فهرست مطالب محمد دالمن پور

International reserves include liquid assets at the international level that the Central Bank maintains for purposes such as intervening in the foreign exchange market and covering the balance of payments deficit. Reserves can be used to compensate for excess supply or demand in the foreign exchange market and as a result, help to reduce exchange rate fluctuations over time. There are many disagreements in the relationship between international reserves and money creation, for reasons such as the potential of currency manipulation, the role of the central bank and the independence of the central bank, the use of reserves for various reasons, including economic stability and growth, and how to use international reserves. These theories have caused the relationship between the reserves and the credit creation of the Central Bank to be always ambiguous. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of the international reserves of the Central Bank on the credit creation of the banking sector in Iran has been investigated.

In this study, the GDP growth rate at constant prices was used to measure the economic growth rate. The changes in reserves are also based on the data of the Central Bank, and the inflation rate is the growth rate of the consumer price index. The price of oil used in this study is the price of Iranian heavy crude oil. In this study, to check the results, the Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) method was used, which was used to estimate the model from the data of the period 1380 to 1401; In addition, data analysis was done using STATA software.

Generalized Dickey-Fuller and Phillips Perron reliability tests for the variables used in this study showed that the variables used in this research are at a reliable level. On the other hand, investigations showed that in this study and based on Schwartz's statistics, the optimal number of breaks for each estimation model is equal to 1. Apart from the reaction to shock tool, another tool used by VAR models is forecast error variance analysis. This tool determines the instability contribution of each variable against the shocks applied to other variables of the model. Analysis of the variance of the prediction error in this study showed that the largest share of the variance of the prediction error of the variables of this study is explained by these variables themselves. In addition, the results showed that after this variable, changes in the legal reserve contributed the most to the money creation of the banking system. The results of this study showed that a standard deviation shock in the rate of change of international reserves left a positive effect on money creation in the banking sector up to three periods after the shock was applied, and after that, its effect decreased and tended to zero. This result shows that the increase in international reserves by the Central Bank led to an increase in the monetary base, which resulted in an increase in money creation by the banking system.

According to the definition, international reserves include assets with high liquidity at the international level, which the central bank maintains for purposes such as intervening in the foreign exchange market and covering the balance of payments deficit. By selling reserves, he prevented the sharp fall in the value of the domestic currency and prevented the effects of the currency market crisis on the domestic economy, including production and price levels; Therefore, higher levels of reserves indicate the commitment of the Central Bank to the stability of the exchange rate, and hence may reduce the possibility of currency instability. Based on the results, it can be concluded that with the increase in the export earnings of the country and as a result the increase in reserves in other countries, the government through the Central Bank has considered these reserves as a monetary base and considered its Riyal equivalent as a monetary base. What is clear is that the increase in the reserves of the Central Bank in Iran has caused an increase in the monetary base, money creation, and, as a result, an increase in inflation. Therefore, it seems that on the one hand, the low independence of the Central Bank in the management of reserves and on the other hand, the economic conditions of Iran, including the government, have caused these reserves to act as a stimulus in the monetary base and inflation. Therefore, it is suggested that the central bank (or the government) consider the effects of inflation when using these reserves and manage them in such a way that inflationary effects and, as a result, economic fluctuations do not occur in the country.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of compound risk shocks and its components (political, economic and financial risk) along with economic complexity on the development of Sukuk market in Iran. The data required to conduct this research is based on the variables of the proposed model related to the time period of 2010-2022 and seasonally, using the Central Asset Management Company of the Iranian Capital Market, the International Country Risk Guide Database (ICRG) and the MIT University website. has been The results of model estimation using the Wald test and Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model Approach (NARDL) indicate that the unexpected positive and negative shocks of the compound risk and its components have asymmetric effects on the development of the sukuk market. Among the components of composite risk, the negative shock of political risk has the most negative effect and the positive shock of financial and economic risk has the most positive effect on the development of the Iranian sukuk market in the long term. Also, the effect of economic complexity on the development of the sukuk market in the long term is positive in every equation proposed in this research

The main goal of the study is to investigate the mutual effects of income distribution and Enfagh variables in the provinces of Iran. The statistical data consists of 30 provinces and the time period is from 1385 to1401, Model estimation has been done using panel data technique. The increase in the price index, population and unemployment rate have increased the inequality so that their one percent increase the amount of inequality by 0.12, 0.47 and 0.52 percent. The results related to the effect of variables on per capita Enfagh show that the increase in the price index and the unemployment rate have reduced per capita Enfagh so that each one percent increase in these variables reduces per capita Enfagh by 2.45 and 3.09 percent. Also, the increase in population and the Gini coefficient have increased per capita Enfagh. So that each percentage increase of these variables increases per capita spending by 0.73 and 5.88%.

