, Firms evolve through distinct life cycle stages and resource and competitive environments create different organizational structures, systems, and agency problems. This research examines how the comparability of firms financial statements in the maturity stage of their life cycle differs from that in other life cycle stages. hence, it is argued that mature firms tend to prepare financial statements that are comparable among their industry peers. be The statistical population of the research was the companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1395 to 1400 and included 738 firm-companies. The research results show that the maturity stage of the company's life cycle has a positive relationship with the comparability of financial statements. Also, the current research deals with the relationship between the life cycle and the comparability of financial statements according to the moderating role of information asymmetry and free cash flow, the results show that the positive relationship between mature companies and the comparability of financial statements is moderated by the existence of information asymmetry, but free cash flow has no effect on the life cycle (maturity stage) and the comparability of financial statements.

Financial helplessness occurs when the company has problems in repaying its debts and has financial limitations in this field, and in these cases the risk of the company will increase. If the company has already included the documented risk management program in its plans, it will not be surprised in such cases. Therefore, the current research seeks to trace the effect of business risk management in reducing financial distress by considering the role of the company's supervisory mechanism. In this regard, a sample consisting of 124 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2013-2022 was selected, which is 1240 companies in a 10-year period. Finally, the hypotheses of the research were carried out with the help of logistic regression test. To measure risk management from Gordon's comprehensive model (2009), financial helplessness from Altman's modified model by Kurdestani et al. The results of the research showed that there is an inverse relationship between business risk management and financial helplessness, and also the supervisory mechanism has a moderating role on this relationship and affects this relationship. Companies are able to reduce the level of financial helplessness in the company by using written programs and forming risk committees in line with the implementation of comprehensive risk management, the role of supervision and mechanisms cannot be ignored. Keywords: financial helplessness, business risk management, regulatory mechanism, internal control quality.

With the increase in competition among audit firms in recent years, auditors' orientation towards the market and customer attraction and retention has increased. Individual values based on personal interests and social trust are two important drivers in auditors' orientation to the market. Therefore, the current research aims to study the effects of individual values and social trust on auditors' market orientation. For this purpose, a sample of 208 auditors working in audit firms, members of the Certified Public Accountants Society, was randomly selected. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection. The tool used to measure the variables is a questionnaire. Data analysis is based on descriptive statistics and structural equations using Lisrel software. The research findings show that individual values and social trust do not have a significant effect on each other. However, these two variables have a positive and significant effect on auditors' tendency towards the market. In other words, auditors' motivation for the development of the audit market is to give importance to individual values and improve social trust in them. Finally, this article emphasizes the importance of human and social values in the formation of market orientation in the auditing profession.

This research has investigated the effect of social and environmental responsibilities on the financial health of companies with an emphasis on the role of market concentration. Market concentration is measured with the adjusted Lerner index based on the sales share of each company in the industry, social and environmental responsibilities with the indicators of previous studies, and financial health with the adjusted Altman and Hotchkiss index. Using regular screening sampling, 108 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during 2016 to 2022 have been selected. After examining the classical assumptions of regression, by using EViews, the panel data model with fixed effects was used. The results showed that social responsibilities and environmental responsibilities have a positive effect on the firm's financial health. Market concentration mitigates the effect of social responsibilities and environmental responsibilities on financial health. Therefore, complying with social and environmental responsibilities reduces the probability of companies' bankruptcy, and increasing the intensity of market concentration will have a negative effect on compliance with social and environmental responsibilities and the financial health of companies on the TSE.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of conservative financial reporting on business strategies and tax aggressiveness. The independent variable of this research is conservative financial reporting and the dependent variable is tax aggressiveness and business strategy (differentiation strategy and cost leadership strategy). For this purpose, a sample consisting of 1610 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2009-2022 has been investigated using multivariate regression. The research results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between accounting conservatism and differentiation strategy and cost leadership. In other words, companies with differentiation strategy and leadership are more involved in conservative financial reporting process than other companies. Also, the results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between accounting conservatism and tax aggressiveness, and managers use conservative financial reporting to reduce and postpone taxes.

