جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Nanoparticle » در نشریات گروه « زیست شناسی »

Today, the use of nanoparticles in various fields is increasing. Cerium oxide nanoparticles are one of the types of nanoparticles that are widely used in the nanomedicine as an antioxidant. The specific antioxidant property of cerium oxide nanoparticles made us investigate its antioxidant effect on mesenchymal stem cell line derived from adipose tissue. After preparation and passage of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue, these cells were tested for oxidative stress with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, which was checked by MTT test, treated and the amount of free radical ROS was measured. Then, the cells were treated with different concentrations of cerium oxide which checked by MTT test and the cell survival investigated by Annexin 5-propidium iodide test by flow cytometry to check apoptosis and finally the results were statistically analyzed. became. The greatest effect of hydrogen peroxide oxidative stress was calculated in 24 h at a concentration of 200 μM and the results of MTT were calculated to determine the IC50 of cerium oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 100 μM/ml in 24 h. The results showed that this nanoparticle is not only non-toxic for these cells, but also increases their proliferation in certain concentrations. The results of the flow cytometry tests and the evaluation of the effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles also showed that these nanoparticles have a good antioxidant capacity and the survival of cells treated with cerium oxide was similar to the group treated with vitamin C. This shows the effective and beneficial effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles and the potential of this compound in cell regeneration and survival. Based on these results, cerium oxide can be an improving factor in cell proliferation and cell therapy.

Nanoparticles are superior to conventional elemental forms due to the novel physicochemical properties that enable them to act as plant growth promoters. Recent research on nanomaterials has been shown both positive and negative effects. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are assayed worldwide in large quantities for various purposes. This study investigated the effect of TiO2 NPs on some physiological and biochemical traits and the induction of the antioxidant systems in Origanum vulgare L. and Origanum majorana L., in a completely randomized design with three repetitions.

Surface-sterilized seeds were sown with 2 cm depth in each plastic pots filled with a 1: 1 mix of loamy soil and sand. Until reaching the appropriate physiological age, they were exposed to greenhouse conditions (16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod). Two-month-old plants were foliar sprayed with 10, 60, and 120 mg/L TiO2 NPs and harvested 14 days after the last treatment. Plants sprayed with distilled water were used as controls. Changes in the photosynthetic pigments (the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), biochemical properties (the levels of membrane stability index, malondialdehyde, and proline contents), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (Guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione s-transferase) were measured in the collected samples.

The comparison of data means showed that the treatment of 60 mg/L TiO2 NPs caused the maximum amount of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in both Origanum species. However, the highest content of chlorophyll b in O. majorana was observed in the treatment of 120 mg/L TiO2 NPs. It is worth mentioning that the negative effect of the concentration of 120 mg/L TiO2 NPs on the membrane system of two species is statistically significant and remarkable due to the leakage of electrolytes. Although the increase in the concentration of TiO2 NPs led to fewer levels of malondialdehyde in O. vulgare in comparison with O. majorana; this concentration was found to be effective to the high levels of proline in O. vulgare. Most of the antioxidant enzymes (Guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione s-transferase) of O. vulgare showed their maximum activity at the concentration of 60 mg/L TiO2 NPs. However, the lower activity of catalase in O. vulgare, compared to O. majorana was remarkable.

The results of this research show that the treatment of 60 mg/L TiO2 NPs improves the physiological characteristics of the medicinal plant Origanum, including the increase of photosynthetic pigments, followed by the rate of photosynthesis and the increase of biomass. It is noteworthy that higher levels than the optimal concentrations of TiO2 NPs can lead to an increase in the levels of ROS and oxidative burst, which leads to a decrease in plant performance. Therefore, the plant response to nanoparticles depends significantly on the concentration and time of application, as well as the size, shape, and surface functionalization of the particles. Finally, O. vulgare is introduced as a more successful species due to the higher activity of antioxidant enzymes when treating TiO2 NPs.

