علی محمد جعفری

Due to the limited water resources of the country, optimizing irrigation systems in a way that can improve evaporation losses and transpiration management is one of the important factors in increasing water productivity. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate and compare Technical and economical comparison of sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation system of alfalfa during three years (2019-2021) in Ekbatan station of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Hamedan Province. The treatments included subsurface drip irrigation without trifluralin injection (T1), subsurface irrigation with trifluralin injection at a rate of 4 liters per hectare (T2), subsurface irrigation with trifluralin injection at a rate of 6 liters per hectare (T3), irrigation with nan Drin pipes (T4) and a sprinkler treatment (control). The statistical format of the project was randomized complete blocks with 3 replications. The results of this study showed a significant effect of different treatments on yield and water productivity (p≤1%). T3 treatment with the highest yield and water productivity, at 20873 kg. ha-1 and 2.46 kg.m-3, respectively, was preferable to the other treatments. The average 3-year yield of alfalfa crop in two systems of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems was 19779 and 14751, kg. ha-1 respectively, and water productivity was 2.4 and 1.3 kg.m-3, respectively. The average volume of applied water in the subsurface and sprinkler drip irrigation system was 8472 and 11480 m3.ha-1, respectively. Therefore, it can be said that the subsurface drip irrigation system, in addition to increasing yield, has reduced water consumption by 26.2% and improved water productivity by 84.6%. Also, no traces of root accumulation around the drippers were observed. An increase in salinity in the depth of the farm soil was observed at the end of irrigation in two irrigation systems, which decreased with the rainfalls that occurred throughout the year.

Reforming the cultivation pattern is a program that the government pursues with the aim of achieving sustainable agricultural development and maintaining food security.Protection of basic production resources,self-sufficiency in the production of basic products and maintaining agricultural employment are among the goals of this program.In this regard,this research was carried out with an emphasis on the protection of water resources in the Kabudrahang plain of Hamadan province.Using linear programming modeling for the studied area, optimal patterns were determined. Water resource protection policies were examined and tested with two scenarios of reducing the use of underground water by 30 and 50% and the scenario of self-sufficiency in wheat production.The results showed that the water resource protection policy reduces the planned efficiency of the cultivation pattern from 2.44% to 24% compared to the current pattern.The area under cultivation of rainfed crops also increased and the area under cultivation of irrigated crops decreased.The area under cultivation of cucumbers and tomatoes increased, but the area under cultivation of fodder and water grains decreased.Self-sufficiency of wheat under the conditions of the existing and optimal cultivation pattern was achieved, but in the scenarios of water resources protection,self-sufficiency was not possible without applying the condition.Under the scenario of self-sufficiency of wheat, the planned efficiency and the use of labor decreased more than the scenarios of protection of water resources.According to the research findings, in order to protect water resources and sustainable exploitation of these resources,it is necessary to control and reduce their exploitation by 30 to 50 percent.

Water scarcity is the biggest problem in Hamadan Province. In the meantime, agricultural sector is more vulnerable than other economic sectors due to its high share of water consumption. Policymakers are interested in adopting appropriate policies and tools to manage crisis and tackle water scarcity problems. This study aimed to determine the economic value of water in the agricultural sector of the province and the potential for revenue generation of this resource in the production of irrigated crops. Selected products for the study included wheat, barley, alfalfa, potato, sugar beet, corn, grain fodder, watermelon, garlic, cucumber, tomato, grape, and walnut products. Data was obtained through questionnaires and interviews with farmers for the 2018-19 crop year and for estimating economic value of water using Cobb-Douglas production form. The results showed that the economic value of water in different crops was greater than the water supply costs. The economic value of water for the mentioned products was equal to 2043, 3775, 6023, 3506, 2136, 1956, 1778, 4902, 36750, 16337 and 4929, 15840 and 20064 Rials/m3 and, on average, 9232 Rials/m3 of water, respectively. These figures are compared to the cost of extracting water from underground sources the most expensive source is 496 Rials/m3, which shows a big gap between these numbers; therefore, it is possible to price water at the same rate as the above figures. This provides incentives towards more efficient water use in this economic sector.