One of the basic strategies in supporting Iranian labor and capital is to pay attention to foreign investment. Obviously, foreign investment can lead to the transfer of technology and technical knowledge, improve management and marketing methods, training and education of human resources, easier access to export markets, and so on. so; The main purpose of this article was to investigate the behavioral factors affecting the decisions of foreign investors in Iran in both econometric and qualitative sections. In this article, data in the econometrics section were collected annually in the period of 1372 to 1400, and in the qualitative section, a questionnaire (researcher-made) field method was used to collect information and data. To determine the validity of the questionnaire and test, experts were consulted and the questionnaire in terms of validity (validity) was approved by obtaining the opinion of the respected supervisor. On the other hand, some questions lacking the necessary characteristics were removed and some ambiguous questions were corrected, which indicates the formal validity of those questions in the questionnaire. Then, in this study, content validity ratio was used to examine the validity of the questions. The results of the analysis based on the AR model indicate that an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the previous period will increase foreign direct investment (FDI) by investors from the country, the reason for this should be sought in behavioral economics. The results obtained from the analysis of t-test show that the mean behavioral economics variables (risk aversion, herding behavior, social security, conservative mental accounting (bias) and orientation) influence the decisions of foreign direct investors. Is transient and is statistically valid.

Financing methods for the continuation of activity and the implementation of profitable projects are very effective in the process of growth of companies and cause the continuation of the life of companies in today's competitive world. so; The main purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the financing of a joint stock company on the purchase and development of shares. According to the main purpose of the research, the orientation of this research is practical. The statistical population of this research includes all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 2013 to 2019, which was determined using a non-random method and according to the availability of information, including 120 companies, and using Eviews software, 10 were selected. In the first part, research hypotheses were investigated using descriptive statistics and panel data econometric method. All research variables are static at the I_0 level and there is a long relationship between the variables of the number of stock purchases, net cash from financing activities, net cash from issuing long-term debt, net cash from the sale of shares after deducting dividends paid. There is company size, company profitability, and company liquidity. Further, by using the Chau-Hasman test, it was determined that some of the research models are mixed with fixed effects and some are random effects. In the following, the hypotheses of the research were examined and the results obtained show that; The financing of a joint-stock company has an effect on the purchase and development of the stock market. The research findings also show that companies can obtain the financial resources they need from within (for example, from the place of accumulated profits), or from outside. provide the company (through issuing shares or bonds, borrowing from the banking system).

The aim of this study is to investigate private and public investment on the growth of the health sector in Iran. For this purpose, the model was investigated with the multinomial logit approach; the 1981-2019 period data of the variable were used. Based on the results of the model with the increase of private investment, the growth of the health sector increases. Also, with the increase of public investment, the growth of the health sector will increase. Among the economic factors economic growth and interest rate lead to an increase. In foreign direct investment, exchange rate and inflation rate, lead to a decrease in the growth of the health sector. Among the social factors, the literacy rate leads to an increase and the AIDS rate leads to a decrease in the growth of the health sector; among the environmental factors, the population (urbanization rate) leads to an increase in the growth of the health sector. Also, according to the defined model and the examination of the final effects, the health expenditure index and the health index (life expectancy) are related to the growth of the health sector, and the increase of these two indices causes the growth of health in Iran. Paying attention to the role of governance in the public sector investments and the profitability of private sector investments, creates favorable and eligible conditions for optimality using foreign direct investments. It also plays a role on education and training, with regard to its positive impact on health growth. Also, emphasizing the role of education and providing new and free medical services to AIDS patients is one of the suggestions of this research in improving the health sector in Iran.