Aloysia citrodora is very important in Iranian traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to produce silver nanoparticles with aqueous extract of A. citrodora and investigate its antioxidant and inhibitory effects on the amyloid nanofibers from BSA as model protein. For synthesis of silver nanoparticles, aqueous A. citrodora extract was prepared and one mM silver nitrate was added to solution. To confirm the presence and determine the size of silver nanoparticles, UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM were used. The antioxidant effect of the extract was evaluated by DPPH and the production of amyloid fibers was measured by Congored absorption method. The toxicity effect of nanoparticles on neuroblasts was investigated by MTT method and the inhibitory properties of the extract on amyloid production were investigated by TEM. Caryophyllene (7.66%), phytol (7.47%) and limonene (2.68%) were the most abundant compounds. TEM also confirmed spherical crystalline nanoparticles with a size between 30–70 nm. By increasing the concentration of the extract, the antioxidant properties of nanoparticles increased, so that 97.35% of DPPH free radicals were inhibited at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The highest inhibition of amyloid fibrils production was observed at concentration of 2 mg/ml by 96%, and the highest level of cytotoxicity at a concentration of 2 and with an IC50 of 2.25 mg/ml. The results showed that nanoparticles from A. citrodora leaves with anti–amyloid, antioxidant and anticancer properties can be considered as a new bio–nanomaterial in reducing Alzheimer's and cancer complications.

Foliar application of micronutrient such as zinc is a quick and easy way to eliminate or reduce the deficiency of these nutrients in plants. In order to evaluate the effects of foliar application of ordinary and nanoparticles of zinc on the growth and antioxidant responses in medicinal plant basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), this research was conducted by complete randomized design with three replicates under greenhouse conditions. The treatments were four levels zinc oxide (0, 25, 50, 100 mg.L-1) and four levels zinc oxide nanoparticles (0, 25, 50, 100 mg.L-1). Results showed that under zinc oxide treatment at 100 mg/L, the shoot and root length, and the shoot and root dry weights were significantly increased, in compare to control. The zinc nanoparticle treatment under different levels, especially at 100 mg.L-1 had a significant increase on all growth parameters including shoot and root length, inflorescence number and length, and shoot and root dry weights in comparison to control plants. By increasing concentration of both treatments (ordinary zinc and nano-zinc), the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase were elevated. Minimum and maximum amounts of growth traits and antioxidant enzymes activities were observed in control and 100 mg.L-1 zinc nanoparticle, respectively. The results from this study indicate positive and obvious effect of zinc oxide nanoparticle, compared to ordinary zinc oxide, on the growth and antioxidant enzyme activity in pharmaceutical plant basil.

