مجله پژوهشهای محیط زیست
سال پانزدهم شماره 29 (بهار و تابستان 1403)

Roads as main infrastructure of development in spite of their social and economic advantages would lead to increase of air pollutants due to vehicles traffic. The main of this study is to estimate of suburban road networks impacts based on air pollution modeling approach. For this purpose, dispersion limits of CO, NO2, PM10 and SO2 pollutants emitted from Lorestan road network’s traffic have been investigated. The CALPUFF model were used to simulate pollutants in four seasons. Traffic volume and velocity, pollutants emission rate, synoptic meteorological data, land cover map, digital elevation model and slope map were used as input data. The result of modeling for 2461 km of road showed that maximum concentration of pollutants is in autumn and located in distance about 2 km from the roads. Based on the modeling outputs, SO2 gas has most distribution than the rest of pollutants. The most rate of rural population exposed to the air pollution of road networks are 11/5 percentage of all population of Lorestan province. This occurs in autumn. Although the mainly studies on air pollution have been focused in urban areas, but the results of this study in a province with natural regions showed even these regions are not in safe from the air pollution. Therefore, it is essential to attention of environmental consideration in road design and routing phase as well as decrease of vehicle’s age of suburban road transportation.

Identifying and measuring sustainability through social, economic and environmental aspects is a priority in strategic decisions of policy makers. Also consideration of local context in urban sustainability assessment is important for the developing countries because of the varying stakeholder needs and priorities. The present study aimed to develop a practical framework consisting of GIS and MCDM using fuzzy logic to measure the sustainability of Karaj, a city in the west of Tehran, Iran. First, seven criteria and 24 sub-criteria of urban sustainability were identified based on literature review, interviews with experts, and Delphi technique. Then, the criteria were weighted and prioritized using Group fuzzy BWM. Fuzzy logic and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method in GIS were used to determine the sustainability potential of Karaj. Based on the results, the socioeconomic and employment criteria weighting 0.383 and 0.182 were the most important, and biological criteria and distance from the military lands with weight of 0.0383, 0.00337 were respectively the least important in the GF-BWM method. In terms of spatial distribution, both methods estimated that about 30% of the entire study area was highly sustainable. The integrated application of multi-criteria decision-making method and GIS provided a more flexible and cost-effective tool for decision making in urban planning and managemen.

Precipitation is including of every rainfall. Level of rainfall is 240 ml in Iran and average of rainfall is 860 ml in the world. For evaluation of precipitation by remote sensing data, TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) was used. The goals of these picture are measurement of precipitation and energy in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The aim of this research is evaluation of precipitation trends in Central Plateau of Iran and habitats of Gazella bennettii. This aim was done by remote sensing data and time series. Using the data for evaluation of precipitation is related to daily pictures of TRMM 3B42 during 2002 to 2018. For this purpose, significance of Mann Kendall and Linear correlation were used for SUM monthly and annual parameters. Analyses show the similarity between two significant methods. The result indicates that in Central Plateau of Iran, there are increasing of significant in Qom, some parts of Semnan and Yazd provinces. Decreasing significant for SUM annual parameter was shown in Khorasan-e Razavi and Semnan. For SUM monthly parameter, there was not any significant reduction. In habitats of Gazella bennettii, there was not any significance including increasing or decreasing for two parameters. Research indicate the low and irregular rainfall in arid areas. Current research approved this result too.

For many years, the necessity of environmental education (EE) was felt in Iran's education system, until 2017, the course “human and Environment” was presented in the 11th grade of the highschool. According to the requirement of presenting this lesson, its pathology is important. The main goal of this research is to investigate the phenomenology of “eco-anxiety” caused by the learning experiences of EE. The approach of this research was qualitative and the study tool was in-depth semi-structured interview with students and Delphi expert panel. The results of this research showed that formal EE in Iran has caused students to be involved with eco-anxiety. The main factors of affecting this phenomenon are the awareness of “environmental pollution”, “water crisis”, “waste crisis”, “biodiversity extinction crisis” and “global warming”. The side factors that intensify student’s eco-anxiety were “media experiences”, “individual experiences”, “social experiences”, “family experiences” and “virtual space experiences”. The effects of this kind of anxiety were mainly “feeling of despair”, “feeling of disgust for the teacher and the classroom”, “indifference”, “denial”, “distraction”, “feeling of anger” and “feeling of helplessness”. In order to calculate the strategies to deal with this phenomenon, the Delphi panel offered six general strategies, including “Re-designing and Re-applicating EE models”, “embedding and developing institutional and organizational mechanisms”, “awareness and empowerment of students and teachers”, “compilation of a comprehensive Sensory EE protocol”, “providing counseling and treatment services to involved students” and “art therapy, physical exercise, diet regulation and naturopathy”.

