نشریه بانوان شیعه
پیاپی 22 (زمستان 1388)

Abortion is one of the earliest ways for contraception in unintentional pregnancies of sexual affairs, in which women are the prime victims. Although contraception is the last means for prevention of an unintended conception, it is accompanied with social and religious concerns and legal complications in most countries.This issue has been dealt with in the charter of the women's rights and responsibilities in terms of general policies. Therefore, the specific and exact aspects of the issue should be clarified clearly so that our civil documents could be appropriately employed in a strategic way. This paper deals with the articles relevant to the issue of abortion.Abortion is involved with various issues in the fields of philosophy, religion, ethics, law, feminism, hygiene and health. Some of the questions in this regard are: when does life begin? Does an embryo have any rights? Do women have the right to control their reproductive functions or if necessary to perform abortion? What are the moral, social, hygienic and legal consequences of abortion? All such questions reveal that abortion is a multifaceted issue and decision making about them requires comprehensive studies.

The issue of the employment of women in the out-of-house affairs, their economical involvements, and the interference of such employments with the women's major role in the family as trainers and caretakers of the affective considerations of the family members are among the issues which require more attention. The Imamit jurisprudents approve women's employment provided that it does not result in the violation of the family rights and provided that the employment is in line with women's physical and social conditions. On the other hand, the Sunnites do not approve the employment of women and consider them responsible to take care of the affairs just in the house and family. Considering the vitality of the issue at the present time, it is necessary to study the rationales provided by each of the parties in regard with the employment of women so that better results can be achieved.

The main objective of this project is to evaluate the seminary school of women in Yazd City through CIPP Evaluation Model. The research method in this study is survey. The operational procedure of the project enjoys a systematic viewpoint. In the evaluation of the field, the extent of the appropriateness of the objectives of the seminary school of the women was estimated through a survey among the professors of theology department, the professors of Shaid Beheshti Seminary School, and Nahad-e Rahbari (the institution of the supreme leader) of Yazd University. It was found that the objectives are appropriate. In the same way, the following sets were devised: six criteria for the evaluation of the field; seven criteria for the evaluation of the inputs including the students, teachers, etc.; eight criteria for the evaluation of the administrative procedures, teaching, learning and services; and two criteria for the evaluation of the output of the seminary school. In the next step, one or more indexes and standards were defined for each criterion. In order to determine the extent of the appropriateness of the twenty four devised criteria, the necessary data were gathered in eleven ways including: questionnaires, interviews, checklist, and student's educational records and files. The analysis of the data made it possible for the researchers to study the status of each criterion; so that the situation of the seminary school was compared with the relevant standards, according to which the extent of the appropriateness of the situation of each criterion was estimated at three levels of "appropriate", "rather appropriate", and "inappropriate", and in some cases the results were provided in a qualitative manner. In general, it can be said that the results of this evaluation can be helpful for the people in charge of seminary school of women in Yazd City so that they can improve their performance and increase the quality of their education; the results are also useful for the people in Qom who are responsible for the supervision of the seminary schools of women to strengthen the educational and cultural capability of the seminary schools of women.

The literature in every society is a reflection of the social and socio-cultural circumstances of that society; such a reflection is more evident especially in the societies which have constantly suffered from the tyranny of the kings and have been exploited and abused by foreigners. The Persian literature is full of poems by loyal poets who tried to express their objections in figurative ways against the prevalent suppressions. Parvin Etesami, as a responsible poet, was born at time of constitutionalism in Iran.The poems after constitutionalism showed a tendency toward social and political issues and the changes in the society. Parvin, too, in such an intellectual atmosphere, as a woman, criticized the tyrannical structures from a feminine viewpoint. Despite the fact that today there is a lot of discussions about Parvin's being a feminist, the present research believes that she was a faithful poet whose poems were accompanied with moral and Quranic instructions. The study of Parvin Etesami's poetry and thoughts proves that she was not a feminist; rather she was a loyal and revolutionary poet who dealt with gender (women's problems), culture and society within the framework of moral and religious instructions.

This article intends to find out about the influences of Motaharie's (ontological, anthropological, and epistemological) doctrines on his viewpoint toward women's rights (family, social and political rights). To this end, the article, first, deals with Motahari's doctrines; then his ideas about women's family, social and political rights are examined. In regard with the influence of the doctrines on women's rights, one can say that Motahari believes in the equality of men's and women's rights; however, he rejects the sameness of their rights. This is the result of his particular viewpoint about the existence, human being and the approach of ontology.

The study of the viewpoints and the approaches of dealing with women by the past schools of thought and nations clarifies women's historical status for us to some extent. In a period, women's status and value was similar to those of domestic animals and tools of work and production and in some other periods they were exploited as a means of satisfying sexual desires. In return to such a heavy burden, women were deprived even from the least of their rights; they had neither authority in the house and over properties nor had they any role in training children. They were deprived also from acquiring knowledge. Worst of all, in some societies, women were deprived from life and all of their existence depended upon their husbands; so that after the death of their husbands they were doomed to die. This article is an attempt to study women's status in Torah, Bible and Quran. Therefore, women's positions are first studied in various countries and then their status in the heavenly books is clarified.

According to some narrations, it seems that in Islam the consultation with women has been severely reproached and this is usually appealed to as the reasoning behind the religious prohibition of the involvement of women in administrative affairs of the society. The questions are: which narrations state such an idea? How valid are they, internally and externally? How much are they reliable? And are they valid at all the times, especially at the present time? This article, taking a comparative, analytic and library research method, is an attempt to study the narrations appealed to in this regard and it examines their internal and external validity according to the criteria for the study of the narrations so that an appropriate answer is provided to the question. The present research is hoped to clarify part of the religious truth for the current society especially in regard with the women.