In order to investigate the stimulating effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the growth rate and the increase of some metabolites in the microalgae Spirulina platensis, the anatase and rutile forms of the TiO2 nanoparticle were compared to the bulk form, in the presence or absence of citrate, on the microalga. The highest chlorophyll, carotenoid, phycocyanin (PC), allophycocyanin (APC), and phycoerythrin (PE) were observed on 3rd day. The highest PC and APC/PE were obtained by rutile and anatase, respectively. Rutile NPs could stimulate the increase of dry biomass and maximum specific growth rate (µm) better than anatase and even the bulk form. Carbohydrate production was stimulated by bulk and rutile. Low concentrations of nanoparticles often had a better effect in increasing PC, APC, and PE pigments. The addition of citrate without TiO2 stimulated the production of astheaxanthin, lipid, protein, and ROS. The simultaneous treatment by citrate-TiO2 was able to reduce the negative effect of nanoparticles on dry weight, but totally, its effect was dependent on the form of TiO2 and stress time. Antioxidant activity was stimulated by the bulk form and caused a decrease in Malondialdehyde (MDA), but an increase in MDA was observed by nanoparticles. The highest ROS was observed in the treatment with rutile (with citrate) on the 3rd day. In general, the stimulating effect of TiO2 on the improvement of indices or its negative effects on S.platensis microalga depended on the form and concentration of TiO2, the presence or absence of citrate, and the duration of treatments.IntroductionThe titanium element, in some cases, improves plant metabolic processes (Gohari et al., 2022; Carvajal and Alcaraz 1998). TiO2 nanoparticles in different forms have many applications in industry, and it is possible to find their way into aquatic ecosystems (Yang et al., 2015). The two forms of anatase and rutile have different surfaces, structural, and toxicity properties (Parrino et al., 2021). Some studies have shown that anatase has more cytotoxicity and photocatalytic activity than the rutile form (Clément et al., 2013). Of course, some sources mention TiO2 with low toxicity (Parrino et al., 2021). However, the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles depend on the type of organism under investigation, nanoparticle concentration, physicochemical and morphological characteristics such as its size and crystal structure. S. platensis, a spiral filamentous blue-green microalgae, has attracted the attention of researchers due to its numerous economic applications, including as a fertilizer and enhancer in agriculture, and has valuable minerals, vitamins, and nutritional compounds (Godlewska et al., 2019; Deng and Chow, 2010). Citric acid is required for various biological processes (Mudunkotuwa and Grassian, 2010). The citrate-nanometal complex can facilitate the entry of NPs along with citrate into the cell (Rupasinghe, 2011); hence the citrate form of nanometals has been recommended for the growth of plants (Chandrika et al., 2021). Some studies on plants have also shown that citrate reduces the adverse effects of nanoparticles (Tirani et al., 2018). Citrate can be adsorbed on the oxides of nanoparticles through Van der Waals bonds and prevent particles from aggregation (Park and Shumaker-Parry 2014; Rupasinghe 2011; Mudunkotuwa and Grassian, 2010).The aim of researchThe goal of this research was a comparative evaluation of the possible stimulating or adverse effects of bulk forms and nanoparticles of TiO2 (anatase and rutile), with or without citrate (in concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg. L-1) on the growth, biomass and intracellular compounds of microalgae S. platensis in 5 days. Materials and Methods Zarrouk nutrient medium was used for the growth of microalgae. Anatase nanoparticles 10-25 nm (Purity 99.9%, Specific surface area, SSA 200-240 m2 g-1), rutile nanoparticles 30 nm, (Purity 99.9%, SSA 35-60 m2 g-1) and bulk sample (diameter <500 nm) were used. Thirty-two (32) treatments were designed as follows: sample S, control culture without any treatment; Samples B1 to B5 treatments containing concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1 of bulk TiO2 respectively; samples A1 to A5 containing concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1 NPs anatase respectively; Samples R1 to R5 containing concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1 of NPs rutile, respectively; C, samples containing citrate. In samples containing both citrate and TiO2, citrate to titanium dioxide was used in a molar ratio of 3.5 to 1 (Mudunkotuwa and Grassian, 2010). In sample C, which only had citrate, the amount of citrate was considered equal to it in 200 mg/liter TiO2. Then all the samples were placed in controlled conditions of 100 µmol m-2s-1,16/8 h of light/darkness and a temperature of 28 ± 2 °C for five days. Sampling and measurement of indicators were done on days zero (day of inoculation), 3, and 5 experiments. Various parameters were evaluated, including dry weight, maximum specific growth rate (µm), pigments chlorophyll a, total carotenoid, phycobilins, astaxanthin, total soluble sugar, total soluble protein, lipid, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity (DPPH radical inhibition), and ROS levels. Results and discussionRutile nanoparticles in the presence of citrate or without it caused an increase in dry biomass and µm index, while anatase nanoparticles caused a decrease. This can be attributed to the difference in particle size and the difference in specific surface area (SSA) of rutile particles (about 30 nm) and Anatase (about 10-25 nm) (Parrino et al., 2021). The high content of ROS was not observed in most of the anatase treatments, but the level of ROS was high on the 5 d in control C, while the simultaneous presence of titanium and citrate caused a significant reduction of it. Surface adsorption of citrate on TiO2 nanoparticles prevents the aggregation of TiO2 and increases cell access to nanometal (Mudunkotuwa and Grassia 2010). However, exopolymers attached to the outer surface of the cells can increase the contribution of citrate-nanometal complex surface adsorption on the cell surface and reduce its entry into the cells (Zhou et al., 2016). On the 3 d, antioxidant system activity increased in anatase treatments, which caused at least a partial reduction of ROS in anatase samples without citrate. The amount of antioxidant activity was often higher in bulk nanoparticles. Sendra et al. (2017), showed that the rate of exopolymers in the treatment with TiO2 nanoparticles was much higher than when they were treated with TiO2 bulk form. The concentration of 100 mg L-1 caused the highest amount of chlorophyll a, carotenoid, and astaxanthin, and the lowest concentration (12.5 mg L-1) caused the highest levels of APC, PC, PE and total phycobilin pigments. Anatase stimulated the production of the highest amount of chlorophyll, APC, and PE, especially on the 3 d, and rutile specifically induced the production of carotenoid, astaxanthin, and PC. The carbohydrate amount was increased by bulk and nano-rutile form. Lipid content was increased by the treatment of citrate, TiO2 (with or without citrate), and bulk form with citrate. ConclusionThe effects of the treatments were observed as stimulating and positive or negative effects depending on the form and concentration of TiO2, the presence or absence of citrate, and the duration of treatment with nanoparticles. Biomass (dry weight) increased by the treatment with rutile nanoparticles and, to some extent, by treatment with a bulk form of rutile. An increase in chlorophyll, carotenoid, astaxanthin, phycobilins, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein was also observed. It is possible that Spirulina with the improved indices containing a certain level of nanoparticles can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture. Citrate did not always show the same effects, and its effects depend on the type of accompanying nanoparticle, TiO2 concentration, and duration of stress.