Water is a socio-economic commodity which is considered as a basic human need. Limited water resources in arid and semi-arid regions and increasing demand for water has led to water shortages, reduced reliability of water supply systems, and intensified competition and conflict between different sectors of water consumption. Limited water resources have also caused economic, environmental, social and political tensions. Among the various uses of water, urban drinking water has a higher priority due to health issues, basic human needs and the possibility of social tensions due to its scarcity.Water pricing as a tool for demand management, whether through administrative decrees or market forces, is the best approach to improve water allocation and protect water resources. Considering the importance of determining the economic valuation of water in the study area and with the aim of determining the customers' willingness to pay for quality drinking water, this study was intended to estimate the economic valuation of water in urban areas of Hamadan province.One of the methods of water valuation is measuring the willingness of consumers to pay higher prices for quality water. The contingent valuation method as a standard and flexible method is widely used for measuring the willingness of consumers to pay higher prices for quality water (Khodaverdizadeh et al., 2008). Comparing the willingness to pay in urban and rural areas in Kenya, Brouwer et al. (2015) found that rural households were more sensitive to prices than urban ones, and urban households were willing to pay more for quality water than villagers. Acey et al. (2019) also examined the willingness to pay for water by Kenyan citizens. The results showed that among citizens who were younger and richer, the willingness to pay was higher. Considering the importance of determining the economic valuation of water, this study was thus intended to determine the rate of willingness to pay for quality drinking water by the households in Hamedan province using a contingent valuation method.

Decreasing of water consumption, chemical inputs, production cost and risk are among the most important advantages of transplanting method. The aim of this study was to compare the transplanting and direct seeding methods in sugar beet. For this purpose, root transplanting along with direct seeding were performed in the farmer’s field in Hamedan in 2018. Sugar beet transplants were prepared in planting stock in April and transplanted to the main field in June. Direct seeding of sugar beet was performed in the main field in mid of May. During the growing season, necessary notes were taken and at the end of the season, root sampling was performed. After harvest, two planting systems were evaluated in terms of quantitative, qualitative and economic characteristics. Root transplanting system caused an increase in root yield and sugar yield by 15 and 47%, respectively compared with direct seeding system. Water consumption under root transplanting was 10080 m3 ha-1 which was about 18% less than direct seeding. In terms of water use efficiency, root transplanting method with an efficiency of 9.66 kg root m-3 was about 40% more than direct seeding method (6.90 kg root m-3). The economic evaluation of two planting methods also showed that the increase in net income by changing planting pattern from conventional to root transplanting system was higher. In general, results showed that root transplanting system had higher quantitative and qualitative yield and economical income compared with direct seeding method.

In recent years, pressured irrigation methods such as trickle irrigation systems have been developed to optimize use of limited water resources in the country. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating the technical and economic effects of trickle irrigation in some fields of Hamedan province during 2017 to 2018. For this purpose, 14 cucumber and tomato fields were randomly selected and studied. The amount of irrigation water was calculated by installing flow meters or by measuring the water source discharge, the irrigation time per turn and the number of irrigation. To study soil salinity changes, soil samples were taken at the beginning and at the end of the growing season and Soil salinity was determined. The average amount of water consumed and water productivity in cucumber and tomato were 7948, 10255 m3ha-1, and 8.7 and 7.2 kgm-3 respectively. The results showed that despite the use of trickle irrigation system in some fields, although water productivity increased but irrigation water volume was a lot due to improper implementation and poor management of the irrigation system. Comparison of water requirement with consumed irrigation water in some cucumber fields indicated deficit irrigation in these fields. The results also showed that soil salinity increased more under the irrigation strips than between the irrigation strips at the end of the irrigation season compared to the beginning of the irrigation season. The average was 0.50 dS. m-1. Economic analysis of the results showed that using of drip irrigation system in tomato and cucumber products has high economic returns in all studied fields, So that the profit cost ratio for cucumber and tomato fields was 26.9 and 7.8 respectively

Considering the high consumption of diesel fuel in the agricultural sector, it is necessary to find solutions to reduce its consumption, and it will be feasible to have a convenient mathematical model more easily and transparently.Fuel and lubrication costs range from at least 16% to more than 45% of total machine costs, depending on the type of fuel and the amount of time that the tractor or the machine carries out for agricultural operations. Therefore, the fuel consumption index has a significant role in the selection and management of tractors and agricultural equipment. Most budgeting models also use a simple method to estimate the consumption of diesel fuel, but it is needed a model that describes the real conditions of agronomic operations used to compare agricultural machinery management policies.