Introduction :

Municipalities, as institutions responsible for providing public services and developing cities, need strong and stable financial resources to finance and operate. Municipalities’ financing approaches are considered one of the basic factors in providing the income of municipalities and affecting their performance. Municipalities are financed in two ways, direct and indirect. Direct municipal financing approaches include public revenues such as taxes, tolls, municipal service fees, and other sources of income that are directly funded by citizens’ contributions and taxes. This approach is used as one of the main methods of financing municipalities, and the amount of income of municipalities depends on the needs and micropower of the population and the financial power of the citizens. Indirect financing approaches of municipalities also include non-public and non-governmental financial sources such as cooperation with the private sector, urban investments, investment in development projects, and investment in the stock exchange. This approach is used as a supplementary source for financing municipalities and can increase the municipality’s income and be developed according to the urban needs and capacities of the region. The impact of municipal financing approaches on the income of municipalities is very important. Using appropriate approaches to finance municipalities can lead to an increase in the income of municipalities and provide the possibility of providing better services and improving the living conditions of citizens. Moreover, choosing appropriate financial approaches and their optimal implementation can help increase investment, urban development and create economic growth in cities. Therefore, according to the importance of the subject, the purpose of the present research is to evaluate the financing methods in municipalities. By examining this issue, it is possible to help make better decisions about choosing appropriate financial approaches for municipalities and facilitate the improvement of their performance and income, since the financial resources of the municipality are the driving engine of the provision of municipal services, and the lack of sufficient resources or the lack of proper planning and forecasting to provide them, make the municipal activities difficult.

In line with the purpose of this article, using available information for three different samples, including a time series sample based on the financial statements of Tehran Municipality in the period 1387-1400 (as an internal sample) and panel samples based on data from the state of British Columbia with 15 municipalities and also, in Canada, with 12 municipalities for the period of 2010-2020 (foreign samples), the impact of financing approaches on the income of municipalities was investigated. According to the type of time series information and panel data used for the aforementioned samples, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) have been used as estimation methods for the research model. It should be noted that for the above statistical approaches, reliability, co-accumulation, and Sargan pre-tests have been performed.

Based on the findings of the research, 10 types of financing methods were determined which include partnership financing, investment, bonds, contracts, income from tolls, income from the price of urban services, income from municipal funds and property, grants from the government and government organizations, and other sources. In order to create a statistical research model for the three investigated samples, these methods were defined in the form of five variables, and their effect on the municipal revenues was evaluated. Thus, in the research model, the impact of revenues from tolls, the price of services and revenues of municipal for-profit institutions, revenues from municipal funds and property, grants, grants and gifts, and assets, as well as revenues collected in the field of city protection, on the municipality’s income was investigated. According to the findings of the research, all the methods of providing income, except for the income collected in the protection zone of the cities, have a positive and significant effect on the income of Tehran municipality. Among the effective factors, the income from tolls has a greater effect and was introduced as a sustainable source of income for municipalities in all three stages of the research. According to the coefficient of the importance of the financing method based on collective investment with a positive effect on the income of the municipality of the state of British Columbia (1.468), this method was also identified as a new and sustainable method for municipalities; However, it has not been taken into account in the approaches of financing municipalities in Iran, because basically, there is no figure for it in the financial statements of the municipality.

The results of this research show that tolls, as one of the financing sources of municipalities, play a very important role in providing income and performance to, municipalities. Toll refers to financial amounts e collected from individuals and organizations for using services and public benefits. These duties can be considered taxes, urban development duties, transfer duties, and local taxes. The effect of tolls on municipal income is very important. Receiving tolls as a source of financing can enable municipalities to provide better public services to their citizens and benefit from the development and improvement of urban infrastructure and services. Moreover, the income from tolls can be used to cover the costs of municipalities for the implementation of construction projects and urban development. With the increase in population and urban needs, financing municipalities has become an important challenge. In this context, tolls are considered one of the main means of financing municipalities. However, the direct impact of tolls on the revenue of municipalities depends on the amount and type of tolls, the needs and micropower of the population, and the financial ability of citizens. On the other hand, the methods based on collective participation as one of the new and effective methods of financing municipalities have been widely noticed and used in recent years. These methods aim to collect financial resources through the participation and cooperation of citizens and organizations in urban activities, allowing municipalities to provide the best services to their citizens and advance development projects. Methods based on collective participation include different types of activities and mechanisms. These methods can include direct financial support from citizens and organizations, creating public-private partnerships, forming cooperative funds, creating online platforms for collecting and transferring financial funds, and creating financial systems based on energy consumption units. The effect of methods based on collective participation in financing municipalities is very important. The use of these methods can lead to an increase in the income of municipalities and provide the possibility of providing better services and improving the living conditions of citizens. Furthermore, choosing methods based on appropriate collective participation and their optimal implementation can help increase investment, urban development and create economic growth in cities. Meanwhile, in Iran, this approach and its encouragement and efforts to strengthen and develop it have not received enough attention. Although participation can be hidden in other methods such as collecting fees and providing services, it has a high potential for effective and significant benefits.