The study encompassed multiple forests within a 24,000-ha area in Ardal and Kiar counties, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. It involved the analysis of tree and stand indices to assess the spatial characteristics of the forests along topographic gradients. The findings indicated that the forest stands exhibited irregular and heterogeneous patterns at the plot level, particularly in terms of diameter, height and uniformity indices. However, the density and tree species composition were consistent across all forest stands. The influence of slope on tree- and stand-based indices was generally not statistically significant, except for the height diversity index, which displayed higher values in forests situated on steep slopes. Changes in the geographic aspect and altitude did not exert significant effects on tree and forest indices, except for the tree diameter diversity index, which exhibited variations with altitude. The dominant tree species observed in all forests was Quercus brantii, followed by Pistacia atlantica. The presence of certain species was influenced by topographical factors, such as Daphne mucronata being exclusive to southern slopes and plains, Fraxinus angustifolia being limited to lower altitudes, and wild almond species being restricted to specific altitude ranges. Statistical analysis revealed no significant variation in plant species distribution across the topographical factors. Notably, families including Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae exhibited the highest species counts within the entire study area.

pollutants and determining the effective factors in the concentration of elements of suspended particles, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, in the city of Tabriz in the long-term average time period (4 years) for changes in concentration and from the average of two dry and wet periods. In 2022, geographic weighted regression and clustering of the study area were used for spatial modeling. In this study, out of 8 variables (normalized vegetation cover, population density, construction density, density density, size of industrial areas, NTL (night light) and surface temperature, average prevailing wind speed, digital model of height) the digital model variable of height and average speed were selected Wind was dominant due to multicollinearity or (VIF) were removed from the model in correlation studies, and the effective factors in pollution elements were processed and standardized. The results of this study showed that the accuracy of the GWR model is better compared to the OLS model. By generating coefficients for each of the selected factors in the model, GWR determines the location of polluting elements and the most influential factor. According to the results of industrial size density, among the modeled parameters, it had the highest coefficient in the spatial model of the concentration of pollution elements. K-means clustering method using the map of coefficients obtained with GWR for zoning the city of Tabriz according to the spatial-temporal relationship of polluting elements with factors into 6 clustering zones, where zone 1-3 has the largest area and has high influence coefficients in all four pollutants. In fact, zones 1-3 can be considered in the management of urban policies in pollution control.

Today, one of the important and basic solutions to face the challenges of waste is to strengthen social resources and human capital. Meanwhile, housewives who spend most of their time at home play a very effective role in environmental issues and household waste management. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of social capital on waste management in urban areas, emphasizing Bourdieu's perspective in the field of household waste management by women. The survey method was used to conduct the present research. The statistical population of the research includes women living in Sirjan city. Using random cluster sampling method, 384 people were selected as samples. Cochran's formula was used to determine the desired sample size. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect research data. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. After collecting the research data, they were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests and structural modeling in Lisrel and SPSS statistical software. The research results showed that the influence of social capital components including social trust, social participation, social security, social norms and social cohesion on household waste management is positive and significant. Based on this, it can be said that social capital improves household waste management among women.

Food waste has become a global problem. According to a report by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), one-third of all food produced worldwide is wasted or lost annually, half of which is wasted. Losses and food waste are indirectly associated with extensive environmental impacts such as soil erosion, deforestation, water and air pollution, as well as the emission of greenhouse gases that occur in the process of production, storage, transportation and management of food waste. Food waste at the household level is affected by various factors, and the purpose of this research is to investigate the behavior and environmental habits related to reducing food waste and analyze the relationships between the variables affecting the creation of food waste among households in Tehran .A questionnaire was designed and filled among the consumers of Tehran, and SEM technique and AMOS26 software were used to analyze the data and check the relationships between the influencing factors. The correlation of storage variables, environmental attitude, packaging and expiration date, age and education with the environmental behavior variable of reducing food waste is positive and significant at the level of 0.01. The relationship between environmental attitude with environmental behavior of reducing food waste was positive and significant. A major part of the changes in the waste reduction behavior variable is determined by the storage variable. These 4 variables (storage, environmental attitude, buying and packaging habits, and history) have been able to predict 41% of the variability of the environmental behavior variable in reducing food waste.