This case study was conducted in Parsabad city of Moghan, the northernmost province of Ardabil province. The main agricultural products in Pars-Abad Moghan include wheat, maize, maize, canola and sugar beet. The product of this study was irrigated wheat with a crop area of 18042 hectares.In this study, in order to create homogeneous conditions in the study of diesel fuel consumption and the ineffectiveness of the type and model of tractor in it, only diesel fuel consumption was considered by the tractor MF-399. Selection of sample farmers was also carried out among owners of this type of tractor. Selection of owners of tractor MF-399 in Pars-Abad Moghan city was done by random sampling method. For this purpose, Cochran formula was used. Two-way flexible and non-flexible models have been used to predict the diesel fuel consumption. The model used includes the Cobb-Douglas function and transcendental function. Statistical calculations in this study were performed using Excel software and SPSS16 software.

For comparing the best form of the fuel function, the test formulas for the comparison of the form of functions such as bounded least squared F, LR test, White test, Breusch-Godfrey test and Rigorous test were used. Diagnostic statisticians (well-fitting coefficient), the normal distribution of distorted sentences, and the heterogeneity of variance showed that both forms were acceptable. Based on the LR statistic, zero statistics did not rule out the discrepancy between the two coherent models (Cobb-Douglas) and non-dominant (transcendent), but the coherent model was preferable to be the transcendental model because of its simplicity and power of explanation.According to the estimated model, the duration of soil tillage operations had a positive stretch in diesel fuel consumption and, among other variables, had the highest elongation. It should be noted that the average time required for tillage operations was 387.6 min ha-1, which will save 0.31 L ha-1, if one percent of this time (3.9 minutes) is reduced. Thus, the value of the amount of gasoline saved will be about 990 Rials per hectare and equal to 7.7 percent of the value of one kilogram of wheat. Therefore, if the operating time is reduced at the macro level of the country, a significant amount of cost will be saved. Therefore, it is imperative that farm managers take time management in serious soil tillage operations and try to reduce this time.So that, in exchange for an increase of 1% over the duration of the tillage, a fuel consumption of 0.6% would be increased. It is also clear that an increase of 0.6% in fuel consumption for tillage operations is significant, indicating the fact that farm managers have made the need for time management, especially in the tillage operations, to reduce this time. According to the estimated model, the duration of the planting operation also had a positive stretch in the consumption of diesel fuel. So that, in exchange for an increase of 1% over the duration of the planting operation, a fuel consumption of 0.04% would be increased.

Use of the Cobb-Douglas model with five sentences and four independent variables including cropping area, soil tillage operation time, planting time and weeding operation time in order to predict the amount of diesel fuel used to produce wheat, had acceptable results and as a predictive model with low complexity but with high precision, can be easily used in annual budgeting for the production of wheat.

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of different potato sowing pattern on yield and water productivity under sprinkler and drip irrigation system during 2012 to 2014. The study was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Ekbatan Station, Agricultural Research Station and Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan Province. Two irrigation methods ( sprinkler and drip irrigation system) as main plots and 4 sowing patterns as sub- plots including: conventional method with spacing of 75 cm, two-row planting on combined hill with spacing of 75, 60 or 50 cm were evaluated. Comparison of the combined mean of the results showed that all three sowing patterns with wide hill (two row planting with 75, 60 and 50 cm spacing) with 40.96, 42.67 and 41.75 t / ha respectively are located in higher statistical group than conventional planting with 40.50 t. ha-1. There was a significant difference between yield, water productivity, Seedling emergence and plant overlapping time in two irrigation systems. Water productivity in drip irrigation was 34.4% higher than sprinkler irrigation system. Using the sprinkler irrigation system with wide hill increased water productivity relative the conventional cultivation of potatoes. While the water productivity in conventional sowing pattern in drip irrigation method was higher than the two-row sowing pattern with combined hill (wide hill). Also, the results of this research showed that using of strip drip irrigation can provide better conditions for Seedling emergence and faster plant growth and Compensate part of the lost planting date for late cultivated plants.

Sunlight, as a natural resource, is an important factor in agriculture, which is supplied indefinitely and without any charge by the sun. But some phenomena such as cloudy weather or shortening the length of the day throughout the year, cause restrictions on access to this important source. This is very important for cultivation in controlled environments such as greenhouses, which usually produce off-season. This paper is aimed at evaluating the economic exposure of artificial lighting to increase cucumber production to compensate for the lack of light due to weather cloudiness. For this purpose, by using daily meteorological data of the study area and cucumber production from one of the greenhouses in Hamadan city, which didn’t have artificial lighting system, the damage of cloudy hours was assessed. Daily time series data were collected for the period of April 2007 to July 2010, and the amount of crop reduction per hour of cloudiness was estimated by using an autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL). Results showed that on the average, in each production period, atmospheric cloudiness has 3.8% negative effect on greenhouse cucumber production. On the other hand, based on this research’s findings, compensating for the lack of sunlight due to atmospheric cloudiness by artificial lighting in this area isn’t economically feasible, and the benefit/cost ratio is 0.11