The aim of this study was to prepare freeze-dried silk fibroin nanocomposite containing ion copper loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles to induce angiogenesis.

Here, the silk fibroin nanocomposite scaffold containing ion copper was used to induce angiogenesis in endothelial cells. To prepare the silk fibroin nanoparticles containing ion copper, identified amounts of ion copper were added to the fibroin solution. Then, the nanoparticles were embedded in the freeze-dried silk fibroin scaffold. The size and zeta potential, morphology, and the chemical structure of the nanoparticles were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Moreover, the release of ion copper from the scaffold and the biocompatibility of the scaffold were evaluated by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and MTT assay.

The obtained results showed that adding different concentrations of ion copper to fibroin nanoparticles increased the size of the nanoparticles from 128 nm to 185, 220, and 282 nm. Moreover, the growth and proliferation of HUVEC cells on nanocomposites was increased (140%) compared to the control.

It should be concluded that copper ion doped SFNPs could appropriately induce the proliferation of endothelial cells which consequently influence the angiogenesis.

Increasing the production and use of nanoparticles in the environment has raised concerns about their effects on living organisms. In this study the effect of CuO- NPs on the lettuce growth and its uptake by the plant were investigated in a research greenhouse and in soil environment at Davis university of California. Treatments included control (distilled water), CuCl2 and CuO- NPs which applied 14 days after planting. During the plant growth, Plastochron Index (PI), Leaf Plastochron Index (LPI) of leaf number 4, copper (Cu) concentration in leaf number 4 by ICP-MS and Cu concentration in leaves with specific plastochron index by Laser Ablation-ICP-MS were measured. Results showed that the effect of nanoparticles on the PI of whole plant and leaf number 4 was not significant. The Cu concentration in leaf number 4 was decreased with time after application of nanoparticles treatment. Measurement of Cu concentration by LA-ICP-MS showed the insignificant difference in Cu concentration between different parts of leaf and between nanoparticles treatment with other treatment. Also, the highest concentration of Cu was observed in between veins than other parts of the leaf. It seems that CuO- NPs have not been absorbed by the plant and have little effect on plant growth. More studies with other plants are recommended.

Plant tissue culture is one of the most important techniques for the production of secondary metabolites. Plant cells are an important and appropriate source for the production of various valuable secondary metabolites. Melissa officinalis L. is an important medicinal plant with applications in treatment and alleviation of heart, nervous system, and gastrointestinal diseases, and particularly in memory enhancement and Alzheimer. This study investigated the effect of various concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg l-1) on disinfection stages, establishment, and proliferation of the lemon balm. Also, in order to study the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on establishment and proliferation of the lemon balm, explants were cultivated in murashige and skoog media containing zinc oxide nanoparticles at four different concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg L-1). Results showed that application of 200 mg l-1 zinc oxide nanoparticles significantly reduced fungal and bacterial infections and the number of healthy plantlets was more compared to the other treatments. Also, the second experiment showed that with an increase in the concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles, the growth and proliferation decreased. Among different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles, 25 mg L-1 had the maximum effect with significant increase in chlorophyll content while 25 and 50 mg L-1 zinc oxide nanoparticle concentrations had the maximum effect on increasing carotenoid contents. According to the findings,خطای ترجمه application of zinc oxide nanoparticles at low concentration (25 mg L-1) improved water and mineral uptake and eventually resulted in an improved growth and proliferation of Melissa officinalis L. plants

Todays, the demand and application areas of nanoparticles, especially silica nanoparticles have been increased, progressively. Hence, there is always an effort to find new sources for producing nanoparticles with minimal cost and environmental problems. In this study, the horsetail plant which is categorized in the group of plants with high silica content has been used to synthesis silica nanoparticles.