The extension of the auditor's contract means the continuation of cooperation between the company and the auditor for a new period of time, which may also include changes in the terms and costs of the contract. The purpose of the present study was to provide a model for the extension of the auditor's contract based on the content analysis approach and according to the environmental characteristics and conditions governing the country. In this regard, according to the exploratory approach of the research and using the qualitative approach, the theme analysis method was used. The target population was 15 experts and university professors with professional experience in the field of auditing in 1402. These experts were selected based on the purposeful sampling method with the snowball approach and the interviews were continued until reaching theoretical saturation. The results of the present research show two overarching themes (factors related to audit service applicants and factors related to the supply of audit services), not the organizer theme (the degree of complexity of business and transactions, the size of the employer and the amount of effective items in the financial statements, the employer's purpose of the audit, the attitude and The characteristics of the employer's board of directors, the degree of reliance on the auditor's report, the employer's risk, compliance with the code of professional conduct, factors related to the employees working in the institutions and the level of drafting and compliance with laws and regulations) and 36 basic themes.

Due to emotional factors, optimism, limited rationality, time limitation, judgment and social factors, management shows various behavioral biases that can have long-term negative effects on investors and the company. From the point of view of shareholders, tax avoidance is not only justifiable but also desirable. On the other hand, in order to achieve the economic development of the country, the government must be able to finance its current expenses from tax revenues. Meanwhile, previous research shows that due to reasons such as tax avoidance and tax evasion, tax revenues constitute a small percentage of the country's income sources. This makes studies related to tax avoidance and the factors affecting it more important. Based on this, the main purpose of this study is to Investigating the effect of optimism, myopia and overconfidence behavioral biases on tax avoidance.The statistical population of the research includes the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Accordingly, by applying some conditions and constraints, 95 companies (950 observations) were selected from the statistical population over the period 2013-2022 and the relationships between the research variables were analyzed using static panel data and logistic regression method. The results of the hypothesis test show that overconfidence and management myopia variables have a direct and significant relationship with the dependent variable of tax avoidance while optimism variable has the opposite effect on this variable.

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the impact of the auditor's expertise in the industry on the relationship between the behavioral and ethical tendencies of management and the divergence of investors' opinions.

A multivariate linear regression model was used to test the research hypotheses. To calculate the divergence of investors' behavior, according to the research of Silva and Cerquera (2021) and Salehi et al. Managers' behavioral biases have been measured by the two factors of real profit management and managers' overconfidence, as well as ethical biases by the two factors of dishonesty (profit smoothing) and management error (fraud in financial statements).

 The results of the research hypotheses test showed that fraud in financial statements, real profit management, profit smoothing and management overconfidence have a direct and significant relationship with the divergence of investors' opinions.

The current research provided evidence that shows that the behavioral and ethical tendencies of managers have a direct and significant impact on the divergence of investors' opinions and increases this factor, and the auditor's expertise can reduce these effects.

The purpose of this study is designing the framework of paranoid reporting functions and investigating its effect on the stakeholders mental anchors. The methodology of this study is developmental/applied, because while providing an exploratory framework of paranoid reporting functions, based on creating a cognitive coherence of information acquisition, it seeks to investigate its effect on the mental anchor stimuli of stakeholders. The research tools in the qualitative part are interviews and focusing on the ground theory process to provide a multi-dimensional model regarding paranoid reporting functions until in order to test the hypothesis of the research in the quantitative part, based on the reliability measurement of the identified dimensions, it is possible to develop a researcher-made questionnaire. Further, by focusing on Wang's standard questionnaire (2023) to measure the mental anchor of shareholders, the study investigated the research hypothesis through partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The results in the qualitative part during 13 interviews indicate the identification of 3 categories, 6 components, and 39 conceptual themes, which, by performing two stages of Delphi analysis and removing 8 themes, presented a theoretical framework. The results in the quantitative part also showed that the functions of paranoid reporting have a negative and significant effect on the motivation of the mental anchor in the emotional decisions of the shareholders.