The virtual water trade concept was devised about three decades ago and it is now considered as a way of balancing the distribution of water among countries and regions in attempts to confront with water scarcity. The background literature of virtual water has developed independent of economic knowledge and economists have not endeavored to theorize it. Based on this concept, the export of agricultural products from Iran has been under much criticism in recent years. This study attempts to provide a simple economic model that works with based on opportunity cost theory in combination with economic water productivity and virtual water trade concepts to evaluate major agricultural products of Iran exported or imported in a five-year period. According to the results, internal production of strategic crops has high opportunity costs. The exporting of fruits such as kiwi, citrus, grapes, watermelon, cucumber and tomato created high virtual water values, even higher than pistachio. However, under the water crisis conditions in Iran, these values are much lower than real value of water.

Recent droughts and water crisis require the use of modern irrigation systems In order to properly use and increase the productivity of water resources. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of two irrigation systems (Tape and Furrow Irrigation system) and different nitrogen levels (0,60,120 kg .ha-1) on yield, water use efficiency of garlic product at Ekbatan station, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. Experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design arranged in a split plot with three replication. Two irrigation systems (Tape and Furrow Irrigation) were as main plot and different amount of N (0, 60, 120 kg.ha-1) were as sub plots. The results of analysis showed that effect of different irrigation system on yield and bulb weight wasn’t significant and the yield was equal in two irrigation systems approximately. The average of water productivity in two irrigation systems was 5.6 and 2.4 Kg. m-3. Water consumption in Tape irrigation relative to Furrow irrigation decreased about 54 %. The amount of water productivity in tape irrigation was increased about 103 percent relative to furrow irrigation. Respectively. The maximum of water productivity (4.27 kg/m3) related to 60 kg.ha-1 of N treatment. Considering that the cost-benefit ratio in two scenarios: increasing the area under cultivation and preservation of water resources was 2.84 and 2.54 respectively, therefore the use of drip irrigation system is economical for the garlic product.

In this article, the role of imports and exports of major agricultural products on amount of virtual water trade, net virtual water import (NVWI), and country water indices included water footprint (WF), water scarcity (WS), water dependency (WD), and water self-sufficiency (WSS) in agricultural sector was studied for a five-year period (1388- 1384). The results show that the volume of imported virtual water to Iran during the mentioned period for 16 major crops was three times more than the volume of exported virtual water for 16 major crops (about 125.8 and 37.9 billion cubic meters, respectively). This means that the NVWI in this period was positive. It is noted that sever increasing in positive NVWI in the two last years of this period has been accrued due to population increasing and drought events in most provinces of the country. Also, Annual meanly country water footprint in agricultural sector is 104.8 billion cubic meters in this period and with average annual 17.6 billion cubic meters through NVWI, Iran has been saved the same amount of its internal water resourecs. Calculated indices of WS, WD and WSS in Iran showed that the average annual intensity of water use in agricultural sector in the mentioned period has been 67.1% which is high (WS index close to 100). Average annual country's agricultural dependency on imports of virtual water (WD) has been 16.8%. This percentage indicates that if the country instead of importing agricultural products, produce those amount into country, an average of about 16.8% should be added to the water consumption in the agricultural sector. Also, average annual Iran's selfsufficiency to water (WSS) has been estimated about 83.2%.

the toxic epidermal necrosis syndrome is defined as severe skin and mucosal reactions which usually appears by some drugs such as phenytoin. a 35-year-old man who consumed phenytoin hospitalized due to diffuse mucocutaneous lesions and bullous lesions. After diagnosing its etiology، therapeutic actions were done similar to severe burns which led to improvement of wounds and discharging from the hospital. finding the etiology of every disease is crucial step in its treatment. When the disease is caused by drug، it is necessary to discontinue immediately consumption of this and start treatment.