One of the basic goals of any society is to achieve economic growth with less ‎fluctuations. In fact, achieving sustainable economic growth and economic stability is one of ‎the main goals of any country. If the existing economic base and the future perspective ‎indicate economic stabilization, the path of long-term investment growth will be strengthened, ‎otherwise, the capital will be inclined to the service, trading and hoarding sectors, and in the ‎long term, it will reduce the economic growth rate. In this article, the effect of macro-‎economic indicators (international trade, human capital, physical capital, inflation and foreign ‎debt) and institutional indicators (combined index consisting of the components of voice and ‎accountability, political stability without violent, government effectiveness, regulatory ‎quality, rule of law and Corruption Control) and corruption control) on economic growth ‎were investigated and analyzed in 15 selected developing countries during the years 2006 to ‎‎2019 with the generalized method of moments (GMM). The regression results showed that, ‎among macroeconomic variables, inflation and foreign debts had a negative effect on ‎economic growth, but international trade, human capital and physical capital had a positive ‎effect on economic growth. The combined index of institutional factors also had a positive ‎effect on economic growth.‎

In this research, to investigate the effect of the components of institutional factors (voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) on economic growth in 15 selected developing countries during the period from 2006 to 2020 using from the dynamic panel of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique. The estimation results indicate that all the components of institutional factors have a positive effect on economic growth. Based on this, by improving and then expanding the components of institutional factors, it is possible to play a significant role in increasing economic growth.

This study estimated the effect of private and government investment on the growth of the health sector in Iran with the ARDL approach, 1981-2019. The selected indicators were estimated in two selected indicators: health expenditure and health index (life expectancy). The estimation results of the model show that the increase in economic growth, causes an increase health expenditures and the increase of private sector investment in the health sector, causes an increase health expenditures and the increase of private sector and government investment in the health sector, improve the Health index. In the long term, the rate of AIDS and the inflation rate have a negative effect on health expenditure and health index; and the literacy rate, the urbanization rate, the real exchange rate, and the real interest rate have a positive effect on health expenditure and health index. The results of this study, consist with other researches, showed that by focusing on investment, the growth of the health sector in Iran improves. The findings of this study can be used to implement a more efficient policy in the way and type of investment in the health sector.

The increasing importance of knowledge in the age of knowledge has led to the formation of a knowledge-based economy. As new technologies increase production power and production efficiency, governments around the world, both industrial and developing, are determined to transform education and skills acquisition into a knowledge-based economy. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of knowledge-based economy indicators on labor productivity in the selected Islamic countries. In this study, using Eviews software and econometric techniques, the relationship between variables and their impact on labor productivity was investigated in the period 5110 to 2052. The results show that the indicators of public education expenditure, the number of published articles and ICT have a positive and significant effect on labor productivity, while the R&D and Internet indicators do not have a significant effect on labor productivity.

The main purpose of this research is the non-linear effect of the stock index on the development of the industrial sector in Islamic countries. This study is of a causal nature in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection and descriptive information. The methodology is post-event. In this research, an attempt was made; By explaining the theory and designing a model to investigate the non-linear effect of the stock index on the development of the industrial sector in Islamic countries, with an emphasis on various indicators of financial development: the soft panel transfer regression (PSTR) approach was investigated. The geographical area of ​​research of Islamic Conference member countries (Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Iran, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Tunisia, Chad, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, South African Sahara, Iraq, Oman, Gambia, Qatar, Malaysia) , Mali, Morocco, Egypt and Nigeria) and the time domain of the research is between 2005 and 2019. Using MATLAB software, the data was analyzed through the soft panel transition regression (PSTR) approach, and the results of the analyzes show that There is a non-linear relationship between the stock index and the development of the industrial sector in Islamic countries.

