پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 10 (بهار 1392)

The present research study dealt with the activities of the Cultural and Educational Centers and their role in decreasing students’ abnormalities in Tabādkān region (One of the largest suburban regions of Mashhad) from the viewpoint of extracurricular activity coaches. The research sample consists of all extracurricular activity coaches of Tabādkān region in Mashhad in 2012 who were 193 people, and this sample had been studied by conducting a census (total population).This research paper has taken advantage of a four-point likert attitude scale with 56 items. The aforementioned questionnaire is of high validity and reliability (%98=Cronbach’s alpha coefficient). The present paper is a fundamental research conducted through a descriptive research survey. The result indicates that extracurricular activity coaches believe the Cultural and Educational Centers decrease students’ abnormalities up to 95 percent. All research propositions (research objectives, questions, and hypotheses) were significantly and meaningfully confirmed.

History of a community is its identity and major origin of humanity societies change that all direction and various functions emanates from it. Therefore, knowledge of the history seems to be necessary to recognize identity and the starting point of social-historical change. NEYSHABUR city is in the heart of Khorasan. NEYSHABUR is attributed to Shapur I of Sasanian and name of the city means Shapur good input. Abar Shahr is the old name of NEYSHABUR that originally has been the name of Aparny or AParnak and place of one of the three tribes who founded Parthian powerful Empire. Since the aim of the present study was historical recognition and examine of Nishapur as one of the Greater Khorasan cities through time (old and new age), research method was according to descriptive and analytical methods and the study of a Library and Archives; therefore in this context was used of articles, books, research and design of internal and external documents relating to the subject in order to achieve to research purpose. Research findings indicates that Nishapur in comparing with other cities of Khorasan has have two fundamental distinction phases including establishment of schools and the teaching of different sciences as well as building more magnificent mosques for competition and therefore raising the level of knowledge and establish the superiority over other cities of Islam and also in terms of trade and industry is very important, due to existence of the ancient-historical monuments and many markets.

Khorasan of Seljuk era had special religious composition. Religious disputes and conflicts between different religions were the main features of this period. Religious policies of Seljuk government had a major impact on increasing sectarian differences. Sectarian prejudice of Amid al- malik Kondori and Khajeh Nizam al-Mulk Tusi caused intense competition between the Hanafi and Shafei Followers. Invation of the Ghoz on Khorasan inflicted destruction and massacre in this region and consequently took place intense sectarian and religious conflicts. Shafei was dominant religion and Hanafi religion which was authorized by Seljuk kings, ranked the second. Hanbalies had followers in many cities, particularly in Herat. According to the sources, there was no a prominent religious scholar of Maliki in Khorasan. Imami Shi’as enjoy an important position and some of the leading shi’a scholars were living in this era. Ismailis had great influences in different cities and always had engaged in severe political strife with the Seljuks.In this article we survey Islamic sects and the most important of their followers in Khorasan of Seljuk era.

Iran's historical and cultural realms beyond the political boundaries it is today. Looking at the extent of Iranian culture in the region can be downloaded and shared cultural traditions and history among Iranians in Iran's current political spectrum peripheral areas of the country are. East and northeast regions of Iran who is a holder of the ancient heritage of culture can be described as the causative agents of cultural convergence may play a role. is, countries that today are considered part of Central Asia, Iran, at a time of great part of the territory were considered to be converged factor analysis of the broader culture, especially with the approach of tourism development, a culture of weight geopolitics area increase.In this research analysis - cross-cultural and geopolitical Khorasan also study the role of tourism in this area IRU creating convergence between countries and prospects of tourism development, the relations will be analyzed Khorasan area countries. The results indicate that Great Khorasan region countries have special capabilities in the field of tourism are in place to reduce the risk of political, security and. .. Can pave the convergence of the expansion in this area to follow.

Although the function of culture in Social, political, economical,. .. revolutions turns back a long time ego; but, it finds more importance specially after industrial revolution and European influence and prevalence over the rest of the world through culture. This subject was planned –especially removing bi-polar world and distinguishing nations and states according their Cultural aspects _ as a scientific field of Geoculture. The purpose of present paper is to clear the history of the influence of Iran culture on Central Asia. Inquiring what are the effective factors on Geoculture connection between Iran and Central Asia? It is hypothesized that culture is effective factor on the common Geoculture on Iran and Central Asia. Because, Iran are considered as a centre and pivot for Central Asia both from material(economical) and spiritual(affection) point of view. Research founding indicates that Central Asia has been in the civilization domain of Iran since a long time ago and because of deep cultural and social connection is interest of Iran in Geoculture regard. After Soviet Union Fragmentation, the geopolitical situation of Iran beside economical geography of Central Asia occur such a condition in which regional and trans-regional states have notice to this strategic area and follow their own interest specially. In addition, Iran has geopolitical interest in the region and enjoying some factors related to common history, language and religion, and also membership in Islamic Conference Organization and friendly relations with neighboring countries on the other hand, enjoys potential effective power on the some of ethnics of the region. According to above-mentioned matters this article at first considers to the antecedent study on political culture that go back to sages and philosophers especially in Greece. On the other side, revolution in behavior pattern and decline of overcome of cultural thoughts in political boundaries frame leads to the concept of "globalization" on the 1960 decade. Meanwhile, Iran beyond of its different culture and ethnics has an ancient nation historically. It passes very revolution of political organization of space and now existing very cultural potentials between Iran and Central Asia, it has been considered to the role of culture on their common Geoculture structure rarely. Secondly, in theories, it is mentioned that cultural diplomacy began after the Second World War by France. After that Britannia, United States, Germany and Spain develop cultural diplomacy in the world. Thus, four kind of culture created: Anthropology culture, philanthropy culture, scientific culture and culture of masses. Anyway, culture is increasingly considered in the world as a basic factor in the relations between states and nations. Structure of Iran Geoculture, contains both national and religious symbols as one of the world's ancient seven districts. In this way, at first legality of rule was based on God given ability, in Islamic periods it based on religious rule and custom and finally after Islamic Revolution in Iran it bases on custom, legality and charismatic basis. In sum, according to revolutions in Central Asia after the Soviet Union Fragmentation and re-rising nations with a culture like Iran causes to culture be considered in relations between Iran and Central Asia and they come to gain a convergence to acquire their geopolitical common interests resorting to Geoculture at first and secondly gain immunity against cultural aggression.

The water issue and its effect on human life doesnt need any analysis and reasoning, but the factors such as population growth, improved quality of life and urbanization growth along with improved industrial and technological dimensions of living in the world have necessitated a logical and reasonable planning for optimal use of water and water domains existing in the world. These factors also require us to take into consideration the environmental issues and to abandon our useless political competitions in order to determine a fair regime for exploitation of the decreasing water resources by all countries and nations. Thus, considering the geopolitics of water in the Aral Sea domain is the main topic of this paper. This lake, which is surrounded by five countries, is under destruction and has a potential to cause an environmental crisis in the region because there is not an effective management. So, it is necessary to describe a multilateral regional management approach to reach a mutually agreed solution.