Adverse environmental impacts of dams in the country have became the one of the most controversial issues in various communities. This paper aims to value environmental impacts of Hamden's Ekbatan dam which was implemented in 2007. Environmental impacts of the dam in terms of its specific geographic conditions are evident in the downstream region. The data for this research was collected by using field operation through completing questionnaires with 212 urban households in Hamedan in 2013. For valuing environmental impacts, choice experiment approach was used on the base of stated preferences and two econometric models including conditional and nested logit models. The average marginal willingness to pay for environmental attributes: outdoor recreation, beauty, biodiversity and natural resources conservation were obtained as 10,626, 11,440, 13,738 and 16,776 Rials per month respectively. In order to achieve to the time prior of dam construction, willingness to pay of total urban households to restoring and protection of Ekbatan dam downstream area, was calculated about 118.3 billion Rials per year.

Estimation of optimum fertilizer rates is needed because of growing economic and environmental concerns. Optimum fertilizer rates can be determined by fitting statistical models to yield data collected from N fertilizer experiments. The main goal of this research was to compare and evaluate quadratic، square root، Mitscherlich، rectangular hyperbola، linear plus plateau and quadratic plus plateau models for describing the response of sugar beet to N fertilizer. Data used were obtained from a furrow irrigation system experiment with five N fertilizer rates: zero (control)، 60، 120، 180، and 240 N kgha-1 with three replications in Ekbatan Research Station، Hamedan، Iran، during 2003 and 2004. Economic optimum N fertilizer rates were obtained based on fertilizer and sugar beet price during 2003 and 2004. Economic، optimum N fertilizer rates varied depending on the fertilizer to crop price ratio and models used. Results of this research showed the quadratic model described the yield responses and economic، optimum N fertilizer rate in sugar beet cultivation better than the other models. Economic، optimum N fertilizer rates due to this model were 235. 8 and 248. 9 kgha-1 in 2001 and 2002، respectively. Economic optimum N fertilizer rates based on N fertilizer subsidy and non-subsidy prices were 234. 7 and 225. 1 kgha-1 for 2003 model، and 247. 9 and 240. 8 kgha-1 for 2004 model، respectively.

Sugar is important from the point of both energy source and food security for Iranian householders. The considerable part of internal consumption is imported. Sugar beet is one of the most important sources of sugar, as a raw material in the world and also in Iran. For food security and self sufficiency programs, considering comparative advantages of sugar beet cultivation is one of the most important aspects of economic planning and economic incentives of producers is important for the goals of government planning. In this study, sugar beet comparative advantage was determined by applying Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) and Social Benefit Cost ratio (SCB) criteria to data of 2004-05 farming year with two levels of exchange rates in Kermanshah provinces. The protective policies of the government were analyzed by Matrix Analysis of Policy (MAP). Based on findings of this study, Kermanshah has high comparative advantage on this crop under competitive and real price condition, but under existing condition producer receive negatives economic incentives and pay implicit tax to government.

Recent studies were reported that H. Pylori infection and gastric atrophy were associated with an increased risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However this finding needs to be confirmed in other ethnic group due to the wide geographic variation of this cancer. This case-control study was designed to evaluate the association between H. Pylori infection and gastric atrophy and ESCC. In this case-control study, 33 patients suspected with ESCC who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and confirmed by histology, and 33 sex-and age-matched controls were enrolled. Gastric atrophy and H. Pylori infection were evaluated by histology of biopsy specimens. The association between two groups was compared. Twenty (60.6%) patients in case group and 8 (24.2%) in control group were infected with H. Pylori. Severe H. Pylori infection defined histologically was associated with an increased risk of ESCC (p=0.035). There was no association between gastric atrophy and ESCC in our study. Our study showed a significant relationship between H. Pylori infections and ESCC. Further studies are warranted to explore the causal relationship.

Pressurized irrigation is a recent development that consumes more energy for the pressure produced. In this study, energy consumption, waste and efficiency were investigated at a diesel and electrical sprinkler irrigation pumping plant in some fields in Hamadan province during 2007-8. Nebraska performance criteria (NPC) were used to compare sprinkler irrigation pumping plant performance. The results showed that theaverage overall energy efficiency for 17 fields for the electrical pumping plants was 46.6% (70.6% NPC) and 12.7% for the diesel pumping plants (52.9% NPC). Average fuel wastage for the diesel and electrical pumping plants was 3.9 l diesel per h and 12.1 kWh, respectively. The average electromotor and pump efficiency were 92.4% and 42.2%, respectively, at the sprinkler irrigation pumping plant that did not connect directly to a well. Only the average electromotor efficiency was greater than the NPC. Factors affecting the overall energy efficiency reduction were improper pump or motor size, a worn-out pump or motor, and incorrect installation of a pump or motor.