Studies show that Takaful insurance has not been offered in Iran along with conventional insurance. Accordingly, due to the non-provision of Takaful insurance by insurance companies, this article examines the reasons for not accepting Takaful insurance in these companies from the perspective of the organization's readiness indicators. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to develop a model for accepting Takaful insurance in the country's insurance companies in terms of organizational readiness indicators based on the ISM-SEM combination. In order to collect data, two questionnaires were used. The first questionnaire was used to determine the relationships between the components of Takaful insurance acceptance in insurance companies. The second questionnaire was used to test the developed model. The questionnaires used after determining the validity and reliability were distributed among the members of the statistical sample. The research findings in the structural-interpretive modeling section show that the system is considered as the most effective indicator of organizational readiness and employees as the most effective indicator of organizational readiness. Other indicators as communication indicators have less impact and effectiveness than these two indicators. Also, the results of structural modeling have shown the confirmation of the effectiveness and effectiveness of the relationship between the indicators of organizational readiness and the approval of the developed model. The results show that by focusing on effective indicators such as the system, effective indicators can be improved to increase the organization's readiness to accept Takaful insurance.

The present paper is one of the newest models of econometric approaches called PSTR model in order to investigate the effect of nonlinear effect of financial development indicators on industrial sector growth in order to try to find an answer to solve the problem and practical problem of non-linear effect of financial development indicators on industrial sector growth. The member countries of the Islamic Conference have been used to explain during the period 2005-2019. The findings indicate that there is a nonlinear relationship between the variables under study. Based on the obtained results, the threshold for the member countries of the Islamic Conference of the slope parameter, which indicates the speed of adjustment from one regime to another, is equal to 21.0188 and the place of regime change is estimated to be 10.586. The results obtained by the PSTR model indicate that the financial development index (ratio of banks' domestic credits to GDP) in both regimes has had a different effect on the increased growth of the industrial sector. Of course, by crossing the threshold and entering the second regime, the intensity of the negative impact of financial development on the increased growth of the industrial sector disappears and becomes positive. Clearly, this result indicates an asymmetric relationship between the financial development index and the increased growth of the industrial sector at different levels of the financial development index.

Takafel Insurance is a relatively new but growing sector of Islamic financial industry that has intrigued many researchers and executives. Yet, owing to the low public confidence in this type of insurance, many researchers and executives are still skeptical about relevant issues like its performance and productivity. Therefore, the present descriptive-analytical inquiry set out to compare the productivity of TAKFEL insurance industry against conventional insurance based on Fuzzy Hierarchical Analysis Method. The research population of included two groups of research experts as well as senior managers at insurance companies, organizations active in the insurance sector and associations active in the insurance industry of East Azerbaijan Province from whom a sample of 47and 15were selected to participate in the first and second phases of the study, respectively. Two questionnaires were employed to collect the research data concerning identification of the productivity indices affecting the evaluation of different types of insurance in the initial phase of the study as well as finding out the importance of each of the indicators in the second phase. One-sample t-test and fuzzy hierarchical analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed the higher productivity of conventional insurance with asset return as the most important among the productivity indices.

In Iran, tax lawsuits are handled by the executive branch of government. In the United States, administrative litigation, tax courts, district courts, and federal courts of competent jurisdiction are subject to tax lawsuits. Administrative litigation uses alternative methods of settlement. ADRs for minor issues and the tax court and other jurisdictions are formed to handle important matters with a well-established procedure. Creating such a structure for tax litigation has led the US tax system to pursue a variety of choices through the use of new methods of resolving administrative disputes within the tax agency and the tax court as a specialized authority for tax litigation alongside public justice authorities. Taxes for lawsuits. While many options for litigation may confuse citizens, setting up taxpayerschr('39') counseling and support centers, having different courts with different costs, and various benefits can be the advantages and disadvantages of the system. Solve The difference is that, in the Iranian tax system, the monopoly of tax administrative courts as a tax dispute resolution body under the tax authority raises doubts about the independence of the administrative court and violates the principle of impartiality.

Considering the vulnerability of macroeconomic variables in Iran, as an oil-based economy, to global changes in the oil market, in this paper we examine the dynamic relationship between oil prices and inflation. For this aim we apply vector autoregressive approach with an asymmetric definition of oil prices and distinguish between positive and negative oil price changes. Using quarterly data for 1988 to 2008 the results showed negative effect of changes in oil prices on inflation. The effects of oil price shocks on inflation is temporary but long route convergence in response to negative oil price shocks in oil prices is longer than the response to the positive momentum.
Also according to the results, the most effective factors explain changes in inflation are lagged inflation rate, exchange rate in informal market and GDP. Thus oil price shocks cannot be a variable with the highest proportion among the various factors affecting inflation. Finally, the effect of oil prices on inflation in short-term and long-term are not the same.