To do this, the ash obtained from this plant after the calcination process and several steps of acid leaching was characterized by different methods. The morphology, chemical composition, and crystal structure of the synthesized silica nanoparticles were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods, respectively. Also, the specific surface area of the particles was determined by the BET technique.

The results showed that the synthesized silica powder had a high purity (97.5 %), amorphous structure, an average particle size of about 30 nm, and a porous structure with surface area of about 410 m2/g, and pore diameter of 11.6 nm.

Therefore, the ash obtained from the horsetail plant can be used to produce porous silica nanoparticles with appropriate functional properties.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) on the growth, differentiation, anatomy, and physiology of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) on the basis of a completely randomized design in vitro condition. Seedlings were cultured in MS medium containing four concentrations of FeO NPs (0, 1, 10, and 20 mgl-1). Also, the effect of the different concentrations of FeO NPs on callus formation under two various hormone conditions (0.5mgl-1 2,4D+0.5 mgl-1 BAP or 0.5 mgl-1 BAP+1 mgl-1 Kin) were assessed. The results showed that the application of FeO NPs significantly increased biomass accumulation in both roots and shoots. Moreover, FeO NPs enhanced the concentrations of photosynthesis pigments (chllrophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids). The presence of FeO NPs in culture medium affected callus formation in a hormone-dependent manner. Different concentration of FeO NPs induced the callus formation under 2, 4-D and BAP treatments. However, it did not significantly increase callus formation under the kinitin and 2,4-D. The findings of this research indicated that the application of FeO NPs at optimized doses may improve plant production, especially in vitro condition.

The identification of various bioactive compounds, high phenolic content and high antioxidant activity in extracts of Conocarpus erectus reveals the potential application of this plant as a natural source of antioxidant with the capability of synthesizing nanoparticles for medicine. The aim of this study was to examine the phytochemical compounds in the leaves and flowers of Conocarpus erectus L. and to determine the phenolic content and antioxidant properties of these extracts. Conocarpus erectus L leaves and flowers were extracted utilizing the Soxhlet and Maceration extraction methods. Phytochemical compounds present in plant extracts were analyzed by the use of gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The amount of phenolic content and antioxidant activity in leaf and flower extracts were determined, and the gold and silver nanoparticles were synthesized using these extracts. Additionally the diameter of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized using extracts of the leaves and flowers were measured. 19 chemical compounds were identified that were mainly in methanolic extracts of leaves prepared by Soxhlet extraction. Steroids were detected in both extracts The amount of phenolic compounds was high. In this study, the extract of flower obtained by Soxhlet method had the highest phenolic compounds. Of the plant extracts evaluated, the extracts obtained by the Soxhlet method had the lowest IC50 and thus the highest antioxidant capacity. Extracts were also utilized in the preparation of nanoparticles of gold and silver.

Nanoparticle biosynthesis is considered an important part of nanotechnology which is economically viable; it is an environmentally-friendly procedure with great advantages compared to physical and chemical ones. In the present study, a green approach is presented for the first time for producing alpha aluminum oxide nanoparticles using Sargassum ilicifolium algae in which its methanolic algae extract was employed as a reducing agent and stabilizer layer. Under optimal conditions of 25ºC and pH=4, 10% of algae extract concentration and 0.05M Al2(SO4)3 salt, aluminum cations were reduced completely to nanoscale phase within 24 hours. Nanoparticle formation was confirmed through UV-Vis technique at wavelength of 225nm. XRD technique confirms the formation of alpha aluminum oxide size 35 nanometers in a hexagon shape. The results of TEM confirms the spherical almost shape of the produced nanoparticle, the results of SEM shows the average size 33.40 of the nanoparticle, and the results of EDX indicated the purity of the produced nanoparticle which is formed of only oxygen and aluminum atoms.