In megacities, the excessive consumption of urban land, which is a non-renewable resource, causes a lot of damage to the human environment, and this has led the attention of urban planners to infill development instead of scattered urban development. On the other hand, one of the most important urban interventions to meet human needs and improve urban livability is manifested in the way urban land is used. The aim of the current research is to analyze the structural analysis of infill development in dense urban areas in order to identify the most important factors for improving urban livability in dense urban areas. In this research, districts 19 and 20 of Tehran Municipality have been selected as a case study. This research is quantitative in terms of practical purpose, in terms of its nature, descriptive and in terms of approach, which has collected information by benefiting from the opinions of a 24 -person Delphi team familiar with the concepts of infill development, livability and future research and the 19th and 20th districts of Tehran metropolis. The findings of the research show that the eight factors of "identity and sense of belonging to a place", "people's participation in urban decisions", "urban development plans" and "air pollution" with a weight of 69, "diversity of job opportunities", "mixing of uses", With a weight of 68, "Urban green space quality" with a weight of 67 and "Urban management budget" with a weight of 66 are key factors that planning to improve their performance can improve urban livability in addition to endogenous urban development. The result of the research shows that the improvement of urban livability can be achieved by infill urban development and that for the improvement of urban livability, more use of urban land and scattered and horizontal urban growth is not necessary.

This research evaluated the factors affecting healthy nutrition behavior in 154 teachers and parents in Tehran using the concepts of nutritional literacy and agro-ecological literacy and applying a health belief model. Accordingly, a 60-question questionnaire was designed with 6 subscales of "food and nutrition knowledge", "functional skills", "interactive skills", "advocacy", "critical analysis of information" and "food label reading skills". And data were extracted through personal interview. The results were evaluated using AMOS software and structural equation model. Our findings showed that 3.9% of the respondents had a “good” level of food and nutrition literacy. While, 37.66% and 58.44% of the respondents had the “average” and “weak” level of food and nutrition literacy, respectively. Based on the concepts of the health belief model, the respondents had a significant level of subjective perception regarding healthy nutritional behavior. Also, these people showed a high desire to gain knowledge through the society and existing social media. Based on the findings of this research, the most important limiting factors in the occurrence of healthy nutrition behavior are the level of “agroecological literacy” and then the level of “food and nutrition literacy”. So that, based on the results of the model used in this research, despite the role of several factors in the occurrence of human behavior and the complexity of the actions of people in society, “agro-ecological literacy” and “food and nutrition literacy” showed a significant contribution to the occurrence of nutritional behavior. Therefore, according to the results of this research, in order to promote healthy nutritional behavior in the society, we can emphasize the need to pay attention to increasing the level of agro-ecological literacy as well as food and nutrition literacy of the society by expanding appropriate educational programs. The results of this research point to the necessity of a link between environmental awareness and sustainable agriculture to reduce the gap between healthy food production and consumption structures.

Sustainable energy development is one of the requirements for the continued growth and sustainable development of societies and humanity. The main purpose of this study is to plan the supply of sustainable electricity by share of each type of the share of different power plants in the country.The methodology of this study is applied based on the purpose and has been done by mixed method (documentary, qualitative and quantitative). This research has been collected and analyzed using the data obtained from the study of documents, using (selected model) MESSAGE software and in the form of three reference scenarios, energy sustainability and high fuel price, the optimal composition of the country's power plant until 2050 has been investigated and proposed.Based on results and the model outputs, the optimal power plant composition in the form of energy sustainability scenario is the priority of combined cycle, nuclear and renewable power plants, respectively. Also, according to the findings, nuclear power plants are in the second place in the reference scenario and the sustainability scenario, and in the third place in the fuel price increase scenario. The results obtained from this study, considering the need for sustainable development of electricity in the country and according to the upstream documents and laws, it is necessary to prioritize the development of power plants, respectively.

This article is a theoretical reflection to examine the color of the city of Tehran as an element of the experience and mental perspective of the citizens. For this purpose, our goal is to understand the objective visual perceptions and their relationship with the mental associations that urban managers get from the urban experience. Therefore, the proposed color approach links the objective and subjective aspects of color with the tangible and intangible elements of the city. By doing so, this paper emphasizes how the results are not limited to the objective conditions of the city color study, but affected from subjective aspects, such as the analysis of the environmental factors (air pollution) in which the colors are chosen, as well as the imagination which the residents have about them. The purpose of this research is to deepen and expand the perspective of Tehran city from the approach of chromatic study. The conclusions invite us to read the representations and perceptions of city managers who, through questioning the color of the city, can express their emotions towards the place they live in and thus convey a specific mental view of the city. The findings of this research showed that there is a significant difference between the urban managers' subjective perception of the color of the city of Tehran (unhealthy and moderate air conditions) and the color of the landmarks.