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth parameters and carcass composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) treated by silver nanoparticles and probiotic Lactobacillus casei. A total of 250 fry carp with mean weight 23±2.4g were divided into three treatments include without probiotics, probiotics level A (106 CFU/mL) and level B (107 CFU/mL) for 42 days. Each group was exposed to 50% of nano-silver LC50 for 10 days. Protein was determined with total nitrogen by a Kjeldahl method, crude fat by fat dissolving in the ether and determines where to Soxhlet, ash by putting the sample in electric oven and moisture was measured by drying the samples. Results showed that moisture, body weight index (BWI) and condition factor (CF) were reduced in nano silver treatments; however, fat, protein and BWI increased within the influence of nanosilver. Although neutralize the effect of probiotic on nanosilver had the positive effect on moisture, fat and BWI indices. In conclusion, probiotics neutralize some undesirable effects of silver and had a positive synergistic effect on the growth of common carp fry.

Among aquatic animal pathogens, viruses have the most sensible role and cause higher mortalities than other pathogens due to the high infectivity, difficult diagnosis and high severity. In this study, antiviral activity of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) against Rhabdovirus carpio, the etiological agent of spring viraemia of carp (SVC), in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell line was monitored. Cytotoxic concentration 50% (CC50) of Ag-NPs in EPC cells was determined and the concentration 0.5 CC50 was used. Viral exposure to Ag-NPs was performed using simultaneous and delayed inoculation of the virus and Ag-NPs onto EPC cells. The inoculated cells were monitored for six days for any cytopathic effects and mortalities. According to the results, the CC50 of Ag-NPs was determined 62mg/L. In addition, mortalities of simultaneous and delayed inoculated cells were recorded 39% and 26% respectively, while in the meantime 100% of the cells inoculated with pure SVCV were died. Thus, it could be concluded that Ag-NPs have an appropriate antiviral activity against SVCV in their less toxic concentrations and could be employed as an antiviral agent in aquaculture.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and ions on intestinal tissue histopathology of freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) under laboratory conditions. We evaluated two concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc ions (0.5 µm/l and 1.0 mg/l) with a control group. After 14 days of exposure to the nanoparticles of zinc oxide and zinc ions, we obtained intestinal tissue samples from the crayfish. We observed damages such as increased goblet cells and degeneration of the epithelium, edema, increased plasma cells and lymphocytes, and necrosis in the intestines of freshwater crayfish.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most widely used materials in diverse industrial fields, for this reason most widely produced and Have many technological applications. The human body may be intentionally or unintentionally exposed to these nanoparticles. In this study, acute toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the liver enzymes and liver histopathology was evaluated. Fifty female rats with 180-220 grams of weight were divided into five groups, including control, Sham and Three groups with different doses of ZnO nanoparticle (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg twice a week for four weeks). The rats were then sacrificed and cholesterol, triglycerides, totalprotein, albumin and liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP) were determined and livers were fixed in formalin processed, sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin- Eosin. After removal of the tissue, samples digestion and zinc concentrations were measured by atomic absorption; Finally Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA. Also the most of the Zno nanoparticles absorption on the dose of 100 mg/kg was observed. Histopathological analysis of liver sections showed tissue damage, such as necrosis, congestion and vacuolar degeneration at a dose of 25 mg/ kg andin addition inflammatorycell infiltrationin doses 50 and 100 mg/kg was observed. In Serological studyalso increased serum ALT, AST and ALP Liver enzymes levels. Results of the present study showed the dose-dependent toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles on the liver; therefore exposure to nanoparticles can make serious risks in humans.

Nanotechnology is currently the most advanced and latest technology that converges human physics, chemistry and biology there. Biological and ecological study of fish in an aquatic ecosystem leading to the identification and analysis of ecological food chain ecosystem. This would apply sound management of fisheries and the widespread use widely significant development of nano-technology in various fields of industrial Nano materials necessity its harmful effects on health is exposure of the use of nanoparticles should be considered toxic because they can be answered, such as chronic inflammation and the production of oxygen free radicals associated nanoparticles of materials with dimensions of class 1 and 100 Nanometers has very specific physical and chemical characteristics of size, shape and high surface to volume ratios. Also are new features like Solubility, mobility and ability to penetrate the cell membrane is very much in the human body can be named which makes nanoscale over other measures to be considered. According to the emerging nanotechnology has the potential risks of these particles to the environment is not an accurate assessment.